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ب ٌ ﻋﺠَﺎ ُ ق ٌ ﻓَﺎ ُر ْو ﺤ َﻜ ٌﺔ ْ ﺿ ُ َﻗ ﱡﻴ ْﻮ ٌم س ٌ ُﻗ ﱡﺪ ْو ﺐ ٌ ُﻗﱠﻠ Very peculiarGreat differentiatorOne who laughsEstablished oneVery holyOne who finds excuses ُﻓﻌَﺎ ٌل ﻋ ْﻮ ٌل ُ ﻓَﺎ ُﻓ ْﻌ َﻠ ٌﺔ َﻓ ﱡﻌ ْﻮ ٌل ُﻓ ﱡﻌ ْﻮ ٌل ُﻓ ﱠﻌ ٌﻞ ﻀﻴْﻞ ِ ﺱ ِﻢ َﺗ ْﻔ ْ ِا 11. COMPARATIVE NOUNThese nouns are used for comparison. Derived from the root word ﻓﻌﻞ the word ﻓﻌﻴﻞ means one who has the capacity to work. The forms ( اﻓﻌﻞ masculine ) and ( ﻓﻌﻠﻰ feminine ) show comparative capacity of doing more work, followingexamples throw more light.ComparativefeminineComparativemasculine ﺹﻐْﺮى ُ ُآﺒْﺮى Noun ﺹ َﻐ ُﺮ ْ َا َا ْآ َﺒ ُﺮ Comparative nouns do not have the prefixthe last alphabet. ﺹ ِﻐ ْﻴ ٌﺮ َ َآ ِﺒ ْﻴ ٌﺮ ال or the signsoron ﺟ َﻤ ْﻊ َﺗ ْﻜ ِﺜﻴْﺮ َ12. NOUN OF MULTITUDEٌ to certain singular nounsThe noun is derived by suffixing ة ﺠ َﺮ ٌة َ ﺵ َMany trees ﺠ ٌﺮ َ ﺵ َ13. RELATIVE NOUNSWhen ي ٌ is suffixed to certain nouns, the derived word conveys the sense ofbelonging to : ﻲ ﻋ َﺒ ِﺒ ﱞ َ ي ِه ْﻨ ِﺪ ﱞ Belonging to ArabiaBelonging to India ب ٌ ﻋ َﺮ َ ِه ْﻨ ٌﺪ 14. GENDER – MASCULINE , FEMININEIn most cases a feminine noun can be identified by the suffix ة ٌMasculineFeminine ﻋَﺎ ِﺑ ٌﺪ ﻋَﺎ ِﺑ َﺪ ٌة ﺟ ٌﺪ ِ ﺱَﺎ ﺟ َﺪ ٌة ِ ﺱَﺎ ﻋَﺎ ِﻟ ٌﻢ ﻋَﺎ ِﻟ َﻤ ٌﺔ

When the masculine noun is the equivalent of the word َا ْﻓ َﻌ ْﻞ its feminine is either ُﻓﻌْﻠﻰ or ُﻓﻌْﻼ ُء MasculineFeminine َا ْﻓ َﻌ ُﻞ ﺹ َﻐ ُﺮ ْ َا ﺹ َﻔ ُﺮ ْ َا ُﻓﻌْﻼ ُء - ُﻓﻌْﻠﻰ ﺹﻐْﺮى ُ ﺹ ْﻔﺮَا ُء َThere are some irregular forms which do not end in ة ٌ or اى or اء yet they areconsidered feminine :Fire ر ٌ ﻧَﺎ Earth ض ٌ َا ْر Sky ء ٌ ﺱﻤَﺎ َ15. NUMBER :- SINGULAR, DUAL, PLURALDual ( for two things ): To convert singular to dual, اِن is added at the end of theٌ ﻋ ِ ﻓَﺎ and ﻦ ِ َﻳ at the end of passive noun, that is, objectactive noun, that is, subject ﻞ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌﻮْل . The alphabet just before ن ِ َا or ﻦ ِ ْﻳ is marked with the signlast ن of the dual always has the signSingularDual Passive.Dual Active ﻦ ٌ ﻋ ْﻴ َ ن ِ ﻋ ْﻴﻨَﺎ َ ﻦ ِ ﻋ ْﻴ َﻨ ْﻴ َ َﻳ ٌﺪ ن ِ َﻳﺪَا ﻦ ِ َﻳ َﺪ ْﻳ ﻋَﺎ ِﻟ َﻤ ٌﺔ ن ِ ﻋَﺎ ِﻟ َﻤﺘَﺎ ﻦ ِ ﻋَﺎ ِﻟ َﻤ َﺘ ْﻴ Two eyesTwo handsTwo learned womenand thePlural has two kinds : ﺟﻤَﻊ ﺱَﺎ ِﻟ ْﻢ َ( 2 ) Broken plural – ﺮ ْ ﺴ ﺟﻤَﻊ ُﻣ َﻜ ﱠ َ( 1 ) Sound plural -In sound pluralorder. ون ﺟﻤَﻊ ﺱَﺎ ِﻟ ْﻢ َalphabets of the singular form remain in the sameis added at the end of active noun subjectpassive noun object َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌﻮْل . The letter before و ﻓَﺎﻋِﻞ and ﻦ َ ْﻳ at the end ofis marked withfor the

