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L E INSTYS tyl e ,P E NDRAWING3fw ha t c h ara c ter i s t i c p e n m e t h od sq u es t i o n w h i c h we w i l l b r i efl y co n—oa reaS i derI t is a r ecogn i z ed p r i n c i p l e t h a t eve r y m ed iu m o f a r t exp res s i o n S h o u l d b e t re a ted w i t hd u e r eg ar d t o i t s n a tu re a n d p r o p er t i es T h es c u l p t o r v ar i e s h is tec h n i q u e a cco r d i n g a s h ewo r k s i n wo o d g ra n i t e o r m a rb l e t h e p ai n te rh a n dl e s h i s wa te r c o l o r i n q u i te a n o t h e r m a nn e r t h a n t h a t h e wo u l d e m p l o y o n a n o i l p a i n ti ng o ft h e s a m e s u bj ec t ; a n d th e a rc h i tec t w i t ht h e s u b tl e s e n s e o f t h e c r a fts m a n ca r r i e s t h i sp r i n c i p l e t o s u c h a fi n e i s s u e a s t o i m p ar t a ni n d i v i d u a l exp re s s i o n ev e n t o p a r t i cu l a r w o o d sH e k n ow s t h a t w ha t m ay b e a n a d m i r a b l e d es i g n w h e n execu ted i n b r a s s m ay b e a v e ry b ado n e i n w ro u gh t i ro n a n d i s s u r e t o b e a n a bs u rd i ty i n w o od A n a r t i s t i c m o t i v e fo r at o o is l i kel y t o p r ov e u gl y fo rS i l ver fl ago np o t te r y o r c u t gl a s s a n d s o o nT here i sa ge n i u s b o r n o f i t s p a rt i cu l a r p r o p e r t i esi n ev e r y m ed i u m w h i c h de m a n d s i n d i v i d u a lex p re s s i o n O b s e r v e t h e r efo re th a t A r t isn o t s a ti sfi ed w i t h m ere u n rel a ted beau ty o ffo r m o r co l o r I t r eq u i res th a t t h e r es u l t c o nfes s s o m e se n s i bl e r el a t i o n t o th e m e a n s b yw h i c h i t h a s b ee n o b ta i n ed ; a n d i n p r o p o r t i o na s i t d o e s th i s i t m ay c l a i m t o p o s s es s th a ti n d i v i du a l a n d d i s t i n ct i v e c h a rm w h i c h w e cal l”“S ty l eI t m a y b e s ai d t h e r efo r e t h a t t h etec h n i cal l i m i ta t i o n s o fp a r t ic u l a r m ed i u m s im—,.,,—-,,.-.,,-.,.,,,.,,.,.,,

PEN DRAWINGp o s e wha t m i gh t p ro pe rl y b e cal l ed n a t u ralco n v e n ti o n s ; a n d wh i l e m i sgu i ded a m b i t i o nm ay se t th es e co n v e n t i o n s as i d e t o h a m m e r o u te fie c t s fro m a n u n w i l l i n g m ed i u m t h e t ri u m p hi s o n l y m ech a n i ca l ; A r t d o es n o t l i e t ha t w a yO u gh t th e p e n t lie n t o b e p e rs u ade d I n to t h er o v m c e o f t he b ru s ii 9Sincethenaturesofpt h e two m ea n s d i ffer i t d o es n o t s tu l t i fy t h ewa te r co l o r t ha t i t ca n n o t r u n th e deep ga m u to f o i l E v e n ift h e c h u rch o rga n b e th e gra n dc s t a n d m os t co m p re he n s i ve o f m u s i cal in s t r um e n ts we m ay s t i l l b e p e r m i t ted t o ch e ri s h o u rp i a n o E ac h h as it s o w n s p h e re i t s o w n r e as o n fo r b ei n g S o o f th e p e nt h e p i ccol ofl u te o f t h e a r ti s t i c o rch es t ra L e t i t p i p e it sh i gh t reb l e a s m e r ri l y a s i t m a y b u t d o n o tco e rce i t i n to m i m i c k i n g t h e b as s o o nP e n d rawi n g i s m o s t a p t to l o s e I t s i n d i v i dwhenitbeginstoassumethecharacteru a l ityis t ic s o f was h d raw i n g s u c h as a n e l ab o ra tem as s i n g o f gray s s m al l l i gh t a reas a n d a ge ne ral i n d i rec t n es s o f m e th o d A p ai n te r o n ceto l d m e th a t h e was a l m o s t afra i d t o h a n d l ethe penI t i s s o fearfu l l y d i rec t h e sa i dH e u n d e rs to o d t h e i n s t ru m e n t ce r t a i n l y fo ri f t h e re i s o n e c ha rac te ri s t i c m o re t h a n a n o t h e rwh i c h s h o u l d d i s t i n gu i s h p e n m e t h o d s i t i s D iT h e n a t u re o f t h e p e n s ee m s t ore c t n e ssm a rk a s i ts p ecu l i a r fu n c t i o n t h a t o f p i c k i n go u t t h e real l y V i tal fea tu re s o f a s u bj ec t P e nd raw i n g h as b ee n ap tl y term ed t h e s h o r t ha n d‘,.,.,‘——.,.,.,.’—,,,.,.,,,‘.

