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Introduction to IndustrialHygiene for the SafetyProfessionalJeffery K. Dennis, MS, CSP, CHMM, CET,CSSM, WSO-CSEWelcome Today we will introduce and discuss theelements of effective Industrial HygieneMonitoring Programs for the SafetyProfessional Jeffery K. Dennis, MS, CSP, CHMM, CET,CSSM, WSO-CSE – President – IndustrialSafety Solutions, Inc.1

Learning Objective #1At the conclusion of this presentation, attendees will beable to:State the importance and use of an effective industrialhygiene monitoring programLearning Objective #2At the conclusion of this presentation, attendeeswill be able to:List the steps involved in the industrial hygienemonitoring process42

Learning Objective #3At the conclusion of this presentation, attendeeswill be able to:List the different roles of different individualsand organizations involved in the industrialhygiene monitoring process5Industrial Hygiene?Many people think “Industrial Hygiene” is beingsure to brush your teeth prior to coming to workeach day As important as Personal Hygiene is in theworkplace, Industrial Hygiene is somethingcompletely different 3

Definition - Industrial HygieneThe American Industrial Hygiene Association(AIHA) defines Industrial Hygiene as:The science and art devoted to the anticipation,recognition, evaluation, and control ofenvironmental factors or stresses arising in orfrom the workplace which may cause sickness,impaired health and well-being, or significantdiscomfort and inefficiency among workers oramong citizens in the communityDefinition - Industrial HygienistThe AIHA defines an Industrial Hygienist asoccupational safety and health professionalsconcerned with the control of environmentalstresses or occupational health hazards that ariseas a result of or during the course of work4

Importance of an Effective IndustrialHygiene Monitoring ProgramAn Industrial Hygiene Monitoring Programallows safety professionals to scientificallyquantify worker exposures at the job site,and then base each hazard control upon thisactual exposure data.Importance of an Effective IndustrialHygiene Monitoring ProgramCompanies involved in construction, generalindustry, maritime industry, and the serviceindustry all expose employees to hazards.An effective Industrial Hygiene MonitoringProgram will serve to identify, quantify, andprioritize workplace hazards5

Importance of an Effective IndustrialHygiene Monitoring ProgramIndustrial Hygiene includes the development ofcorrective measures to control health hazards byeither reducing or eliminating the exposureImportance of an Effective Industrial HygieneMonitoring ProgramOnce we can quantify the exposures, we canbase all of our engineering controls,administrative controls, and Personal ProtectiveEquipment (PPE) on the actual exposure levels,in order to control and eliminate the hazards andprevent injuries and illnesses126

Importance of an Effective IndustrialHygiene Monitoring ProgramThe four (4) elementsof Industrial ng, and;4.Controlling Occupational HazardsImportance of an Effective IndustrialHygiene Monitoring ProgramThe main goal of an organization’s OccupationalSafety and Health Program is to preventoccupational injury and illness by:1.Anticipating;2.Recognizing;3.Evaluating, and;4.Controlling Occupational Hazards . Look Familiar?7

Anticipating HazardsAnticipatinghealthhazards before they occurallows a more efficient useofresourcesbyminimizing costly retrofitsand renovations needed toprotect the health ofworkersHazard Recognition and EvaluationAn unrecognized hazard can not be controlled,evaluated, or eliminatedUpon recognition of a hazard, the IndustrialHygienist identifies a set of measures necessaryfor proper evaluation of the hazard8

Controlling HazardsThe Industrial Hygienist, working with othermembers of the work team, can implement andmonitor controls that will reduce exposure toacceptable limitsThe Industrial Hygiene Monitoring Program isan integral part of this processAn Effective Industrial HygieneMonitoring Program Will serve to identify, evaluate, and quantifyhazard exposuresAllows the organization to prioritize theworkplace hazards in order to assignresources towards the control or eliminationof the hazardsThus, preventing injuries and illnesses fromrecurring9

Sources of Hazard InformationHazard Information is available in manydifferent forms: General KnowledgeProcessesofChemicals General Knowledge of the Materials UsedandSources of Hazard Information Observations of Work Practices Safety Data Sheets (SDS) Review of Plans for New Facilities and Renovations Conversations with Workers Objective Data10

Sources of Hazard Information Types of Processes Number of Employees Types of Exposures HistoricalInjury/Incident DataSources of Hazard Information Review of Historical Data/Information Test Reports/Chemical AnalysesEarlier Monitoring DataInformation from Professional cumenting Previous Studies, Results, andFindingsResearch Data11

Sources of Hazard Information DiscussionsPersonnelwithMedical Production / Process Review Environmental Analysis Data Process Flow Diagrams Job Safety Analyses (JSA)Sources of Hazard Information Review of Literature Inventory of Chemicals Equipment Field Survey12

Preliminary Survey We can take all ofthis preliminaryinformation andcreate an initialPreliminaryIndustrial HygieneSurvey ReportIndustrial Hygiene Monitoring Plan Using information discovered during thepreliminary survey, the Industrial HygieneMonitoring Plan can be formulated The Industrial Hygiene Monitoring isperformed to evaluate the degree of employeeexposure to hazards in the workplace13

Industrial Hygiene Monitoring Plan Industrial Hygiene Monitoring is a continuousprogram of observation, measurement, andjudgment. Industrial Hygiene Monitoring is a combination ofobservation, interview, and measurement thatpermits a judgment to be made regarding thepotential hazards present in the workplace and theeffectiveness of each hazard controlIndustrial Hygiene Monitoring Plan The Industrial Hygiene Monitoring Planestablishes what we will measure, how wewill measure it, how we will analyze the data,and how we will report the findings of ouranalyses Our Industrial Hygiene Monitoring Plan ismade up of the objectives that will allow us tosystematically reach our monitoring goal14

