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–P R E T E S T –12. Which of the underlined words in the following sentence is considered transitional?We did not catch any fish; as a result, we atemacaroni and cheese.a. did notb. anyc. as a resultd. and9. Choose the sentence that begins with a phrasemodifier.a. He kept his bottle cap collection in a shoebox.b. In the event of an emergency, do not panic.c. I was pleased to see that my coworker hadbeen promoted.d. The octopus has been at the zoo for 20years.13. Which of the underlined words in the following paragraph is a transition word?A National Park Service employee annuallyinspects the famous Mount RushmoreNational Memorial near Keystone, SouthDakota. He uses ropes and harnesses to take aclose look at the 60-foot granite heads ofGeorge Washington, Theodore Roosevelt,Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. If hefinds a crack, he coats it with a sealant,thereby preventing moisture from cracking itfurther.a. annuallyb. nearc. andd. thereby10. Select the letter for the topic sentence in thefollowing paragraph.a. He was born in 1818. b. He was educatedin the universities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. c. In 1852, he abandoned poetry anddrama and devoted himself to fiction. d. IvanTurgenev was a critically acclaimed Russianauthor.11. Identify the type of organizational structureused in the following paragraph: chronological order, order of importance, spatial order,or order of familiarity.When you enter the mansion, the great hallhas three ornate doorways and a grand staircase. The doorway to the left leads to thekitchen area, the doorway to the right leads tothe library, and the doorway straight aheadleads to the formal dining room. The staircasecurves up to the second floor. Directly aboveyou will see the famous “Chandelier de Grouton,” with over 4,000 crystals shaped liketeardrops.a. chronological orderb. order of importancec. spatial orderd. order of familiarity14. Identify the purpose of a composition withthe following title:“Good Reasons to Always Drive Safely”a. persuasiveb. expositoryc. narratived. descriptive15. Identify whether the following sentence is factor opinion.The voting age should be raised to 21.a. factb. opinion6

–P R E T E S T –20. Which of the following sentences does NOTuse passive voice?a. She is known by the whole town as the bestgoalie on the hockey team.b. The puck was hurled across the ice by thestar forward.c. She won the Best Player Award last winter.d. The women’s ice hockey team was foundedfive years ago.16. Which of the following sentences does NOTuse informal language?a. Everybody said his new car was a “sweetride.”b. Susanne totally couldn’t believe that shehad won the lottery.c. The letter arrived in the morning, and heopened it immediately.d. I always feel cooped up in my cubicle atwork.21. Identify the correct verb for the blank in thefollowing sentence.Laura and her friend for their trip toPeru in an hour.a. leavesb. leave17. Identify the appropriate type of language touse in a letter requesting information from agovernment agency.a. formalb. informal22. Identify the correct contraction for the blankin the following sentence.Jake and Mariela have to worktonight?a. Don’tb. Doesn’t18. Which of the following sentences uses theactive voice?a. Peter was given a laptop to use when heworked at home.b. The mountain was climbed by several ofthe bravest hikers in the group.c. The favors for the birthday party were provided by the restaurant.d. Randy and Thien won the egg toss at thestate fair.23. Identify the correct verb for the blank in thefollowing sentence.We, the entire student body, including onestudent who graduated mid-year, theschool colors to remain green and black.a. wantsb. want19. Which of the following sentences uses theactive voice?a. Several ingredients were used by the chef tomake the stew.b. The chef used several ingredients to makethe stew.b. To make the stew, several ingredients wereused.b. The stew was made by the chef using several ingredients.24. Identify the correct verb for the blank in thefollowing sentence.A committee policy in all matters ofevaluation.a. determinesb. determine7

