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Xpress text - Prelims (pp.i-xiv):Intro-CH1 (p.1-40)27/06/200815:14Page iFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OFOCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ANDSAFETY
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Xpress text - Prelims (pp.i-xiv):Intro-CH1 (p.1-40)27/06/200815:14Page iiiFUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLES OFOCCUPATIONALHEALTH AND SAFETYSecond editionBenjamin O. ALLIINTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GENEVA
Xpress text - Prelims (pp.i-xiv):Intro-CH1 (p.1-40)27/06/200815:14Page ivCopyright International Labour Organization 2008First published 2008Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of theUniversal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproducedwithout authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproductionor translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions),International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: pubdroit@ilo.org.The International Labour Office welcomes such applications.Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization maymake copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.orgto find the reproduction rights organization in your country.Alli, B. O.Fundamental principles of occupational health and safety / Benjamin O. Alli;International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, 20081vInternational Labour Officeoccupational health / occupational safety / hazard / role of ILO / health policy /labour legislation / HIV/AIDS / occupational health service / safety training /developed countries / developing countries13.04.2ISBN 978-92-2-120454-1ILO Cataloguing in Publication DataThe designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nationspractice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinionwhatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of anycountry, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributionsrests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by theInternational Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them.Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply theirendorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm,commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval.ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in manycountries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from theabove address, or by email: pubvente@ilo.orgVisit our website: www.ilo.org/publnsTypeset by Magheross Graphics, France & Ireland www.magheross.comPrinted in (country)
Xpress text - Prelims (pp.i-xiv):Intro-CH1 (p.1-40)27/06/200815:14Page vEditor’s noteSince the book was written from an occupational health perspective, its titlerefers to “occupational health and safety”, whereas all relevant ILOinstruments and programmes use the term “occupational safety and health”.Because this book is an updated edition of an existing text the title has notbeen changed, but for consistency with current usage the term “occupationalsafety and health” is used throughout its contents, on the understanding thatthe terms are equivalent.
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Xpress text - Prelims (pp.i-xiv):Intro-CH1 (p.1-40)27/06/200815:14Page viiPREFACEOccupational safety and health (OSH) is generally defined as the science ofthe anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of hazards arising in orfrom the workplace that could impair the health and well-being of workers,taking into account the possible impact on the surrounding communities andthe general environment. This domain is necessarily vast, encompassing a largenumber of disciplines and numerous workplace and environmental hazards. Awide range of structures, skills, knowledge and analytical capacities are neededto coordinate and implement all of the “building blocks” that make up nationalOSH systems so that protection is extended to both workers and theenvironment.The scope of occupational safety and health has evolved gradually andcontinuously in response to social, political, technological and economicchanges. In recent years, globalization of the world’s economies and itsrepercussions have been perceived as the greatest force for change in the worldof work, and consequently in the scope of occupational safety and health, inboth positive and negative ways. Liberalization of world trade, rapidtechnological progress, significant developments in transport andcommunication, shifting patterns of employment, changes in workorganization practices, the different employment patterns of men and women,and the size, structure and life cycles of enterprises and of new technologiescan all generate new types and patterns of hazards, exposures and risks.Demographic changes and population movements, and the consequentpressures on the global environment, can also affect safety and health in theworld of work.It is no coincidence that the protection of workers against sickness,disease and injury related to the working environment, as embodied in thePreamble to the Constitution of the ILO, has been a central issue for thevii
Xpress text - Prelims (pp.i-xiv):Intro-CH1 (p.1-40)27/06/200815:14Page viiiFundamental principles of occupational health and safetyOrganization since its creation in 1919, and continues to be so today.Occupational safety and health is a key element in achieving sustained decentworking conditions and strong preventive safety cultures. Close to 80 per centof all ILO standards and instruments are either wholly or partly concerned withissues related to occupational safety and health. A large number of areas of ILOactivity include an OSH or OSH-related component, among them employment, child labour, the informal economy, gender mainstreaming, labourstatistics, labour inspection and maritime safety, HIV/AIDS and the world ofwork, and international migration. This breadth of penetration gives a clearindication of the continued importance of occupational safety and health as acore element of ILO activity and of the Decent Work Agenda in particular.In November 2000 the Governing Body of the ILO decided to apply onan experimental basis an integrated approach to ILO standards-relatedactivities in order to increase their coherence, relevance, impact and currency.OSH was selected as the first area to benefit from this approach, and at its 91stSession (2003) the International Labour Conference (ILC) held a generaldiscussion to this end (ILO, 2003a). The ILC adopted conclusions definingthe main elements