active noun and the letter before ي The last ن is marked with. Feminine sound plural is made by adding ت ٌ ا tois marked withfor the passive noun.ٍ ا to passive masculine noun.active masculine noun and ت SingularPlural Passive ﻋَﺎ ِﻟ ٌﻢ ن َ ﻋَﺎ ِﻟ ُﻤ ْﻮ ﻦ َ ﻋَﺎ ِﻟ ِﻤ ْﻴ ﻋَﺎ ِﻟ َﻤ ٌﺔ ت ٌ ﻋَﺎ ِﻟﻤَﺎ ت ِ ﻋَﺎ ِﻟﻤَﺎ Masc.Fem.Plural ActiveSUMMARY OF NUMBER, SING., DUAL ANDSOUND PLURALMASCULINEFEMININEActiveSing.DualPlu.Passive ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺴ ِﻠ ٌﻢ ْ ُﻣ ﺴ ِﻠﻤًﺎ ْ ُﻣ ن ِ ﺴ ِﻠﻤَﺎ ْ ﻦ ُﻣ ِ ﺴ ِﻠ َﻤ ْﻴ ْ ُﻣ ن َ ﺴ ِﻠ ُﻤ ْﻮ ْ ﻦ ُﻣ َ ﺴ ِﻠ ِﻤ ْﻴ ْ ُﻣ PrepositionActive ﺣﺮف ﺴ ِﻠ ٍﻢ ْ ُﻣ PassivePreposition ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺴ ِﻠ َﻤ ٌﺔ ْ ُﻣ ﺴ ِﻠ َﻤ ًﺔ ْ ُﻣ ن ِ ﺴ ِﻠ َﻤﺘَﺎ ْ ﻦ ُﻣ ِ ﺴ ِﻠ َﻤ َﺘ ْﻴ ْ ُﻣ ت ٍ ﺴ ِﻠﻤَﺎ ْ ت ُﻣ ِ ﺴ ِﻠﻤَﺎ ْ ُﻣ ﺣﺮف ﺴ ِﻠ َﻤ ٍﺔ ْ ُﻣ In broken plural, the original form of the singular is changed by addition orremoval of alphabets and changing the signs associated with the original alphabets.SingularPluralSingularPlural ب ٌ ِآﺘَﺎ َﻗ َﻠ ٌﻢ َاﻗْﻼ ٌم ﺟ ٌﻞ ُ َا ْر ﺖ ٌ َﺑ ْﻴ ت ٌ ُﺑ ُﻴ ْﻮ ﺠ ٌﺪ ِ ﺴ ْ َﻣ ﺟ ٌﺪ ِ َﻣﺴَﺎ ﺐ ٌ ُآ ُﺘ ﺟ ٌﻞ ُ َر ب ٌ ِﺙﻴَﺎ ب ٌ َﺙ ْﻮ CHAPTER – III