PEN DRAWING6o f A rt ; th e ge n i u s o f th e p e n p o i n t i s e s s e nt ia l lepitomeyI f w e t u r n t o t h e b ru s h w e fi n d i ts cap ac i tyS u ch t h a t a h i gh l i gh t m ay b e b ro u gh t do w nt o a m i n u t e frac t i o n o f a n i n c h w i th a fews wi ft s tro ke s o f I t wh e reas t h e t ed i o u s l ab o rn o t t o s p ea k o f t h e ac tu al tec h n i ca l d i ffic u l t i e se n co u n t e red i n a t te m p t i n g s u c h a n e ffec t o fco l o r w i t h p e n a n d i n k i n d i ca tes t h a t w e a refo rc i n g t h e m ed i u mM o reove r i t i s t e c h n ical l y i m p o s s i bl e t o rep ro d u ce w i t h t h e p e n t h el o w v al u e s w h i c h m ay b e o b ta i n ed w i t h th eb ru s h ; a nd i t i s u n w i s e t o a t te m p t i t T h eway fo r e x a m p l e i n w h i ch M r J o s ep h P e nn el l h a n d l es h i s p e n as co m p a red w i t h t h a t i nw h i ch h e h a n dl e s h i s b ru s h i s mo s t i n s t ru c t iv eas i l l u s t ra t i n g w h a t I h av e b ee n m a i n ta i n i n gH i s p e n d raw i n gs a re p i tch ed i n a h i gh k e yb ri l l i a n t b l ack s a n d l arge l i gh t a reas w i t h o fte nj u s t e n o u gh h al f to n e t o s o fte n t h e e ffec tH i s was h d raw i ngs o n th e co n t ra ry' are s ou t te rl yr d ifTe r e n t i n m a n n e r as t o h a v e n o t h in gi n co m m o n w i t h t h e o th e rs d i s ti n gu i s h ed ast h e y a re b y m as s e s o f l o w t o n e a n d s m al l l i gh ta reas C o m p a re F i gs I a n d 5 O bs erve th a tth e re i s n o s tra i n i n g a t t h e tec h n i cal capac i tyo f t h e p e n o r o f th e b r u s h ; n o a t te m p t t o o btai n a n e iTe c t i n o n e m ed i u m w h i c h s ee m s t ob e m o re n a tu ra l l y adap ted t o t h e o th er I n d iisimpartedtoeachbyafrankconV id u a l ityces s i o n to it s p ecu l i ar ge n i u s—.,,,,.,.,,.,,-.—,,,.

LESTYFIG.INP E NDRAWING7M AX I M E L ALA N N E2I h av e sa i d t h a t t h e ch i ef c harac te ri s t i c o fp e nm e th od s i s D i rec t n es s I th i n k I m a y n o w.sa y t h a t t h e ch i e f e l e m e n t o f s ty l e 1 3 E co n o m yo f M e a n s T h e d raw i n g b y M M axi m e L al a n n e s h o w n i n F i g 2 i s a n e x cel l e n t exa m p l eo f t h i s eco n o m y ca rr i ed t o i t s e x t re m eNot as tro k e co u l d b e s p ared s o d i rec t a n d s i m p l e i si t a n d y e t i t i s s o co m p l e t e a n d h o m oge n o u st h a t n o t h i n g co u l d b e add ed to m a k e i t m o res o T h e a r c h it e c t u r e is l eft w i th o u t c o l o r a n dee l th a t i t i s n o t w h i tey e t we a re m ad e t o fth i s s u b tl e s u gge s ti o n o f l o w c o l o r b e i n g o ht a in e d b y a ca re fu l av o i d a nce o f a n y S t ro n gbl ack n o tes i n t h e re n d e ri n g w h i c h wo u l d h av ei n te n s i fi ed t h e wh i tes a n d l i gh ted u p t h e p i ctu re F ig 3 b y th e sa m e a rt i s t i s ev e n m o re.,,.,,.,,