–P R E T E S T –31. Identify the correct word for the blank in thefollowing sentence.The boy told his teacher that he did notperform in the concert because hewas sick.a. goodb. well25. Identify the correct verb for the blank in thefollowing sentence.Neither the bus driver nor the passengersthe new route.a. likesb. like26. Identify the correct pronoun(s) for the blankin the following sentence.Anybody can learn to make own website.a. his or herb. their32. Identify the correct word for the blank in thefollowing sentence.That was a good milkshake.a. realb. really33. Identify the correct word for the blank in thefollowing sentence.Of the three sweaters, I like the red one.a. betterb. best27. Identify the correct pronoun for the blank inthe following sentence.I often think of Andra and .a. sheb. her28. Identify the correct pronoun for the blank inthe following sentence.My brother and used to play pingpong together every day.a. Ib. me34. Identify the sentence that uses capitalizationcorrectly.a. In the movie, David had a difficult time incuba.b. in the movie, David had a difficult time inCuba.c. In the Movie, David had a difficult time inCuba.d. In the movie, David had a difficult time inCuba.29. Identify the correct word for the blank in thefollowing sentence.Tirso made the basket .a. easyb. easily35. Identify the sentence that uses capitalizationcorrectly.a. The whole family appreciated the letterSenator Clinton sent to Uncle Jeff.b. The whole Family appreciated the lettersenator Clinton sent to Uncle Jeff.c. The whole family appreciated the letterSenator Clinton sent to uncle Jeff.d. The whole family appreciated the lettersenator Clinton sent to uncle Jeff.30. Identify the correct word for the blank in thefollowing sentence.His black eye looked .a. badb. badly8

–P R E T E S T –41. Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?a. Sadly, I walked home.b. Sadly I walked home.c. Sadly I walked, home.d. Sadly, I walked, home.36. Identify the sentence that uses capitalizationcorrectly.a. On Friday, it was Chinese New Year, so wewent to Yien’s restaurant to celebrate.b. On friday, it was Chinese new year, so wewent to Yien’s Restaurant to celebrate.c. On Friday, it was Chinese New Year, so wewent to Yien’s Restaurant to celebrate.d. On Friday, it was Chinese new year, so wewent to Yien’s restaurant to celebrate.42. Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?a. When Yoshiro saw the beautiful cabin; bythe lake, he was happy too.b. When Yoshiro saw the beautiful, cabin bythe lake he was happy, too.c. When Yoshiro saw the beautiful cabin, bythe lake, he was happy, too.d. When Yoshiro saw the beautiful cabin bythe lake, he was happy, too.37. Identify the sentence that uses capitalizationcorrectly.a. I plan to go to Canada this summer towatch the Calgary stampede.b. I plan to go to canada this Summer towatch the Calgary Stampede.c. I plan to go to Canada this summer towatch the Calgary Stampede.d. I plan to go to Canada this Summer towatch the Calgary Stampede.43. Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?a. Ms. Lundquist my second grade teacher haswritten a very helpful book.b. Ms. Lundquist my second grade teacher,has written a very helpful book.c. Ms. Lundquist, my second grade teacher,has written a very helpful book.d. Ms. Lundquist, my second grade teacherhas written a very helpful book.38. Identify the correct word for the blank in thefollowing sentence.We parked , but we still received aticket.a. Legallyb. legally44. Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?a. The Little League baseball fields near SanDiego California are clean and well-lit.b. The Little League baseball fields near SanDiego, California, are clean and well-lit.c. The Little League baseball fields near SanDiego, California are clean and well-lit.d. The Little League baseball fields near SanDiego, California are clean, and well-lit.39. Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?a. My appt. with Dr. Nayel is at 5:15 P.M.b. My appt. with Dr Nayel is at 5:15 P.M.c. My appt. with Dr. Nayel is at 5:15 PM.d. My appt with Dr. Nayel is at 5:15 PM40. Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?a. Have the paychecks arrived yet.b. Have the paychecks arrived yet?b. Have the paychecks arrived yet!b. Have the paychecks, arrived yet?9