of a global strategy to bring about measurableimprovements in safety and health in the world of work and recommendingthe development of a new instrument aimed at establishing a promotionalframework for occupational safety and health.As a result, the ILC adopted, at its 94th Session in June 2006,a Convention (No. 187) concerning the promotional framework foroccupational safety and health and its accompanying Recommendation(No. 197). The main purposes of the Convention are to ensure that a higherpriority is given to occupational safety and health in national agendas and tofoster political commitments in a tripartite context for the improvement ofoccupational safety and health. Its content is promotional rather thanprescriptive, and it is based on two fundamental concepts: the developmentand maintenance of a preventive safety and health culture, and the applicationat the national level of a systems management approach to occupational safetyand health.This new edition of Fundamental principles of occupational health andsafety introduces these new ILO instruments promoting occupational safetyand health, as well as new approaches, tools and areas of action such as nationalOSH programmes, national OSH profiles, OSH management systems,HIV/AIDS and the world of work, and technical guidelines for the soundmanagement of chemicals. The book aims to serve as a guide or reference workfor the development of OSH policies and programmes. It covers thefundamental principles of occupational safety and health, based on theILO’s philosophy of prevention and protection, which stems from theviii
Xpress text - Prelims (pp.i-xiv):Intro-CH1 (p.1-40)27/06/200815:14Page ixPrefaceBox 1The ILO’s mandate on occupational safety and healthThe ILO’s mandate for work in the field of occupational safety and health dates from itsvery foundation:And whereas conditions of labour exist involving such injustice hardship and privation to largenumbers of people as to produce unrest so great that the peace and harmony of the worldare imperilled; and an improvement of those conditions is urgently required; as, for example,by the regulation of the hours of work including the establishment of a maximum working dayand week . the protection of the worker against sickness, disease and injury arising out ofhis employment (Preamble to the Constitution of the International Labour Organization)This was renewed in 1944, when the relevance of the ILO was reasserted at itsPhiladelphia Conference:The Conference recognizes the solemn obligation of the International Labour Organizationto further among the nations of the world programmes which will achieve: . (g) adequateprotection for the life and health of workers in all occupations; (Declaration of Philadelphia, 1944, para. III)Organization’s mandate in this field (see box 1). The Conventions,Recommendations and codes of practice that make up the set of “core” ILOinstruments on OSH embody all the principles, provisions and technicalguidance necessary to establish, implement and manage OSH systems. Theyare presented here in a form that will be useful for those involved in policymaking (governments, and employers’ and workers’ organizations), thosewithin enterprises who are concerned with the practical implementation ofmeasures to promote and protect the safety and health of workers (managers,supervisors, workers’ representatives), and legislators and labour inspectors.A single work cannot hope to cover all the subject areas in the vast fieldof occupational safety and health. This book therefore focuses on the keytopics essential to the promotion of OSH activities. Part I gives an overviewof the key concepts which permeate all OSH activities; Part II presents policyperspectives; and Part III deals with the operational aspects of implementingoccupational safety and health.ix
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Xpress text - Prelims (pp.i-xiv):Intro-CH1 (p.1-40)27/06/200815:14Page xiCONTENTSPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiAcknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviiAbbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xixPART I1OVERVIEWOccupational hazards and risks: The problems and the ILO response. . . 3An unacceptable situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Variations in performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Economic sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Sizes of enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Groups at particular risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Major OSH instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Key principles in occupational safety and health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Core OSH principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Rights and duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Workers’ rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Employers’ responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Governments’ duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21PART II3NATIONAL FRAMEWORK DESIGN ANDIMPLEMENTATIONGeneral framework for occupational safety and health . . . . . . . . . . . . 25xi
Xpress text - Prelims (pp.i-xiv):Intro-CH1 (p.1-40)27/06/200815:14Page xiiFundamental principles of occupational health and safety4National policy on occupational safety and health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27General aims and principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Policy formulation and review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Policy instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31National laws, labour codes and regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Role and obligations of the competent authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Policy coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Education and training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355National system for occupational safety and health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376National programmes for occupational safety and health . . . . . . . . . . 41A national profile on occupational safety and health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427Occupational safety and health policy within the enterprise. . . . . . . . 