ﺿﻤَﺎﺋِﺮ َPRONOUNSA pronoun is a word used in place or instead of a noun.َ ( ِاﻳﱠﺎ only you ),If ِاﻳﱠﺎ is prefixed to passive pronouns, it imparts the sense of only, ك ( ِاﻳﱠﺎﻧَﺎ only we ).NEARSThis هﺬَا 3. Demonstrative PronounsMasculineFeminineDPSDPThose AllThisThese AllTwotheseTwothose ن ِ هﺬا ﻦ ِ ه َﺬ ْﻳ ه ُﻮ َﻻ ِء ه ِﺬ ِﻩ ن ِ هَﺎﺗَﺎ ﻦ ِ هَﺎ َﺗ ْﻴ اﺳﻢ اﺷﺎرﻩ MasculineDPSThose AllThatTwoThoseSThat َه ْﻮ َﻻ ِء ﻚ َ ذ ِﻟ ﻚ َ ذَا ِﻧ ﻚ َ َذ ْﻳ ِﻨ 4. Relative Pronouns ﻦ ْ َﻣ WhoWhoWhoWhoWhoWhich Which Which Which Whichwhich twoalltwoall ن ِ َاﱠﻟﺬَا ﻦ َ َاﱠﻟ ِﺬ ْﻳ اَﻟﱠﺘِﻲ ﻦ َ َاﱠﻟ ِﺬ ْﻳ GenderMFSIwe too َاﻧَﺎ " ﻦ ُ ﺤ ْ َﻧ "MineMFMy fosterer ي " رَﺑﱢﻲ ن ِ َاﱠﻟﺘَﺎ P ﻦ ُ ﺤ ْ َﻧ "Our Fosterer ﻧَﺎ " رَ ﱠﺑﻨَﺎ ﻚ َ اُوﻻ ِﻧ what َا ﱠﻻﻧِﻲ whichforinanimatesforlivingbeingsSSecond PersonDP1. Personal Pronouns ﻲ ْ ﺼ ِ ﺨ ْ ﺷ َ ﺿ ِﻤ ْﻴ ِﺮ َyouyou two ﺖ َ َا ْﻧ ﺖ ِ َا ْﻧ َا ْﻧ ُﺘﻤَﺎ " ﻲ ْ ﺿ ِﻤ ْﻴ ِﺮ ِاﺿَﺎ ِﻓ َ2. Possessive Pronouns to be suffixedOurs twoOursYoursYours two ﻧَﺎ " ﺗَﺎﻧِﻚ ﻚ َ َﺗ ْﻴ ِﻨ ﻣَﺎ َا ﱠﻻﺗِﻲ who ﻦ ِ َاﱠﻟ َﺘ ْﻴ First PersonD ﻚ َ ِﺗ ْﻠ 5. Introgative PronounsWho ي ْ َاﱠﻟ ِﺬ ﻚ َ اُوﻻ ِﻧ FARFeminineDPThose AllTwoThose ك َ ك ِ ُآﻤَﺎ "Your heart CHAPTER – IVVERB ﻓﻌﻞ SThird PersonDPyou allHe/SheThey twoTheyall َا ْﻧ ُﺘ ْﻢ َا ْﻧ ُﺘﻦﱠ ُه َﻮ ﻲ َ ِه ُهﻤَﺎ " ُه ْﻢ ﻦ ْ ُه Yours allHis\Her ُآ ْﻢ ُآﻦﱠ ﻚ َ َﻗ ْﻠ ِﺒ ُﻩ هَﺎ We provided them Their two Theirs ُهﻤَﺎ " َر َز ْﻗﻨَﺎ ُه ْﻢ ُه ْﻢ ُهﻦﱠ

Verb is a word that indicates an action associated with past, present or future. ﻓﻌﻞ ﻻ زم 1. INTRANSITIVE VERBIt denotes an action by the subject which does not pass over to an object. ﺟَﺎ َء ﺣَﺎ ِﻣ ٌﺪ Hamid came ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪي 2. TRANSITIVE VERBThis verb denotes an action which passes over from the doer or subject to anobject. ﺖ ﺣَﺎ ِﻣﺪًا ُ ﺿ َﺮ ْﺑ َI struck Hamid ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻌﺮوف 3.a PAST TENSE ACTIVE VOICEIn this form of the verb, the first and the last alphabets of a three letteredroot word have the signalphabet may change. َآ ُﺮ َم marked on them, while the sing on the central ﺱ ِﻤ َﻊ َ ﺢ َ َﻓ َﺘ Different forms of first, second and third persons, masculine and feminine gendersand singular, dual and plural numbers used in the active voice of past tense are asfollows : S Singular, D Dual and P Plural.SHe killed.DThey two killed.ThirdPThey all killed.PersonSShe killed.DThey two killed.PThey all killed.SYou killed.DYou two killed.PYou all killed.SYou killed.DYou two killed.PYou all eFemininePersonFirstMasculine orSI killed.PersonFeminineD/PWe killed. َﻗ َﺘ َﻞ ﻼ َ َﻗ َﺘ َﻗ َﺘُﻠﻮْا ﺖ ْ َﻗ َﺘ َﻠ َﻗ َﺘ َﻠﺘَﺎ ﻦ َ َﻗ َﺘ ْﻠ ﺖ َ َﻗ َﺘ ْﻠ َﻗ َﺘ ْﻠ ُﺘﻤَﺎ َﻗ َﺘ ْﻠ ُﺘ ْﻢ ﺖ ِ َﻗ َﺘ ْﻠ َﻗ َﺘ ْﻠ ُﺘﻤَﺎ ﻦ َﻗ َﺘ ْﻠ ُﺘ ﱠ ﺖ ُ َﻗ َﺘ ْﻠ َﻗ َﺘ ْﻠﻨَﺎ