STYF IG.LEI NP E NDRAWINGFROM4.9A P H OT OG R A P Hn o tab l e by reas o n o f t h e m as te rl y b r e ad thw h i c h c h arac te r i z e s th e t rea t m e n t o f a m o s tco m p l i ca ted s u bj ec t A co m p a r i s o n o f t h es ewi t h a d raw i ng o f t h e R e s to ra t i o n H o u s e a tR o c h es te r E n gl an d F i g 4 is in s t r u c t iv e I nt h e l a t te r t h e m e th o d is al m o s t p a i n fu l l y el a bo r a te ; n o t h i n g o f t h e e ffec t i s o b ta i n ed b ysu gges t i o n T h e tech n i q u e i s va r i ed a n d in.,,.,.,.

PEIot e r e s t inNDR AWINGbutthewholedrawinglacksthatgi n d i v i d u al s o m e th i n g w h i c h we cal l S t y l e I ntheL a l a n n e d r a w i ngs we s e e fo l i age co nv in c in lrepresentedbymeansofthemereg yo u tl i n es a n d a few s u b tl e s tro kes o f t h e p e nTh e re i s n o a t te m p t a t t h e l i t e ral re n de r i n g o fn a t u r a l o bj ec ts i n d e ta i l al l i s acco m p l i s h edby su gges t i o n : a n d w h i l e I d o n o t w i s h t o b eu n d ers to o d a s i n s i s t i n g u p o n s uc h a s ev e rel ys i m p l e s ty l e m u c h l e s s u p o n t h e p u ri s t t h eo ryth a t t h e fu n c t i o n o f t h e p e n i s co n cern ed wi thfo r m a l o n e I w o u l d i m p res s u p o n t h e s tu de n tt h a t L a l a n n e s i s i n co m p a rab l y t h e fi n e r m a nn e r o f t h e tw oB e twee n t h es e two ex t re m es o f m et h o d t h e rei s a w i d e l a t i t u d e fo r i n d i v i d u a l c h o i ce C o nt r a s t w i t h t h e fo rego i n g t h e acco m p a n y i n g p e nd raw i n g b y M r P e n n el l F i g 5 w h i ch g i ves a,.,,,’.fl.F IG.5,.,J O SE P HPEN N ELL

STYLE IN PEN DRAWINGI Ifa i r i d e a o f t h e m a n n e r o f t h i s a d m i ra b l e s t yl i s t C o m p a r ed w i t h t h e s ke tc h e s b y L al a n n ei t h as m o r e r i ch n e s s o f co l o r b u t t here i s t h es a m e fi n e r es t ra i n t t h e s a m e n i ce r ega r d fo rt h e i n s t r u m e n t T h e s t u de n t w i l l fi n d i t m o s tp r o fi t a b l e to s tu d y t h e wo r k o f t h i s m a s te rl ype n m a n B y way o f w a rn i n g h owever l e t m ere m i n d h i m h e re t h a t i n s tu dy i n g t h e w o r k o fa n y acco m p l i s h e d d r a u gh t s m a n h e is s e l ec t i n ga s t y l e fo r t h e s t u d y o f p ri n c i p l es n o t t h a t h em ay l e a r n t o m i m i c s o m eb o d y h owev er exce ll e n t t h e s o m eb o d y m ay b e ; t h a t h e m u s t t h erefo re d o a l i t tl e t h i n ki n g h i m s el f ; t h a t h e h a s a ni n d i v i d u al i ty o f h is ow n w h i c h h e d o e s n o t co nfes s if h i s w o rk l o o k s l i k e s o m e o n e s e l s ea n d fi n al l y th a t h e h a s n o m o re r i gh t t o co ns c io u s lappropriatethepeculiaritiesofanyo th er s s t y l e t h a n h e ha s t o ap p r o p ri a t e h ism o re ta ngi bl e p ro p e r ty a n d n o m o r e r eas o n tod o s o tha n h e h a s t o wa l k o r ta l k l i k e h i m.,,.,,,,,,,’,,,.AA d m,“