What Should We Measure?Common WorkplaceHazards include: Industrial NoiseExposureExposure to HeatExposures to ColdBiological ExposuresWhat Should We Measure?Common Workplace Hazards include: Exposure to Chemicals in the Air that are Inhaled Exposure to Chemicals that Contact the Skin Exposure to Chemicals that are Ingested Potential “Injection” Exposures15

What Should We Measure?Common Workplace Hazards include: Exposure to Vibration Exposure to Low or High Illumination Levels Exposure to Radiation (Ionizing and NonIonizing)Chemical HazardsChemicals pose a widerange of potentialhealth hazards: IrritationDiseaseSensitizationCarcinogenicity16

Chemical HazardsChemicals pose a widevariety of PhysicalHazards: FlammabilityCorrosivityReactivityToxicityChemical HazardsChemical Hazards can befound in many forms: DustsLiquidsFumesMistsGasesVaporsSmoke17

Physical Hazards Ionizing Radiation Non-Ionizing Radiation Noise Vibration Heat ColdRadiationIonizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation should bemonitored by an Industrial Hygienist .18

NoiseNoise SurveysDetermine: Sources of NoiseAmount of NoiseExposurePopulationDuration ofExposureProper PPEAttenuationTemperature Very Hot Temperatures are very dangerous tohuman beings and are also very common inthe workplace Very Cold Temperatures are very dangerousto human beings and are also very common inthe workplace19

TemperatureGuidelines for Evaluation: Occupational Exposure Limits are designed toprotect industrial workers from temperaturerelated illnesses Thermal Comfort Limits are used to ensureproductivity and quality of workBiological HazardsSources of BiologicalHazards (biohazards)include: BacteriaVirusesInsectsPlantsBirdsAnimalsHumans20

Ergonomic HazardsErgonomics is thescience of fitting thejob to the worker.Ergonomichazardsinclude: xicity Versus Hazardous Toxicity is the ability of a substance toproduce an unwanted effect when thatmaterialhasreachedasufficientconcentration at a certain site in the body. A Hazard is the practical likelihood thatexposure to the toxic material will causeharm.21

Routes of EntryRoutes of Entryinclude: InhalationAbsorptionIngestionInjectionPersonnel Monitoring Personnel Monitoring is the measurement of aparticular employee ’ s exposure to aworkplace hazard, and in theory, reflectsactual exposure to the employee Personnel Monitoring is usually performedusing personnel monitoring devices, portable,and battery powered air sampling pumps, thatallow the employee to work as usual22

Area Monitoring Area Monitoring measures theambient concentration of ahazard or contaminant in agiven area during a given periodof time AreaSamplingisoftenperformed utilizing portablesampling devices that may ormay not be battery-powered.Personnel and Area Monitoring Personnel and Area Monitoring are oftencombined to determine employee ’ s TimeWeighted Average (TWA) Exposure A Time Weighted Average (TWA) isrequired to determine if the exposure exceedsthe Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)23

Personnel and Area Monitoring Many times Personnel and AreaMonitoring Samples are collectedand then subsequently submittedto a laboratory for analysis The laboratory analyses eachsample by accepted analyticalmethods and then reports theresults of the analysisDirect Reading Instruments Certain types of analyses areperformed using a Direct ReadingInstrument that performs the analysisonsite and provides the data directly Examples include Noise Dosimeters,which are capable of performing allanalyses onsite and provide resultsimmediately24

Biological Monitoring and MedicalScreening Biological Monitoringis a tool that can beused to assess worker’stotalexposuretochemicals. Exhaled air, blood, andurine can be analyzedin order to determinethe worker’s exposureBiological Monitoring and MedicalScreeningThree main types of Biological Monitoringinclude: Measurement of the contaminant itself (directly) Measurement of a metabolite of the chemical Measurement of enzymes or functions that reflectharm caused by a hazardous exposure25

Medical Surveillance MedicalSurveillanceisperformed in order todetermineemployee ’ sexposure to chemicals inorder to track exposure and toprovide for early detection ofdisease. Over 20 OSHA Standardsnow have requirements forMedical SurveillanceSampling Strategy The preliminary research and initial fieldsurvey help you to identify potential hazardsto which workers may be exposed The Industrial Hygiene Sampling Plandevises the strategy that will be utilized inorder to determine the intensity of thehazards, the source of the contaminants, andthe adequacy of current hazard controls26

How to Sample The Industrial Hygiene Samples shouldrepresent each worker’s exposure The National Institute for OccupationalSafety and Health (NIOSH) has developedthe NIOSH Analytical Methods that willprovide you with the correct method to collectand analyze each sampleMethods of Air Sampling Charcoal TubesCassettesSorbent TubesPassive SamplingDirect Reading InstrumentsPersonnel SamplingArea SamplingGrab SamplesTime Weighted Average(TWA) Samples27

Where to Sample Personnel Sampling – The collection media isattached to the employee Area Sampling – The Work Area is Sampled Determine which method of sampling andwhat sampling technology will work best ineach situationWhom to Sample Use the results of thepreliminary investigation andobservations to determine whichpersonnel are the most likely tobe exposed to each hazard Regulatory issues Studyprocessesmovement patterns Study differences inpatterns, habits, tasksandairwork28