ﻣَﺎ ﻣَﺎ َﻗ َﺘ َﻞ ﻣَﺎ َﻗ َﺘ ْﻠﻨَﺎ ﺖ ْ ﻣَﺎ َﻗ َﺘ َﻠ ﻣَﺎ َﻗ َﺘ ْﻠ ُﺘﻤَﺎ To make negative prefixHe did not killWe did not killShe did not killYou two did not kill ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل 3.b PAST TENSE, PASSIVE VOICETo obtain this form of the verb, the sign of the first alphabet of all the activeverbs is changed toPassiveand that of the second to.Active ﺐ َ ُذ ِه ﺐ َ َذ َه He was made to goHe went ُﻗ ِﺘ ْﻠﻨَﺎ َﻗ َﺘ ْﻠﻨَﺎ We were killedWe killed ﻣَﺎ ﻣَﺎ ُﻗ ِﺘ ْﻠ ُﺘ ْﻢ ﺐ َ ﻣَﺎ ُذ ِه To make negative prefixYou were not killedHe was not made to go ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع 4. AORIST TENSEIn Arabic language, present and future tense are represented by a singletense known as Aorist tense. These are some prefixes which sometime help indistinguishing present from future tense but mostly this verb represents both thetenses.4.a AORIST TENSE, ACTIVE VOICE ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع ﻣﻌﺮوف This form of the verb has as a prefix to the root word, one of the alphabets تني marked with the signmarked with the sign. The first alphabet of the root word isand the last with the signmay have one of the three signs ا ,or, the central alphabet.

Different forms of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons masculine and femininegenders, and singular, dual and plural numbers used in the active voice of Aoristtense are as follows :SHe Kills / will kill.DThey two kill / will kill.ThirdPThey all kill / will kill.PersonSShe kills / will killDThey two kill / will kill.PThey all kill / will kill.SYou Kill / will kill.DYou two kill / will kill.PYou all kill / will kill.SYou kill / will kill.DYou two kill / will kill.PYou all kill / will eFirstMasculine orSI kill / will kill.PersonFeminineD/PWe kill / will kill. َﻳ ْﻘ ُﺘ ُﻞ ن ِ ﻼ َ َﻳ ْﻘ ُﺘ ن َ َﻳ ْﻘ ُﺘُﻠ ْﻮ َﺛ ْﻘ ُﺘ ُﻞ ن ِ ﻼ َ ُﺛ ْﻘ ُﺘ ﻦ َ َﻳ ْﻘ ُﺘ ْﻠ َﺗ ْﻘ ُﺘ ُﻞ ن ِ ﻼ َ َﺗ ْﻘ ُﺘ ن َ َﺗ ْﻘ ُﺘُﻠ ْﻮ ﻦ َ َﺗ ْﻘ ُﺘ ِﻠ ْﻴ ن ِ ﻼ َ َﺗ ْﻘ ُﺘ ﻦ َ َﺗ ْﻘ ُﺘ ْﻠ َا ْﻗ ُﺘ ُﻞ َﻧ ْﻘ ُﺘ ُﻞ To make negative Aorist tense active voice ﻻ َ is prefixed : َﻻ َﻳ ْﻘ ُﺘ ُﻞ َﻻ َﻧ ْﻘ ُﺘ ُﻞ He does not / will not killWe do not / will not kill4.b AORIST TENSE, PASSIVE VOICE ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع ﻣﺠﻬﻮل To convert Aorist active to passive voice the signalphabets ي ا ت ن is changed tosign.and the third alphabet is marked with theActivePassiveHe is killed / will be killedon the prefixed ُﻳ ْﻘ َﺘ ُﻞ He kills / will kill َﻳ ْﻘ ُﺘ ُﻞ