45General framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Employers’ responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Workers’ duties and rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Safety and health committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498Management of occupational safety and health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Management commitment and resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Workers’ participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Organizational aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Setting priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Planning and development activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54The place of OSH management in the enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Performance measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55The OSH management cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56PART III9OPERATIONAL MEASURESLegislation, enforcement and collective agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Labour inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Collective bargaining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6210Occupational health surveillance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Surveillance of the working environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66xii
Xpress text - Prelims (pp.i-xiv):Intro-CH1 (p.1-40)27/06/200815:14Page xiiiContentsGeneral framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Monitoring of exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Occupational exposure limits (OELs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Record-keeping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Surveillance of workers’ health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72General framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Medical examinations, health assessments and biological tests. . . 73Sickness absence monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Reporting of occupational accidents, injuries and diseases . . . . . . 76Ethical and legal issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7811Occupational health services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81General considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Primary health care approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86First aid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Curative health services and rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Special occupational health needs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Cooperation and coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8812HIV/AIDS and the world of work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Health services and HIV/AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Capacity building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Training for managers, supervisors and personnel officers . . . . . . 95Training for peer educators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Training for workers’ representatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Training for safety and health officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Training for factory/labour inspectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Treatment, care and support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Voluntary counselling and testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Disclosure and confidentiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Job security and promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100xiii
Xpress text - Prelims (pp.i-xiv):Intro-CH1 (p.1-40)27/06/200815:14Page xivFundamental principles of occupational health and safetyTerms and conditions of work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Reasonable accommodation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Worker assistance programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Social protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102ILO/WHO guidelines on health services and HIV/AIDS . . . . . . . . . . 10213Preventive and protective measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105General considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Engineering control and housekeeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Work practices and organizational methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Personal protective equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Technological change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Protection of the general environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10914Health promotion, education and training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Promotion of occupational safety and health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Training and information at the national level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Training and information at the enterprise level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Training methods and materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116International chemical hazard communication tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117The International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs). . . . . . . . . . . 117The Globally Harmonized System for the Classificationand Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118The International Chemical Control Toolkit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118ANNEXESIGlossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123IIRelevant ILO OSH instruments – Ratifications and status. . . . . . . . . . 129IIIExcerpts from major OSH international labour standards . . . . . . . . . . 134IVModel outline for the preparation of a national profile on OSH . . . . . 164VA checklist for employers writing a safety policy statement . . . . . . . . . 171VIA checklist for planning and implementing a workplace policy onHIV/AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174VIIHierarchy of controls applied to risk of blood-borne pathogenexposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176xiv
