Transcription
THE PROCEDURE HANDBOOKOF ARC WELDINGTWELFTH EDITIONThe material presented herein is based on information contained in available literature, developedby The Lincoln Electric Company, or provided byother parties and is believed to be correct. However.the publisher does not assume responsibility or liability for any applications or installations producedfrom the design, products, processes, techniques, ordata set forth in this book.Thll book may be ord red from ;tny dut.,r or .epreoen!.alive of The Lincoln Ele(:tri(: Company, or throuCh.ny recolnized book dealer ,n the world or dire :t fromTHE LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY22801 St. Clair AvenueCleveland, Ohio 44117LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY OF CANADA, LTD.179 WICKSTEED AVE" TORONTO 17, ONTARIO, CANADATHE LiNCOLN ELECTRIC CO. (Europ4!) S.A.BOULEVARD de STALINGRAD, 76120 GRAND·QUEVILLY , FRANCELINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY (Australia)35 BRYANT STREET, PADSTOW , N.8.W., 2211, AUSTRALIAEXPORT REPRESENTATIVESInternational Division Armco SLee1 CorporationPost Office Box 700, Midd1etown, Ohio 45042, U.S.A.
v,THE PROCEDURE HANDBOOKOF ARC WELDINGCONTENTSSection 1INTRODUCTION AND FUNDAMENTALSSection2DESIGNING FOR ARC WELDINGSection3VARIABLES IN WELDING FABRICATIONSection4CONSUMABLES AND MACHINERYrSection 5WELDING PROCESSESSection 6WELDING CARBON AND LOW-ALLOY STEELSection7WELDING STAINLESS STEELSection 8WELDING CAST IRON AND CAST STEELSection 9WELDING ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM ALLOYSSection 10WELDING COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYSSection 11QUALITY CONTROLSection 12WELDING COSTSSection 13SPECIAL APPLICATIONSSection 14INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCESection 15SAFETY IN WELDINGSection 16REFERENCE SECTION AND INDEXI
Index16.1·67Index-AAbrasion resistanc:e. . . . . . . 13.7·19,20Ac :eptability. weld. . . . . . .11.1-3AC or De, choosing. 1.3·3;4.2·7.8;5.2·4;6.3·2,3AC TIG welding. . . . . . .9.4-3 - 5Aircraft fabrication, applicable codes andspecifications2.4-3, 4Allowablescompressive tress (AISC)2.1-9,10shear stress (AISC-AWS) . . . . . . 2.3-1,2weld met.al (AISC-AWS) . . . .2.3-2,3fatigue (AISC) . . . . . . . .2.3-3 - 7Alloy nuxes . . . . . . . . . . , 13.7-14 - 16Alloy steel electrodes. . . . . . . . . 6.2-13-15Alloying ei(!ments in steel . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1-3Alluminum and aluminum alloysalloy types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.1-1weldability. . . . .9.1·1 - 69.2-1,2welding via shielded metal-arcwelding via gas metal-arc9.3-1-10weldingviagastungsten.arc . . 9.4-1-11A1uminum bronze. (see Copper and copper alloys)Angle of twist . . . . . . . . ,. . 2.1·16,17Appearance, weld . . . . . . . . 6.2·17,18; 9.4·3, 8weldment . . . . . .';-. . . . . . . . 2.1-2Arc, nature of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3-2,3Arc blow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2·1 5; 4.4·9Arc IfOUlfinlf. 13.5-1 4Arc heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3·10 -12Arc shielding . . . . . . 1.3·1, 2;5. -2, 3;5.2-1;5.3·1; 5.4·1,3,4. 4.4-9-11;5.4·4;6.4-6;7.3·3;Arc starti ng7.5·2; 9.2·2; 9.4-7,8. . . . . 6.4-7 - 9; 6.5·2Arc voltage . . . . . . . .1.3-1; 3.2·1- 5;Arc·welding, fundamentals5.1·2,3; 5.3-1historical development. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1-1-10Argonshielding. . . . . . . . . . . 4.1-17,18;9.3-6,7Assembly, weldment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-4,5Atomic hydrogen welding . . . . . . . . . 5.6-4, 5Austenitic manganese steels. 13.7·4,5Austenitic stainless steels. 7.1-2,3,6 - 9,12: 13. 7-5Automatic welding . 4.3·7 - 10; 5.2-2 - 5; 5.3-2; 5.4-2,4;6.3·20 - 22; 6.4-9 - 11; 7.5-2, 3-BBack blow. . . . . .3.2-3, 4Backstep welding. . . . . . . 3.1-6Backup methods. 2.: ,·6;4.4·7,8; 6.3-6, 7; 7.3·2; 9.2-2Balancing AC power, battery method. . 9.4-3,4Bead shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3-18 -19Bendina: loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-10 -14BibliOjraphieswelded design. . . . . . . . .2.1-44stainless steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1-12welding safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1·5Box sections. . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1-10Brass, red . . . . . . . (see Copper and copper alloys)Brinell hardness, measuring. . . . . 