5. OTHER FORMS OF PAST TENSEa) Immediate past / present perfect : Whenpresent perfect tense. ﻗﺪ is prefixed to past tense, we obtain ج َ ﺧ َﺮ َ َﻗ ْﺪ He has come outb) Past perfect : To obtain the formsingular.َ آَﺎن is prefixed to the past tense, third person ﺐ َ آَﺎنَ َآ َﺘ For different genders, numbers and persons, derivatives of َ آَﺎن He had writtenare used followingthe rules for past tense active voice detailed earlier. All the forms in that sequenceare as follows :FEMININEPDSPDS ُآﻦﱠ ُآ ْﻨ ُﺘﻦﱠ آَﺎ َﻧﺘَﺎ ُآ ْﻨ ُﺘﻤَﺎ ﺖ ْ آَﺎ َﻧ ﺖ ِ ُآ ْﻨ آَﺎ ُﻧﻮُا ُآ ْﻨ ُﺘ ْﻢ MandFSDand P آَﺎﻧَﺎ ُآ ْﻨ ُﺘﻤَﺎ ُآﻨﱠﺎ َ آَﺎ ن ﺖ َ ُآ ْﻨ ﺖ ُ ُآ ْﻨ PersonThirdSecondMASCULINEFirstc) Probability in Past : Prefixingprobability : ﻟَﻌَﻠﱠﻨَﺎ to the past tense imparts the sense ofProbably he has heard ﺱ ِﻤ َﻊ َ ﻟَﻌَﻠﱠﻨَﺎ d) Wishing in Past : Wishing to have done an action in the past, the wordprefixed to past tense :Wish I had guarded َﻟ ْﻴ َﺘﻤَﺎ is ﺖ ُ ﻈ ْ ﺣ ِﻔ َ َﻟ ْﻴ َﺘﻤَﺎ e) Used to do : Prefixing the word َ آَﺎن and its derivatives detailed above ( 5 b ), tothe appropriate Aorist tense gives the sense of having used to do something.He used to worshipI used to open آَﺎنَ َﻳ ْﻌ ُﺒ ُﺪ ﺢ ُ ﺖ َا ْﻓ َﺘ ُ ُآ ْﻨ f) Negative Past : ﻢ ْ َﻟ prefixed to aorist tense, converts it to negative past.He did not doWe did not kill َﻟ ْﻢ َﺗ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ َﻟ ْﻢ َﻧ ْﻘ ُﺘ ُﻞ 6. OTHER FORMS OF AORIST TENSEa) Present tense :tense. َل prefixed to aorist tense active voice gives the sense of presentHe kills َﻟ َﻴ ْﻘ ُﺘ ُﻞ

b) Future tense : When the letter س َ is prefixed to an aorist tense, it gives the senseof near future and when the wordfuture : ف ٌ ﺱ ْﻮ َ is prefixed, it conveys the sense of distant ﺼ ُﺮ ُه ْﻢ ُ ﺱ َﻴ ْﻨ َُ ف َﻳ ْﺬ َه َ ﺱ ْﻮ َHe will go ( after some time ) ﺐ َ and suffixed with ن ﱠ andc) Future certainity : When aorist tense is prefixed with ل He will help them ( in near future )theon the last letter of the root word is changed tothe sense of definitely doing something in future.He will definitely dothe verb conveys ﻦ َﻟ َﻴ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻠ ﱠ ْ َﻟ prefixed to an aorist tense, it conveys the sense ofd) Future Negative : When is ﻦ never doing something in future.He will never do ﻦ َﻳ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ ْ َﻟ ِل Prefixed to an aorist tense conveys the tense of should do :ِ ِﻟ َﻴ ْﻔ َﻌ He should do ﻞ َ Prefixed to an aorist tense verb gives the tense of should not do :f) Should not do : ﻻ ُ َﻻ َﻳ ْﻔ َﻌ He should not do ﻞ g) Will be : When اذا is prefixed to past tense, it conveys the sense of will be done ine) Should do :future : ﺖ ْ ﺤ َ اذا ُﻓ ِﺘ ْ ل َﻟ ﱠﻢ َﻟ ْﻢ ِا and ﻻ are prefixed to the aoristh) Changes due to prefixes : When ن tense, the last alphabet of those verbs which do not end in ن are to be marked byWhen it will be opened َﻳ ْﻌ َﻠ ُﻢ َﻟ ْﻢ َﺗ ْﻌ َﻠ ْﻢ . For verbs which end in ن ِ this ن is dropped (ْ ن َﻟﻤﱠﺎ َﻳ ِ َﻳ ْﻌ َﻠﻤَﺎ . When ن ْ ﻦ َا ْ ﻲ َﻟ ْ ﻲ َآ ْ ِﻟ َﻜ are prefixed toexcept in feminine plural ) ﻌ َﻠﻤَﺎ the signaorist tense not ending ن in the last alphabet is marked with ن ْ َﻳ ْﻌ َﻠ ُﻢ َا ﱠﻳ ْﻌ َﻠ َﻢ . For verbs ending in ن this ن is dropped َﻳ ْﻌَﻠﻤَﺎ ِن َﻳ ْﻌَﻠﻤَﺎ .7 a) Imperative mood اَﻣﺮ Imperative mood ( ordering or asking someone to do something ) is obtainedfrom aorist tense second person. First aorist tense alphabet ت in the beginning isremoved, then if the central alphabet is marked byorthe alphabet ا