Xpress text - Prelims (pp.i-xiv):Intro-CH1 (p.1-40)27/06/200815:14Page xvContentsVIII Hazard categories defined in the Globally Harmonized Systemfor the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) . . . . . . . . . . . 178IXThe ILO’s Programme on Safety, Health and the Environment(SafeWork) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182XSelected sources of reliable OSH information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Boxes1The ILO’s mandate on occupational safety and health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix2The burden and cost of occupational accidents and diseases inthe United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Scope and purpose of OSH standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Major ILO instruments concerning occupational safety and healthin general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Examples of ILO instruments concerning specific risks and substances 136Examples of ILO instruments concerning safety and health inspecific branches of economic activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Examples of recent ILO codes of practice on occupational safetyand health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148Safety and health at work – A human right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Joint ILO/WHO Committee’s definition of occupational health . . . . . 2210Key features of a national policy on occupational safety and health . . . . 2811Tripartite formulation of a national OSH policy in Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2912Indonesian national OSH policy and strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3013Hierarchy of preventive and protective measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4714Management responsibilities in OSH training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5315Cooperation between inspectors and workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6116Some problems of labour inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6217Surveillance, work and health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6518Risk assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6719Aims of a monitoring strategy for air pollutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6920Responsibilities of staff involved in the surveillance of theworking environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7121Some benefits of good record-keeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78xv
Xpress text - Prelims (pp.i-xiv):Intro-CH1 (p.1-40)27/06/200815:14Page xviFundamental principles of occupational health and safety22Conditions governing workers’ health surveillance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7923Concepts in occupational health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8224Functions of an occupational health service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8525ILO standards particularly relevant to HIV/AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9226Summary of key principles in the ILO code of practice onHIV/AIDS and the world of work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9327Duties of employers when workers are exposed to occupationalhazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10628Examples of GHS chemical hazard pictograms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Figures1How the core OSH standards relate to ILO standards on otherissues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142National OSH system modelled from provisions in ILO OSHinstruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393The OSH management cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55xvi
Xpress text - Prelims (pp.i-xiv):Intro-CH1 (p.1-40)27/06/200815:14Page xviiACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis book was successfully completed thanks to the input and advice of manyILO colleagues and external specialists. For the first edition, Assefa Bequele,Director of the Working Conditions and Environment Department, inspiredthe author to take on this project. Jukka Takala, Chief of the formerOccupational Safety and Health Branch, Georges Coppée, Head of the formerMedical Section, and other colleagues deserve special thanks for reading andcommenting on the various drafts of this book. For this new edition, Dr S.Al-Tuwaijri, the new Director of SafeWork, and Dr Sophia Kisting, the newDirector of the ILO Programme on HIV/AIDS and the World of Work(ILO/AIDS), have both inspired the author to take on the task of revising thebook and provided the strong support necessary to meet this challenge.The fact that some colleagues are not named individually does not detractfrom my respect and thanks towards each of them. Angela Haden, KsenijaRadojevic Bovet, John Rodwan and Stirling Smith provided editorial assistanceand guidance for the first edition. A former ILO SafeWork colleague, IsaacObadia, assisted in revising and improving the present edition.A number of statements, policies and checklists are given in this book.These are intended as illustrations and examples. It is worth emphasizing thatthe normal ILO disclaimer applies to these texts: they are not authoritative orapproved by the ILO.xvii
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Xpress text - Prelims (pp.i-xiv):Intro-CH1 (p.1-40)27/06/200815:14Page -retroviral treatmentCanadian Centre for Occupational Safety and HealthUnited Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport ofDangerous GoodsILO International Occupational Safety and HealthInformation CentreControl of Substances Hazardous to Health (UK)United Nations Economic and Social CouncilEuropean UnionFinnish Institute for Occupational HealthGlobally Harmonized System for the Classification andLabelling of ChemicalsHealth and Safety Executive (UK)International Chemical Control ToolkitInternational Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine andGeneral Workers’ UnionInternational Commission on Occupational HealthInternational Chemical Safety CardsInternational Classification of Status in EmploymentInternational Occupational Hygiene AssociationInter-Organization Programme for the Sound Managementof ChemicalsJoint ILO/WHO/UNEP International Programme onChemical SafetyNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(United States)Organization for Economic Cooperation and Developmentxix
Xpress text - Prelims (pp.i-xiv):Intro-CH1 (p.1-40)27/06/200815:14Page xxFundamental principles of occupational health and AWHOxxoccupational exposure limitFrench acronym for the ILO’s International Programme forthe Improvement of Working Conditionssmall and medium-sized enterprisesshort-term exposure limitthreshold limit valuetime-weighted averageJoint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDSUnited Nations Environment ProgrammeUnited Nations Inst
fundamental principles of occupational safety and health, based on the ILO’s philosophy of prevention and protection, which stems from the Xpress text - Prelims