–P R E T E S T –48. Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?a. All thirty two nine year old students carriedtwenty pound backpacks.b. All thirty-two nine year old students carried twenty-pound backpacks.c. All thirty two nine-year-old students carried twenty-pound-backpacks.d. All thirty-two nine-year-old students carried twenty-pound backpacks.45. Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?a. At 3:45 P.M., Freddy will umpire the varsitygame, Tomas, the junior varsity game, andFederico, the freshman game.b. At 345 PM, Freddy will umpire the varsitygame; Tomas, the junior varsity game; andFederico, the freshman game.c. At 3:45 P.M. Freddy, will umpire the varsitygame, Tomas, the junior varsity game, andFederico, the freshman game.d. At 3:45 P.M., Freddy will umpire the varsitygame; Tomas, the junior varsity game; andFederico, the freshman game.49. Identify the correct words for the blank in thefollowing sentence.I would like to have the party moreat a restaurant.a. hear, thanb. hear, thenc. here, thand. here, then46. Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?a. The bookstore had to move its collection ofchildren’s books.b. The bookstore had to move it’s collectionof childrens’ books.c. The bookstore had to move its’ collectionof children’s books.d. The bookstore had to move its’ collectionof childrens’ books.50. Identify the correct words for the blanks inthe following sentence.We put on our uniforms, but we stilllate for the game.a. already, maybeb. already, may bec. all ready, maybed. all ready, may be47. Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?a. The professor asked, “Has anybody read ‘AGood Man Is Hard to Find’?”b. The professor asked “has anybody read ‘AGood Man Is Hard to Find’?”c. The professor asked, “Has anybody read “AGood Man Is Hard to Find”?”d. The professor asked, “has anybody read ‘AGood Man Is Hard to Find?’ ”10

–P R E T E S T – Answers1. b. Lesson 226. a. Lesson 102. c. Lesson 227. b. Lesson 103. a. Lesson 228. a. Lesson 104. a. Lesson 329. b. Lesson 115. d. Lesson 330. a. Lesson 116. a. Lesson 331. b. Lesson 117. c. Lesson 432. b. Lesson 118. d. Lesson 433. b. Lesson 119. b. Lesson 434. d. Lesson 1210. d. Lesson 535. a. Lesson 1211. c. Lesson 536. c. Lesson 1212. c. Lesson 637. c. Lesson 1213. d. Lesson 638. b. Lesson 1214. a. Lesson 739. a. Lesson 1315. b. Lesson 740. b. Lesson 1316. c. Lesson 741. a. Lesson 1417. a. Lesson 742. d. Lesson 1418. d. Lesson 843. c. Lesson 1419. b. Lesson 844. c. Lesson 1420. c. Lesson 845. d. Lesson 1521. b. Lesson 946. a. Lesson 1622. a. Lesson 947. a. Lesson 1723. b. Lesson 948. d. Lesson 1824. a. Lesson 949. c. Lesson 1925. a. Lesson 950. b. Lesson 1911

L E S S O N1Understandingthe WritingProcessLESSON SUMMARYIn order to proofread, revise, and edit you need to understand thewriting process—from prewriting to drafting, editing, revising, and writing a final draft. This lesson discusses the writing steps and then givesyou strategies to help you write the best possible final draft.The writing process has only just begun when you write the last word of your first draft. It is inthe process of revising and editing that the draft takes shape and becomes a crafted piece ofwriting. Writing is an art, and like any good artist, a good writer continues to work on a pieceuntil it has the desired impact. Prewriting/BrainstormingFirst, it is important to figure out what you know about a topic. Since many ideas come to mind when youbegin to think about a topic, take time to write them down. First thoughts are easily forgotten if they arenot committed to paper. You can do this with a prewriting technique such as brainstorming, clustering,mapping, or listing. You can use graphic organizers like charts, story maps, diagrams, or a cluster like theexample on the next page.Prewriting can take place in all sorts of inconvenient locations, and you may only have a napkin, a pieceof scrap paper, or an envelope on which to write. Just don’t think a napkin with scribbles on it is the finaldraft. You still have much work to do.13

–U N D E R S T A N D I N G T H E W R I T I N G P R O C E S S –M.L.K.workerscivil inationin the U.S.minorsvotingrecent immigrantsagemandatoryretirementslaverysexualequal ors DraftingThe next step is turning those thoughts into a firstdraft. Those of you who skip the prewriting stepand jump right into a first draft will find that theediting stage takes more time than it should. Youmay even find that you have changed your mindfrom the beginning to the end of a piece, or that thefirst paragraph is spent getting ready to say something. That’s fine, but be prepared to reorganizeyour entire draft.Writing with a plan makes the entire writingprocess easier. Imagine you are a famous writer ofmystery novels. If you don’t know whodunit, howcan you write the chapters that lead up to the partwhere the detective reveals the culprit? It is the samewith your writing. Without an organizational plan,the paper you write may not take the right shapeand may not say all you intended to say.R e v i s i n g A s Yo u G oMost writers revise as they write. That’s why pencilswith erasers were invented. If you are a writer whouses pen and paper, feel free to fill your first draftswith arrows and crossed-out words. You may continue a sentence down the margin or on the back ofthe page, or use asterisks to remind you of where youwant to go back and add an idea or edit a sentence.If you use a computer to compose, use symbols to remind you of changes that need to bemade. Put a questionable sentence in boldface ora different color so you can remember to return toit later. A short string of unusual marks like#@ *%! will also catch your eye and remind you toreturn to a trouble spot. Typing them may evenrelieve some of the tension you’re feeling as youstruggle with your draft. Just remember that ifyou’re planning to show your draft to someone,like a teacher or coworker, you may want to cleanit up a little first.Computers also make it easier to makechanges as you go, but remember that a computer’s14