with the signis prefixed. If the central alphabet is marked with then prefixedalphabet is also marked with. In both cases the last alphabet is marked withthe sign.ImperativeAoristImperativeAorist ب ْ ﺿ ِﺮ ْ ِا ب ُ ﻀ ِﺮ ْ َﺗ ﺢ ْ ِا ْﻓ َﺘ ﺢ ُ َﺗ ْﻔ َﺘ Imperative mood of different numbers and gendersFeminineMasculineAorist ﺐ ُ َﺗ ْﺬ َه ﻦ َ ِا ْذ َه ْﺒ ِا ْذ َهﺒَﺎ ﻲ ْ ِا ْذ َه ِﺒ ِا ْذ َه ُﺒﻮْا ِا ْذ َهﺒَﺎ ﺐ ْ ِا ْذ َه For root alphabets that start with ا this ا is dropped along with the alphabet of aoristtense ت and then the last alphabet is marked with the sign.ImperativeAoristImperative ُﻣ ْﺮ ﺗَﺎ ُﻣ ُﺮ ُآ ْﻞ َﺗ ْﺎ ُآ ُﻞ ( you ) order( you ) eatAorist7 b) Prohibitive َﻧﻬِﻲ To obtain this form ( ordering or asking someone not to do something ) َﻻ isprefixed to the aorist tense second person and the last alphabet is marked with thesign.Feminine ﻦ َ َﻻ َﺗ ْﺬ َه ْﺒ َﻻ َﺗ ْﺬ َهﺒَﺎ ﻲ ْ َﻻ َﺗ ْﺬ َه ِﺒ Masculine َﻻ َﺗ ْﺬ َه ُﺒﻮْا َﻻ َﺗ ْﺬ َهﺒَﺎ ﺐ ْ َﻻ َﺗ ْﺬ َه 7 c) Imperative and Prohibitive moods of first and third persons.These verbs are formed by prefixing ِل to the aorist verbs of first and thirdpersons, the last alphabet being marked by the signI should do ِﻟ َﺎ ْﻓ َﻌ ْﻞ He should worship ِﻟ َﻴ ْﻌ ُﺒ ْﺪ .When ف or و are present as prefix then this ل is marked withThen he should worship َﻓ ْﻠ َﻴ ْﻌ ُﺒ ْﺪ And I should bow ﺠ ْﺪ ُ ﺱ ْ َو ْﻟ َﺎ .

Prohibitive mood is obtained by prefixing the aorist first and third person verbswith َﻻ and marking the last alphabet with.He should not play ﺐ ْ َﻻ َﻳ ْﻠ َﻌ We should not write ﺐ ْ َﻻ َﻧ ْﻜ ُﺘ These rules are followed for feminine gender and other numbers too.8. DERIVATIVES OF TRILITERALS ﻼﺙِﻲ َﻣ ِﺰ ْﻳ ِﺪ ِﻓ ْﻴ ِﻪ َ َﺙ The word representing the third person singular in the past tense ( TPS P )normally contains three letters :He honoured ﺱ ِﻤ َﻊ َ َآ ُﺮ َم He opened ﺢ َ َﻓ َﺘ He heard ﺠ ﱠﺮ ْد َ ﻼﺙِﺜﻲ ُﻣ َ َﺙ These words are known as triliteralsAddition of more alphabets to these trilateral verbs introduces a wide scope foradditional meanings. Some important forms of these derived triliterals are listedbelow with examples of TP.S.P. of trilateral and their derivatives.DerivedTriliteralInfinitiveForm or ChapterTP.S.P.TP.S.P. ﻋﱠﻠ َﻢ َ ﻦ َ ﺴ َ ﺣ ْ َا ﺟَﺎ َه َﺪ َﺗﻜَﺎ َﺙ َﺮ ﻄ َﻊ َﺗ َﻘ ﱠ ﺐ َ ِا ْﻧ َﻘ َﻠ ﺐ َ ﺴ َ ِا ْآ َﺘ ﺱ َﺘ ْﻐ َﻔ َﺮ ْ ِا ﻋ ِﻠ َﻢ َ ﻦ َ ﺴ ُ ﺣ َ ﺟ َﻬ َﺪ َ َآ َﺜ َﺮ ﻄ َﻊ َ َﻗ ﺐ َ َﻗ َﻠ ﺐ َ ﺴ َ َآ ﻏ َﻔ َﺮ َ َﺗ ْﻌ ِﻠ ْﻴ ٌﻢ ن ٌ ﺣﺴَﺎ ْ ِا ُﻣﺠَﺎ َه َﺪ ٌة َﺗﻜَﺎ ُﺙ ٌﺮ ﻄ ٌﻊ َﺗ َﻘ ﱠ ب ٌ ﻼ َ ِا ْﻧ ِﻘ ب ٌ ِا ْآ ِﺘﺴَﺎ ﺱ ِﺘ ْﻐﻔَﺎ ٌر ْ ِا َﺗ ْﻔ ِﻌ ْﻴ ٌﻞ ِا ْﻓﻌَﺎ ٌل ﻋ َﻠ ٌﺔ َ ُﻣﻔَﺎ ﻋ ٌﻞ ُ َﺗﻔَﺎ َﺗ َﻔ ﱡﻌ ٌﻞ ِا ْﻧ ِﻔﻌَﺎ ٌل ِا ْﻓ ِﺘﻌَﺎ ٌل ﺱ ِﺘ ْﻔﻌَﺎ ٌل ْ ِا Some of the important changes these derivatives introduce are as follows :1. Intransitive verb changes to transitiveHe learned ( intransitive )He taught ( transitive )2. In place of one, two objects are required ﻋ ِﻠ َﻢ َ ﻋﱠﻠ َﻢ َZaid made Hamid read the book َآﺘَﺎﺑًﺎ 3. Sense of intensity, excess of exaggeration is conveyed :He killed intensely or excessively ﻗَﺎ َﺗ َﻞ 4. Repetition or step by step execution is indicated. َا ْﻗ َﺮَأ َز ْﻳ ٌﺪ ﺣَﺎ ِﻣﺪًا