1.2-6Buckling and twisting. 3.1-13,14Burnthrough. 2.1-42; 5.2-5"Buttering"7.2·5; 8.1·5Butt joints, in stainless steel . . . . . .7.3-1, 2Butt welds, types of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2-1cracking in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3-19submeried·arc welding . . . . . . . . . 6.3-6 - 8in clad steels. 13.6·2 - 7-cCable&, welding. . . . . . 4.3·1,2; 13.8-3recommended sizes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3-2Calculating welding costs12.1-1 -12Camber, control of. . . 3.1 ·8,15Carbide precipitation. . . . . . . . .7 .1-8,12Carbon·arc welding1.1·2; 4.3-11; 10.1-8; 13.2-2Carbon dioxide shielding . . . . .4.1·18,19Carbon, effect of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1·2Carbon equivalents. . . . . . . . . . 3.3-3Carbon steelscompositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1-10low carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1-10,11medium and high carbon. . . . . .6.1-11,12; 13.7-6structural. .6.1-12hililh.stren h, low·aHoy. . 6.1·12 -17high·stren h, quenched and tempered6.1-17 - 19Carbon steels, welding6.2-1- 54via self·shielded metal-arc . . . . . . . .6.3-1- 74via submerged-arc. .6.4-1- 42via self-shielded nux-cored process. 6.5-1-6via ras-shielded nux·cored process6.6-1-4via ps metal-arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.7-1,2via gas tungsten-arcCast irontypes. . . . . . . . .8.1-1welding . . . . . . . . . .8.1-1 - 6Cast steel, welding. . . . . . . .8.2·1 - 4Charpy impact test. 1.2-5,6Chemical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2·15,16Chromium carbides. . . . . . . . .13.7-2 - 4Chromium steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1·20Circumferential welding . . . . . . . . . 6.3-10 -13;6.4-8; 13.7-18,19Clad steels, welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6-1 - 8Clampinr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4·6, 7
16.1-68Reference SectionCleaningweldment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-5joints in carbon steel . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3·16joints in stainless steel . . . . . . .7.2·3,4join'" in cast iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1·4aluminum surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1-5,6; 9.2-2; 9.4-7tungsten electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4·6welded surfaces. . . . . 16.1·63Clothing, protective. . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1·2Codes and specifications/derinitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,4·1governing organizations. . . . . . . . 2.4-1, 2applications covered. 2.4-2 - 5for in-plant pipinl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3-9Cold cracking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2·2Compression loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-8,9Compreuive strength . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2-1,3Concavity vs. convexity. . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1·1Conductivity, definitionseledrical1.2·6thermal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2-6, 7Consumables, welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1-1 20Containers, .velding. . . . . . . . . . . 15.1·3Contaminants, effect on welds . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3·16, 11Control S)' tems, submerged·arc welding6.3·21,22Conversion factors . . . . . . . . 16.1-31 38Cooling rates . . . . . . . . 3.3-1; 6.1-4 - 6; 9.3·3 , 4; 13.7·11Cooling systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3-3,4Copper and copper alloyswelding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1-1 - 8properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1-1 ,3overlays . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13.1-1Copper, effect of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 .1·3Corner welds. . . . . . . . . 2.2·1Cost, as a factor in design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1·1Costs, welding. . . . . . . 12.1-1 - 11Cover plates . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-38,39Cracking, weld. 6.1'4 10; 6.2-19; 6.3·18,19;8.2,2; 9.1'1,2; 11.2·8 15; 13.3·3; 13.7-12, 13Craters, weld. . . . . . . . . 9.4-8; 11.1·5Cupro-nickel. . . . . . . . . (see Copper and copper alloys)Current rangesfO!' shielded metal-arc electrodes. . . . . . . . . 