CH APTERIIM A T E R I A LSE v er y i l l u s t ra to r h as h i s s p ec i al p red i l ec t i o n si n t h e m at te r o f m a t e r ia l s j u s t a s h e h as i n t h em a t te r o f m e th o ds T h e p u r p o s e o ft h is ch apte r i s t h e refo r e ra t h e r t o a s s i s t t h e c h o i ce o ft h e s tu de n t by l i m i t i n g i t t h a n t o c h o o s e fo rh i m I t w o u l d b e adv i s ab l e fo r h i m t o b ec o m e a cq u a i n ted wi t h t h e v a ri o u s m a te ri al st h a t I m a y h av e o cc a s i o n t o m e n t i o n ( al l oft h e m ar e m o re o r l es s e m p l o ye d b y t h e p r o m in e n t p e n m e n ) a n d a p a r ti a l i t y fo r p ar t i cu l a ro n e s w i l l s o o n devel o p i ts el f H e i s rem i n d edh owev e r t h a t i t i s eas i l y p o s s i bl e t o exagge r a tet h e i n t ri n s i c v al u e s o f p e n s a n d p a p er s ; I nfac t t h e b egi n n e r i n v ari ab l y exp ec ts t o o m u c hfro m t h em O f co u r s e h e S h o u l d n o t u s e a n yb u t t h e b es tev e n V i erge co u l d n o t m a k ea go o d d rawi n g wi t h a bad p e nbu t the art is t i c V i r tu e s o f a p a r t i cu l a r I n s t ru m e n t ar e n o tl i kel y t o d i scl o s e t h e m s el v e s I n t h e r u d e sc ra tchi n gs o f t h e b egi n n e r H e h a s t o m a s te r i t t o”b rea k i t i n e re h e c a n d i s co ve r o f wh a t exc e l l e n t s e rv i ce i t i s cap a b l eT h e s tu de n t w i l l fi n d t h a t m o s t o f t h e s t eelp e n s m ade fo r a rt i s ts h av e b u t a s h o r t p e ri o d,.,,.'f,.,,.,,,,,.

"1P E N4DRAWINGu n des i rab l e fo r ge n e ral u s e A s h ad e b i gge r t ha n th i s i s th e G il l o t t 30 3 a v ery go o dav e rage s i z e N e i t h er o f t h e s e two p o s s es s est h e s e n s i t i v e n es s o f t h o s e p re v i o u s l y m e nt io n e d b u t fo r wo rk d e m a n d i n g m o re o r l es su n i fo rm i ty o f l i n e t h ey w i l l be fo u n d m o r es a t i s fac t o ry T h e s m al l e r p o i n ts are l i ab l et o l ead o n e i n to t h e q u agm i re o f fin ic a l n e s sW h e n we ge t b e y o n d t h e n ex t i n s i z e t h et h ere I s n o t h i n g ab o u t th e c o a rs eG il l o t t 4 0 4s tee l p o i n ts t o es p ec i al l y co m m e n d th e m fo rar t i s t i c u s e T h ey are u s u al l y s tu p i d u nrel i abl e a ffai rs w h o s e real l y v al u ab l e exi s te n cei s ab o u t fi ftee n w o r k i n g m i n u tes F o r deco”“s tu br a t iv e d rawi n g t h e o rd i n ar y c o m m e r c i alw i l l b e fo u n d a v e r y s at i sfac to ry i n s tru m e n tO f co u rs e o n e m a y u s e s ev e ral S i z e s o f p en s i nt h e sa m e draw i ng a n d i t i s o fte n n ec es s ary t od o soB efo re l eav i n g t h e s teel p e n s t h e do u b l el i n e p e n m a y b e m e n ti o n ed t h o u gh I t h a s o n l ya l i m i ted s p h ereI t I s a tw o p o i n ted a rra ngem e n t p rac t i ca l l y two p e n s i n o n e b y m ea n s o fwh i ch p aral l e l l i n es m a y b e m ad e wi t h o n es t ro ke R a th e r i n tere s t i n g e ffec ts ca n b e o bt a in e d w i t h i t b u t o n t h e w h o l e i t i s m o s t v alT h o u gh s o m ewh a t o u t o fu a b l e as a cu ri o s i tyfas h i o n fo r ge n e r a l u s e t h e q u i l l o f o u r fath e rsi s fa v o red b y m a n y i l l u s t ra to r s I t I s s pl e nd id l y adap t ed fo r b ro ad v i go r o u s re n deri n g o ffo regro u n d e ffec ts a n d I s a l m o s t d an ge r o u sl y.,.,.,,,.,.,.,,.,,.,.,.,,