He sent down repeatedly, step by step5. Absorption of a condition or action is shown : َﺗ َﻨ ﱠﺰ َل He got cut to pieces ﻄ َﻊ َﺗ َﻘ ﱠ 6. Absorption of a condition or action is shown :He got cut to pieces ﺢ َ ﺹ َﺒ ْ َا 7. Similar action by two persons/groups is shown. َﺗﻘَﺎ َﺑ َﻞ Came before one another8. Competition is exhibited, ﻖ َ ﺱَﺎ َﺑ One tried to overtake another9. Leaving off some work is shown :He gave up sleep ﺠ َﺪ َﺗ َﻬ ﱠ The derived triliterals are treated as root words and various other forms of verbsand infinitives are derived from them.Derivatives of ﻋﱠﻠ َﻢ َ are ﻋﱢﻠ َﻢ َ َﺗ ْﻌ ِﻠ ْﻴ ٌﻢ ُﻳ َﻌﻠﱠ ُﻢ ُﻣﻌَﱠﻠ ٌﻢ ُﻳ َﻌﻠﱢ ُﻢ ُﻣﻌَﱢﻠ ٌﻢ ﻋﱢﻠ َﻢ ُ َﻻ ُﺗ َﻌﱢﻠ ْﻢ Four and five lettered verbs which are not very common have not been discussedhere.CHAPTER VWORDS OTHER THAN NOUNS AND VERBS1. PREPOSITIONS( Nos. given after words are chapter and verse nos. of the Quran ) ﻦ ْ ِﻣ from ( 16:67 ) : of ( 6:144 ); because of ( 28:73 ); among ( 3:75 ); during ( 50:40 );any ( 3:62 ); according to( 65:6 ); instead of ( 9:38 ); than ( 97:3 ) ِل to, for ( 2:284; 106:1 ); that ( he might become ) ( 28:8 ) let ( 65:7 ); on ( 17:107 );about ( 10:77 ) َﻣ َﻊ with : together ب ِ with ( 2:63 ); during ( 17:79 ); in ( 15:46 ت َ used for oath ( 21:57 )); for ( 5:45 ) by ( 38:82 ); from ( 76:6 )

اِﻟﻰ to, till, towards ( 17:1; 2:187 ) ﻋَﻠﻰ on; upon ( 23:22 ); over ( 2:47 ) at ( 28:15 ) under ( 20:39 ); on ( condition ) (18:66 ) ﻓِﻲ in ( 11:108 ); about ( 14:10 ); into ( 15:29 ); on account of ( 60:9 ); respecting (2:176 ); with ( 12:82 ); compared to ( 13:26 ); concerning ( 4:176 ) ﻦ ْ ﻋ َ about ( 2:119 ); with ( 2:120 ); from ( 21:101 ) because ( 9:114 ); of ( 3:97 ) ﺣﺘﱠﻰ َ until, till, yet2. CONJUNCTIONS ف َ then; so; but; thus; however; because; so that َو and ( 36:27 ); with ( 10:71 ); or ( 3:111 ); so that ( 6:27 ) that is ( explaining thepreceding word or sentence )( 21:69 ); oath ( 103:1 ); although ( 6:42 ); when etc . ُﺙﻢﱠ then; again; moreover َا ْم , َا ْو , ِا ﱠم or; either3. WORDS USED FOR QUESTIONS ﺚ ُ ﺣ ْﻴ َ , ﻦ َ َا ْﻳ - where; ِﻟ َﻢ , ِﻟﻤَﺎذَا - why; َاﻧّﻰ - where from; ﻣَﺎ - which, what; ﻣَﺘﻰ when; ي َا ﱡ - who, whom; ﻒ َ َآ ْﻴ - how; َا , هَﻞ - is, what; َآ ْﻢ - how many, how much-4. AFFIRMATIVE WORDS ﺑَﻠﻰ - yes, why not; َﻧ َﻌ ْﻢ - yes; ي ْ ِا - yes, why not5. NEGATIVE WORDS ﻣَﺎ - No; not – is used for past tense. When it is used for aorist tense, it is normallyassociated with . َﻻ is used for aorist tense meaning “No” or “Not”. When it is used for past tense, itis either associated with or repeated. َﻟ ْﻢ meaning “No” is used for aorist tense but gives the tense of past negative.

