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I S B N 978-92-2-127725-59789221 277255ILO Safety and health in the use of machineryMachinery is used in virtually all work activities, and thus presentscertain safety and health risks in a large number of workplaces allover the world. Many new types of machinery are also introducedinto the market each year. This code of practice sets out principlesconcerning safety and health in the use of machinery and definessafety and health technical requirements and precautions,including those relating to the working environment, controlsystems, machinery guarding and protection against hazards,information and marking, and supplementary measures relatingto specific machinery types. The code applies to any work activityin which machinery is used and to all stages of the life cycle ofmachinery, including second-hand, rebuilt or redeployed machineryused in workplaces.Code of practiceSafety and health in the use of machinerySafety and healthin the use of machinery
Safety and healthin the use of machinery
ILO code of practiceSafety and healthin the use of machineryInternational Labour Office Geneva
Copyright International Labour Organization 2013First published 2013Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, oncondition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should bemade to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22,Switzerland, or by email: pubdroit@ilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications.Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copiesin accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country.ILOSafety end health in the use of machinery. ILO code of practiceGeneva, International Labour Office, Programme on Safety and Health at Work and the Environment, 2013ISBN 978-92-2-127725-5 (print)ISBN 978-92-2-127726-2 (web pdf)occupational safety / occupational health / hazard / protective equipment / machinery / code of practice13.04.2Also available in French: La sécurité et la santé dans l’utilisation des machines (ISBN 978-92-2-227725-4),Geneva, 2013, and in Spanish: Seguridad y salud en la utilización de la maquinaria (ISBN 978-92-2-327725-3),Geneva, 2013.ILO Cataloguing in Publication DataThe designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice,and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the partof the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of itsauthorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solelywith their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Officeof the opinions expressed in them.Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsementby the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product orprocess is not a sign of disapproval.ILO publications and electronic products can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local officesin many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22,Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address,or by email: pubvente@ilo.orgVisit our website: www.ilo.org/publnThis publication was produced by the Document and Publications Production,Printing and Distribution Branch (PRODOC) of the ILO.Graphic and typographic design, layout and composition, manuscript preparation,copy editing, proofreading, printing, electronic publishing and distribution.PRODOC endeavours to use paper sourced from forests managedin an environmentally sustainable and socially responsible manner.Code: DTP-CAD-CORR-NOU-IMPR
PrefaceThis new ILO code of practice sets out principles concerning safetyand health in the use of machinery and defines safety and healthrequirements and precautions applicable to governments, workersand employers, and also to designers, manufacturers and suppliers ofmachinery. Machinery is used in virtually all work activities, and thuspresents certain safety and health risks in a large number of workplacesall over the world. Many new types of machinery are also introducedeach year, hence the urgent need for a systematic approach to ensuresafety and health when machinery is put on the market.The ILO Global Strategy on Occupational Safety and Health adoptedin 2003 called for the revision of the Guarding of Machinery Convention, 1963 (No. 119), and Recommendation (No. 118), and recommended that “Priority should also be given to the development of anew instrument on the guarding of machinery in the form of a codeof practice”.In response, the Governing Body of the International Labour Office,at its 306th Session (November 2009), took the decision to convenea meeting of experts to draw up a code of practice on safety andhealth in the use of machinery. The meeting was held in Geneva from29 November to 7 December 2011. Eight experts appointed followingconsultations with governments, eight following consultations with theEmployers’ group and eight following consultations with the Workers’group of the Governing Body participated in the meeting. After examining and finalizing the text, based on a draft prepared by the Office,the experts adopted this code of practice. In view of the comprehensiveneeds of all the stakeholders, this new code covers a much broaderscope in addition to the guarding of machinery.The practical recommendations of this code of practice are intendedfor the use of all those who have a responsibility for safety and healthV
Safety and health in the use of machineryin the use of machinery. The code is not intended to replace nationallaws, regulations or accepted standards. Its object is to provide guidance to those who may be engaged in the framing of provisions relatingto the use of machinery at work, such as competent authorities and themanagement of companies where machinery is supplied or used. Thecode also offers guidelines to designers, manufacturers, suppliers andemployers’ and workers’ organizations.Local circumstances and the availability of financial and technicalresources will determine the speed and extent of implementation. Theprovisions of this code should also be read in the context of the conditions in the country proposing to use the information. With this in mind,the needs of developing countries have been taken into consideration.The text of the code was approved for publication by the GoverningBody of the ILO at its 313th Session (March 2012).VI
List of participantsChairpersonMs R. Edwards, Regional Director, Midlands, Health and SafetyExecutive (United Kingdom)Experts appointed after consultations with governmentsDr J. Basri, Director-General, Department of Occupational Safety andHealth (Malaysia)AdviserMr A. Yahya, Director, Department of Occupational Safety andHealth (Malaysia)Ms A. Becker, Auditora Fiscal do Trabalho, Ministerio do Trabalho eEmprego (Brazil)Mr F. Boye, Acting Chief Inspector of Factories, Department ofFactories Inspectorate (Ghana)Mr J. Malatse, Director of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering,Department of Labour (South Africa)Mr G. Mansour, Provincial Coordinator, Specialized ProfessionalServices, Ontario Ministry of Labour (Canada)Mr C. Maujean, Senior Officer, Coordination of Work EquipmentInquiries Standardization and Market Surveillance of Machinery(France)Mr T. Mössner, Expert for Safety of Machinery and MechanicalHazards, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(Germany)Mr T. Saito, Senior Researcher, Mechanical Safety Researching Group,National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (Japan)VII
Safety and health in the use of machineryExperts appointed after consultations with the Employers’ groupMr J. Gallego Pérez, Engineer, Inversiones Mundial SA (Colombia)Mr P. Jarvie, Occupational Health and Safety Manager, Employers andManufacturers’ Association (New Zealand)Mr N. Kawaike, General Manager for Standardization Division,Japan Machinery Federation (Japan)Mr N. Mphofu, Health and Safety Manager, Steel and EngineeringIndustry Federation of South Africa (South Africa)Ms M. Nilsson, Expert and Adviser on Occupational Safety and WorkEnvironment, the Association of Swedish Engineering Industries(Sweden)Dr S. Sandrock, Researcher on Applied Ergonomics, Institut fürangewandte Arbeitswissenschaft (Germany)Mr L. Wong Moi Sang, Employers’ Adviser, Mauritius Employers’Federation (Mauritius)Mr U. Wortmann, EMEA HS&E Manager, Procter & Gamble(Belgium)Experts appointed after consultations with the Workers’ groupMs J. Bodibe, Policy Coordinator on Occupational Health and Safety,Congress of South African Trade Unions (South Africa)Mr M. Breidbach, Member of Global Health and Safety Committee,Coordinator EWC WG Health and Safety, IGM, Arcelor MittalBremen GmbH (Germany)Mr N. Hosokawa, Japanese Electronic and Information Union (Japan)VIII