MATERIALS1.5eas y t o h a n d l e R eed p e n s Wh i c h h av e s o m ewh a t s i m i l a r v i rtu e s a re n ow l i t t l e e m p l o y eda n d ca n n o t b e b ou gh t T h e y h av e to b e cu tfro m t h e n a tu ral reed a n d u s ed w h i l e fres hF o r m a n y u se s i n d eco ra t i v e d raw i n g o n e o ft h e m o s t s a ti s fac to ry i n s t r u m e n t s is t h e gl as sp e n w h i c h gi ve s a n ab s o l u te l y u n i fo r m l i n eT h e p o i n t b e i n g rea l l y t h e e n d o f a t h i n t u b et h e s t ro ke m a y b e m ade i n a n y d i rec t i o n am o s t u n i q u e ch a rac te ri s t i c i n a p e n I t h a sh owever t h e d i sadva n tages o f b e i n g fri ab l e a n dexp e n s iv e ; a n d as i t n eed s to b e kep t cl ea nt h e p a te n t wate r p ro o f i n k s h o u l d n o t b e u s edwi t h i t u n l es s a bs o l u tel y n eces sa r y A fl a tp i ece o f co rk o r r u b b e r s h o u l d b e p l aced i ns i de t h e i n k b o t tl e w h e n t h i s p e n i s u sed o t h erw i s e it i s l i ab l e t o b e s m a s h e d b y s tri ki n g th eb o t to m o f t h e b o t t l e T h e facu l ty p o s s es s edb y t h e J ap a n es e b ru s h o f re ta i n i n g it s p o i n tre n de rs i t a l s o av a i l ab l e fo r u s e a s a p e n a n di t is o fte n s o em p l o yedI n d raw i n g fo r rep ro du c t i o n t h e b e s t i n k ist h a t w h i c h i s bl ack es t a n d l ea s t s h i n y U n t i la fe w y ea rs ago i t was th e cu s to m o f p e n m e nt o gri n d t h e i r I n di a i n k t h e m s el v es ; b u t b es i de s th e d iffic u l t y o fa l w a ys e n s u r in g t h e p r o p e rco n s i s te n cy i t wa s a cu m be rs o m e m e t h od a n di s n o w l i t tl e re s o r ted to es p eci a l l y a s n u m ero u sexce l l e n t p repa re d i n k s a re r ead y t o h a n d T h e“b et te r k n o w n o f t h ese p rep a red i n k s a re H iggi n s A m eri ca n(ge n e ral a n d wa te rp ro o f ).,,,.,.,,,.,,,,-.-,.,.,.,,,,.,I,h is