ﻦ ْ َﻟ meaning “Never” is used for future tense. ﻼ َآ ﱠ means “Surely not”6. WORDS CONVEYING CONDITION َﻟ ْﻮ - if; ن ْ ِا - if; ِاذَا - when; َﻟﻤﱠﺎ - not yet; ﻲ ْ َآ - so that; ن ْ َا - that7. DIRECTIONAL WORDS َورَا َء - behind; َاﻣَﺎ َم - in front; َﻗ ْﺒ َﻞ - before, earlier; ﺖ َ ﺤ ْ َﺗ - below, beneath; ق َ َﻓ ْﻮ over, above, upon; ن ِ ُد ْو - besides, other than; ﻋ ْﻨ َﺪ ِ - near, with; َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ - after; ﺲ ِ َا ْﻣ َ ﺣ ْﻮ َ - around; ﻦ َ َﺑ ْﻴ - between, among; َﺙ ﱠﻢ - then and thereyesterday; ل 8. OTHER PARTICLES ك َ - as, like; ُر ﱠﺑﻤَﺎ - often; َﺑ ْﻞ - but; ﻼ َآ ﱠ , ﻦ َﻟ ِﻜ ﱠ - but; َﻟ َﻌ ﱠﻞ - so that; ن َآ َﺎ ﱠ - as if; – ِا ﱠﻧﻤَﺎ only; ﺖ َ َﻟ ْﻴ - wish; - means “certainly”. It is used in the beginning of a sentence and isused in the same sense in the middle of the sentence. It also means “that”; , ﻻ َ َا , هَﺎ َاﻣَﺎ - beware; َاﻣﱠﺎ - as forCHAPTER VIPHRASES AND SENTENCESA group of two or more words is known as a ﺐ ْ ( ُﻣ َﺮ ﱠآ compound ).1. PHRASE : A group of words not giving complete sense is known as ﺺ ْ (ﻧَﺎ ِﻗ phrase ).This boy هﺬَا ا ْﻟ َﻮ َﻟ ُﺪ ﺴ َﺘ ِﻘ ْﻴ ُﻢ ْ ط اﻟ ُﻤ َ ﺼﺮَا اَﻟ ﱢ The straight pathThere are two important types of phrasesa) adjectiveb) possessiveIn the adjective case quality or condition of the noun is described :Hardworking boySweet water ﺠ َﺘ ِﻬ ُﺪ ْ َا ْﻟ َﻮ َﻟ ُﺪ ا ْﻟ ُﻤ ب ُ َا ْﻟﻤَﺎ َء ا ْﻟ َﻌ ْﺬ ﺐ ْ ُﻣ َﺮ ﱠآ

The first noun is known as ﺹﻮْف ُ ( َﻣ ْﻮ possessor of the quality ) and the secondnoun is ﺖ ْ ﺹ َﻔ ِ ( adjective ).In the possessive case, there is a possessive relationship between two nouns :Allah’s bookKhalid’s houseThe first noun is known asِ ب اﻟﻠّﻪ ُ ِآﺘَﺎ ﺖ ﺧَﺎ ِﻟ ٍﺪ ُ َﺑ ْﻴ ف ْ ُﻣﻀَﺎ and the second ف ِا َﻟ ْﻴ ِﻪ ْ ُﻣﻀَﺎ .2. SENTENCE : A group of words giving complete sense is known assentence )The Quran is the book of AllahThe servant opened the doorIn Arabic language there are two kinds ofstarting with noun ) and ﻌ ِﻠﻴَﺔ ِ ِﻓ As example of t

has been prepared so as to help the English knowing readers of the Holy Quran in learning basic important rules of grammer used in the Holy Quran. The Holy Quran contains 1800 and odd basic root words which have been repeated in a variety of grammatic forms. Some of these words convey more