List of participantsMs F. Murie, Director of Health and Safety, Building and Woodworkers International (Switzerland)Mr L. Carlos de Oliveira, Director of the Sindicato dos Metalúrgicosde São Paulo, and Director of Força Sindical (Brazil)Mr S. Sallman, Safety and Health Specialist, United Steelworkers(United States)Mr R. Sneddon, Community National Health and Safety Officer, TheGrange (United Kingdom)Ms D. Vallance, National OHS Coordinator, Australian Manufacturing Workers’ Union (Australia)International governmental and non-governmental organizationsrepresentedWorld Health Organization (WHO): Dr Ivan D. Ivanov, Dr EvelynKortum; WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health:Dr Vladimir MurashovInternational Organisation of Employers (IOE): Dr Janet AshersonInternational Trade Union Confederation (ITUC): Ms Esther BusserILO secretariatMr Seiji Machida, Director – Programme on Safety and Health atWork and the Environment (SafeWork)Dr Tsuyoshi Kawakami, Coordinator, Occupational Safety, Policy andManagement Systems Cluster – Programme on Safety and Healthat Work and the Environment (SafeWork)Dr Shengli Niu, Coordinator and Senior Specialist, OccupationalHealth Cluster – Programme on Safety and Health at Work and theEnvironment (SafeWork)IX
Safety and health in the use of machineryMr Pavan Baichoo, Technical Specialist, Occupational Safety, Policyand Management Systems Cluster – Programme on Safety andHealth at Work and the Environment (SafeWork)Dr Marie-Louise Riley-Roberts, ILO Consultant, Health and SafetyExecutive (United Kingdom)Ms Tuiri Kerttula, ILO Consultant, Finnish Safety and ChemicalsAgency (Tukes) (Finland)X
ContentsContentsPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VList of participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIIIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Part I. General requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.General provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.1. Scope and application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2. Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.3. Hierarchy of controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.4. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.General obligations, responsibilities and duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1. Roles and obligations of the competent authority . . . . . . . . . .2.2. General responsibilities of designersand manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3. General responsibilities of suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4. General responsibilities of employers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.5. Worker participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.6. Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12121422223941Part II. Technical requirements and specific measures . . . . . . . . . . . . 433.General statements on the working environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1. Materials and products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2. Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3. Design of machinery to facilitate its handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4. Ergonomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5. Operating positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6. Seating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45454546475050XI
Safety and health in the use of machinery4.Control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1. Safety and reliability of control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2. Control devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3. Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4. Stopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.5. Failure of the energy source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.Machinery guarding and protectionagainst mechanical hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1. Risk of loss of stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2. Risk of break-up during operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3. Risks due to falling or ejected objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.4. Risks due to surfaces, edges or angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5. Risks related to combined machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.6. Risks related to variations in operating conditions . . . . . . . .5.7. Risks related to moving parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.8. Choice of protection against risks arisingfrom moving parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.9. Moving transmission parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.10. Moving parts involved in the process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.11. Risks of uncontrolled movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.12. General requirements for guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.13. Special requirements for guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.14. Adjustable guards restricting access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.15. Special requirements for protective devices . . . . . . . . . .6263636464656666Machinery guarding and protectionagainst other hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1. Electricity supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2. Static electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3. Energy supply other than electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.4. Errors in fitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67676767676.XII5252535556596060606161616162
ContentsExtreme temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Effect of climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Explosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation arisingfrom the machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .External radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Laser radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Emissions of hazardous materials and substances . . . . . . . . .Risk of being trapped in machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Risk of slipping, tripping or falling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lightning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Access to operating positions and servicing points . . . . . . .Isolation of energy sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Worker intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cleaning of internal parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6868696969717.Information and marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.1. Information and information devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.2. Warning devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.3. Warning of residual risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.4. Marking of machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77777777788.Supplementary measures relating to specificmachinery types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798.1. Portable hand-held and hand-guided machinery(such as chainsaws, hedge trimmers, cartridgeoperated tools, grinders,
Safety and health in the use of machinery Machinery is used in virtually all work activities, and thus presents certain safety and health risks in a large number of workplaces all over the world. Many new types of machinery are also introduced into the market each year. This code of practice sets out principles concerning safety and health in .