PEN DRAWING’”““B o u rgeo i s E n cre de C h i n e L i q u i deCar” “”“ter sW i n s o r 9 N ewto n sand Row”n ey sH i ggi n s a n d C a r ter s hav e t h e ext r in s ic adva n tages o f be i n g p u t u p i n b o t tl esw h i ch d o n o t t i p o ve r o n t h e s l i gh tes t p r o v ocati o n a n d o f lb e i n g fu r n i s h ed w i th s to p pe rswh i ch ca n b e h a n d l ed w i th o u t s m ea r i n g t h efi ngers O th e rw i s e t h ey ca n n o t b e s ai d t op o s s e s s s u p e r i o r i ty o ve r t h e o th e rs cer ta i n l yn o t o v e r th eE n cre de C h i n e L i q u i deS h o u l d t h e s t u de n t h ave o ccas i o n t o d ra w o v e rsal t p ri n t s h e w i l l fi n d i t Wi s e t o u s e wate rp ro o f i n k as t h e b l eac h i n g ac i d w h i c h 1 3 u s edto fade t h e ph o to grap h ic I m age m a y o t h e rw i s ecau s e th e i n k t o r u nB ri s to l b o ard 1 3 p r o b ab l y t h e m o s t p o p u l aro f al l s u rface s fo r p e n d raw i n g I t I s c erta i n l yt ha t m o s t ap p ro v ed b y t h e p ro ces s e ngrave rwh o s e p o i n t o f V i ew i n s u c h a m a t t er th o u gha p u re l y m ec h a n i cal o n e i s wo rt h y o f c o n s idI t h as a p e r fec t l y s m o o t h s u r facee r a t io ns o m ewh at d i ffic u l t t o e ras e fro m wi t h ru b b e ran d w h i c h h a d b e t te r b e s cratch ed w i t h a k n i few h e n a n y co n s i d e rab l e e ras u re i s n ecess aryA s t h e c h eap b o ard s a re m e rel y a padd ingve n eered o n e i t he r s i de wi th a t h i n co at i ng o fs m o o t h p ap e r l i t tl e s cra p i n g i s req u i red t odev e l o p a fuzz y s u rface u p o n w h i ch I t I s I m p o ss i b l e t o wo rk O n l y t h e b es t b oa rd s u c h asR e y n o l d s t h e re fo re s h o u l d b e u s ed B ri s to lbo ard ca n b e p ro c u red i n s h ee ts o f va ri o u st h i ck n es s e s as we l l as i n b l ocks,’7’,,’’’ .,.,,.,I.,,,.,,.',,.’,.,.

MWh a t m aATERIALSx7h o t p re s s edp ap e r a ffo r d sa n o t he r excel l e n t s u rface a n d p o s s es s es s o m eadva n tage s o ver t h e B ri s to l b o ard I t co m esi n s h ee t s o f v ar i o u s S i z es wh i c h m ay b e e i th e r“tacked do wn o n a b o ard o r e l s e s t retch edT ack i n g w i l l b e s a t i s fac to ry e n o u gh ift h e d rawi n g i s s m al l a n d is to b e co m p l e ted i n a few“h o u rs ; o t h e r wi s e t h e p ap e r i s s u re t o h u m pu p es p ec i al l y i f th e weath e r b e da m p T hep ro c es s o f s t re tch i n g i s a s fo l l ow s : F o l d u p th eedges o f t h e S h ee t al l aro u n d fo rm i n g a m a rgi nab o u t a n i n c h w i de A fte r m o i s te n i n g th e p ape r t h o ro ugh l y Wi t h a d a m p s p o n ge cov e r t h eu n de r s i d e o ft h is t u r n ed u p m a r g in w it h p h o tograp h i c p as t e o r s t ro n g m u c i l age D u r i n g t h i so p e rat i o n th e s hee t wi l l h ave s o fte n ed a n d“h u m p ed u p a n d w i l l ad m i t o f s t re tch i ngN o w t u r n dow n t h e ad h es i v e m argi n a n d p res si t fi rm l y w i t h t h e fi n ge rs s t re tch i n g t h e p ap e rge n t l y a t t h e sa m e t i m eA s t h i s es s e n ti alp a r t o f t h e p roces s m u s t b e p er fo rm ed qu i ckl ya n a s s i s ta n t I s req u i s i te w h e n t h e s h ee t 1 3 l a rgeC are sh o u l d b e tak e n t h a t t h e pap er i s n o ts t rai ne d t o o m u ch as i t i s t h e n l i kel y t o bu r s twh e n i t aga i n co n t rac tsA l t h o u gh ge n e

L I S T O F I L L U S T R A T I O N S F I GU RE P A GE 1. JOSEPH PENNELL From 77 73 C entury Magaz ine (The Ce n tur y Co: Ne w York). 2. MAX l ME LALANNE From La Holland e a V ol d ’ Ois ea u, ” b y H. Har v ard (A (Qantin: Paris)MA X IME LALANNE From L a Holland e 21 Vol d ’ O Ise au, ”b y H. Har