–U N D E R S T A N D I N G T H E W R I T I N G P R O C E S S –Examplethe russian Ballet travel’s. all over the world, Performing to amazed Audiences. in each new city;grammar check or spell check is not foolproof.Computers do not understand the subtle nuances ofour living language. A well-trained proofreader oreditor can. This sentence jerks along like an old car drivenby someone who doesn’t know how to use thebrakes.ProofreadingEdited ExampleThe Russian Ballet travels all over the world, performing to amazed audiences in each new city.Proofreading is simply careful reading. As youreview every word, sentence, and paragraph, youwill find errors. When you locate them, you can useproofreading symbols to shorten the amount oftime you spend editing. It is an excellent idea tobecome familiar with these symbols. At the bottomof this page are a few examples of the most commonones, but be sure to check Appendix A for a complete list.Of course, in order to find errors, you mustknow what they are. Read on to discover the culpritsthat can sabotage a good piece of writing. Every sentence begins with a capital letter.That’s the easy part. Many other words are capitalized, too, however, and those rules can be harder toremember. Lesson 12 reviews all the rules of capitalization for you.While every sentence begins with a capital letter, every sentence ends with some sort of punctuation. The proper use of end marks like periods,exclamation points, and question marks (Lesson13) and other punctuation like commas, colons,semicolons, apostrophes, and quotation marks(Lessons 14–17) will help your reader make sense ofyour words. Punctuation is often the differencebetween a complete sentence and a sentence fragment or run-on (Lesson 2). Other punctuationmarks like hyphens, dashes, and ellipses (Lesson 18)Capitalization andPunctuationCapitalization and punctuation are like automechanics for your writing. They tune up your sentences and make them start, stop, and run smoothly.SYMBOL/ .EXAMPLEMEANING OF SYMBOLStevenson High schoolCapitalize a lower-case letter./Make a capital letter lower-case. Insert a missing word, letter, or punctuationmark.the Second stringrightGo at the light.I had an an ideaDelete a word, letter, or punctuation mark.recieveChange the order of the letters. . . to the end .Add a period. . . apples oranges, and . . .Add a comma.15

–U N D E R S T A N D I N G T H E W R I T I N G P R O C E S S –give flare to your writing and should be used forfunction as well as style.ExampleHe read thru the entire paper looking for a storyon the protest march. Spell check suggests replacing “thru” with“through,” “threw,” or “thorough.” The dictionarywill tell you that the correct spelling is “through.”Choosing a suggested spelling from spellcheck that is incorrect in the context of your sentence can affect an entire piece. As teachers andemployers become more familiar with spell checkprograms, they learn to recognize when a writer hasrelied on spell check. For example, homonyms suchas pane and pain and commonly confused words,such as where, wear, and were (Lesson 19) present aproblem for spell check, just as they do for manywriters. Ultimately, there is no substitute for a dictionary and a set of trained eyes and ears.SpellingCorrect spelling gives your work credibility. Notonly will your reader know that you are educated,but also that you are careful about your work. Youshould have a dictionary handy to confirm that youhave correctly spelled all unfamiliar words, especially if they are key words in the piece. In the workplace, a memo with a repeatedly misspelled wordcan be embarrassing. An essay with a misspelledword in the t

and Editing Skills Success in 20 Minutes a Dayhas no filler or fluff. It is a book for people who want to learn the editorial skills needed to revise a piece of writing without doing a lot of busy work. Each lesson intro-duces a skill or concept and offers exercises to practice what you hav