6.2·2for submerged·arc electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3'2Current variations, effect of . . . . . . . . . 6.3-3, 4; 6.4·9, 11-D. 9.4·9 - 11DCSP TIG welding . . . . . . . . . . .6.3·7Deep-groove welds . . . . . . . . . 7.3-3; 8.1-3; 11.1-3 5;Defects, weld . . . . . . . . . .11.2-1 ,8; 11.3-7 - 9; 13 .6-1Definitions of arc·welding terms / . . . . . . 16.1-1 - 24Deflection. . . . . . . . . .2.1-7,8,15,27,28Density . . . . . . . .1.2·6Deposition rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2-3,"; 5.3·2; 6.2·13 ;6.4-4; 6.5-2; 6.6-1, 2; 7.3-3; 7.4-3;7.5·3; 12.1·8 10Designevolution of a . . . . . . . 2.1-28,29,31. . 2.1·7formulas . . . . . . .importance of correct analysis . . . . . . . . . . 2.1'30,31selection. . . . . . . . . . 2.1-6,7specifying weld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-32 35systems approach to . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-6 44welded ;oin1l· · · · · · · . . . . . . . 2.2·1-8Designingby equivalent sections . . . . . . . . . .2.1-22 27from load conditionsqualitative vs. quantitative m th ds' . . . . . . ·2.i ; meeting a design problem.\. . . . . . . . . 2.1-31,32sources of trouble . . . . . . . . . . l' 2.1-32 39problem identiCication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1-37fOr eHicient fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-39 - 42fQl' strength and rigidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-7Destructive te&ting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2-16,17Diaional bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-20Distortion, weldment/"causes of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1,1 - 4control. . . . . . . . . . 2.1-4,5; 2.5·5; 3.1'4 -19;7.2-5; 13.7·14Double-ending. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3-7,8Oral angle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4-6,7, 10Drills, gage size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1-39Drive controls, fixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4-9 -12Droas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3·5,6Drying low-hydrogen electrodes . . . . . . . 6.2·12, 13Ductile iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1-1,6Ductility. . . . . . . . . . . 1.2'2,3; 9.1-3Duty cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2-1,2-E2. -8; 6.3-19;10.1·3; 13.6·2,5,6Edge welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3-10Efficiency in material use. . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-39 41Elasticitymodulus ot . . 1.2-1 - 3, 5efrect on distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1·4Electrical conductivity . \. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2-6Electricalstickout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4-5, 6, 9; 6.5-3(also see Long .tickout)Electrode anlle . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3-8;6.4-6,7; 6.5·3; 9.4-7Electrodeshistorical development . . . . . . . . 1.1-3 - 9c1usification .4.1·1 17;6.4-1-3mild and low-alloy Iteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1·1- 8color identification system . . . . . . . . . . 4.1-1,2;7.2·2manual covered . . . . . . . . . 4.1-1- 4; 5.1-3; 6.2'1-15submerged-arc. . . . . . . . . 4.1-5,6; 7.3-2flux.cored. 4.1 6 8;6.4.1 4 ;5.3 2;6.4 14gumetal.arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1·6-9stainless steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1·8-10;7.2·1-6;7.3·2; 7.4-4cast iron. . . . . . . . . . 4.1-10,11;8.1-2cast steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2-3, 4aluminum . . . . . . 4.1 11,13;9.2-1;9.4·9,10copper and copper alloy . . . . . 4.1·11,14,17; 10.1-2, 3ASTM steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2·4 - 7fut-freeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2-7,8fast-fill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2·8 -10fast.follow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2·10, 1 low-hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2·11 -15alloy-steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2:1 719tungsten. 6.7-1,9.4 5,TIG torch. . .-" . 9.4-5,6. . . . . .13.3·1,2line pipe. . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5-2, 3arc gouling. ' . . . . . . . . . . . . ' 13.6-3,4clad steels . . . .Edge preparatlon . . . . . . . . .
Indexsurfacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1·16,17Electrode coru;umption . . . . . . . . . . 12.1·4,5; 13.3·4 - 6Electrode feeding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3·4Electrode holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3·2, 3Electrode selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2'1,2Electrode size. . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2·17; 6.3·1, 2, 14Electrode (tungsten) spitting. . . . . . . . . . . 9.4·6Electrogas welding .5.4·4; 5.6·2; 6.5·5, 6Electroslag welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6·1, 2Elongation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2·1- 3Endurance limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2·4Equipment, welding. . . . . . . . . 4.2·1- 8; 4.3·1 - 12;6.3·19- 22; 6.4·4 - 6; 6.6·2; 9.4·9;13.1·1,2; 13.8·1; 14.1-1- 8Etching solutioru; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1'64,65Expansion, thermal . . . . . . . 1.2·7; 3.1·3Evolution of a weldment design . . . . . . . . . 2.1·28,29,31-FFace shields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1·1Fast·fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5-2", 4; 6.2·1; 6.2·8 - 10Fast·follow (fill·freeze) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5·2 - 4; 6.2·1;6.2·10,11;6.4·9,10F!S .treeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5·2 - 4;6.2·}; 6.2·7,8F tlgue allowables (AISC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3·3 - 7Fati,ue cracking. . . . . . . . . . .2.}·38, 3.9Fatigue strength. . . . . . 1.2·1 - 4. . . . . . . . . . . 9.3·4Feeding MIG electrodeFeeding TIG filler rod. '-' . . . . . 9.4·8Ferritic stainless steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1·3,4Filler metalsfor stainless steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2·3,4; 7.5·2for a1uminum ailoys . . . . . .':-. . . . . . . 9.1'2:- 5; 9.4·82.2·1- 5; 2.3·1-7;6.1·7;Fillet welds6.2·3; 6.3·8, 9; 6.3·18,19Fire prevention ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15.1-2,3Fitup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4·6,7; 5.3·3;.6.2·16;6.4·6Fixtures. . . . . . 2.1-4; 2.1·43; 3.2·5;4.4·1 -12; 5.5·6Fixturing, effects on arc blow. . . . . . . . . 3.2·5Flame shrinking. . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1·3; 3.1·16, 17Flame straightening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1·3; 3.1·16Flange·to·web welding . . . . . . . . . . 3.1·14,15Flash·through. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2·5Flux·cored eleetrodes . . . . . . . . . 6.4·1 - 4Flux, magnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2'4Flux, recovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3·17Fluxes, submerged'arc . . . . . . . 4.1·6,7; 5.2,1; 6.3'16,17;7.3·2; 13.7·14 -16"ux supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3·11-13orces, transfer of . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1·19,20Forge welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1·1Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1·3; 2.1·43Formulasdesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1·7deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1·7,8; 2.1·21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1·9' radius of gyrationunit shear on fillet weld . . . . . . .2.1·112.1·16torsional resistanceangular twist . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1·17\ ni nal properties, closed.,.seetioru;2.1·17inertIa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1'2116.1·69modulus of elasticity . . . . . . . . . . 3.1·7transvel'!le weld shrinkage. . . . . . . . . . . 3.1·8angular distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1·8longitudinal distortion . . 3.1·9carbon equivalent. . . . . . . 3.3·3heat input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3·3cost of labor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1·2,10cost of welding materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1·2operating factor. . . . . .12.1·3weight of electrode coru;umed . . . . . .12.1·5time to make weld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.1·8melt·off rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1·8weight of weld metal deposited . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1·10time for multi·pass weld. . . . . . . . . . . 12.1·10Full·alloy welding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13.6·5,6Full·automatic welding . . . . . . . . (see Automatic welding)Functioru; of numbers. . . . . . . . . .16.1·53 - 62. Fusion, correcting poor. . . . . . . 6.2'19-GGalvanized steel, welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2·1,2Gases, shielding . . . . . . . . . . 1.1·7; 4.1·17 - 20; 5.4-1 - 5MIG welding of aiuminum. . . . . 9.3·6, 7TIG welding of aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4·9, 10Gas entrapment in welds . . . . . . . . . 9.3·2Gas now. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5·3; 9.3·6, 7. 1.1·8;Gas metal·arc (MIG) welding4.1'17-20;5.4·2-4carbon and low·alloy steels. . . . . 6.6·1 - 4. . . . . . . . . . . 7.4·1 - 4stainless steels . . . . . . . .aluminum and aluminum alloys .9.3·1-10copper and copper alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1·5,6galvanized steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2·2clad steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13.6·6Gas·shielded flux·cored welding504·1, 2; 6.5'1 - 6Gastungsten·arc(TlG)welding. 1.1·7;4.1·17-20;4.3·10,11; 5.4·4,5carbon and tow·alloy steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7·1,2staintess steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5·1 - 3aluminum and aluminum alloys . . . . . . . . . 9.4·1 - 11copper and copper alloYI. . . . . . . . . 10.1-6 - 8. . . . . . . 13.6·6clad steelsGlobular transfer . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1·19; 5.4·3; 6.6·1Gouging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5·1 - 4Gray iron . . . . . . . . . . .8.1·1,2Groove·fillet combination welds2.2·2 - 4Groove joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2·5 - 8; 6.1·7 - 9;6.3·19;7.3'1,2Groove wetds, cracking in . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1·7 - 9Ground effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2·2Grounding . . . . . . . .4.3·3,4; 4.4-8, 9; 6.3'14Guide tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4·5, 6Guru;, semiautomatic . . . . . . .1.1·7; 4.3·4 - 6; 504·1;6.3-20; 6.4·5-HHardenability, total . . . . . . . . . version tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1·47 - 51Hardness testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2·17Hardsurfacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7'1- 20to maintain a cutting edge. . . . . . .13.7·7,8to protect a single surface13.7·8
16,1,70Reference Sectionto protect contacting surfacesalloy fiuxesprocedures . . . . . . . . . . . .Head shieldsHeat effects13.7·8,913.7-14 -1 613.7·16 - 19. . . . . . 15.1-1,2. 1.3-4;6.1-3,4;8.2-2;9.1-1; 9.3-3,4Heat input . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1-7; 3.3·1- 3; 6.1-19; 9.1·2Heat·treatable steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7·5,6Heliumshielding . . . . . . . .4.1-17,18;9.3-6,7High.frequency arc starting7.5-2; 9.4-7, 10Historyfusion joining . . 1.1-1 -10covered e lectrode. . . . . . . . . 1.1-3 - 5arc-welding process. 1.1·2 - 10Hoods and booths, exhaust . . . . . . . . . 15.1-4Hot cracking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2-2; 9.1-1,2Hot shortness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4·4Hot-wire welding. . . . . . . . . . . 5.6-5; 7.5-3Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3-2, 3Hydrostatic testing. . . . . . . . . . . .11.2·17HYsteei6.6.1-17,18-[Impact data conversion table. . . . . . . . 16.1·37Impact strength. . 1.2·1,5, 6; 13.7·19, 20Inert gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1·7Ingot iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2·3lnnershield welding . . . . . 1.1 ·8, 9; 5.3·1- 4(see Self·shielded flux·cored)I nspection and testing. . . . . . 2.1 ·5, 6;11.2·1-17Installation, weld equipment. . . . . 14.1-1 - 3Intermittent welds . . . . . . . . . 2.1·34; 2.2-6; 3.1·6; 11.1·5In terpass temperatures3.3·2 - 4; 6.2·17; 8.2·3; 13.4·5Iron·powder electrodes . . . . . . 6.2·9lzod test. . . . . . . . . 1.2·6-JJias and fixtUresJointJointJointJ ointJo intJointJoint. . . . . . . 2.1·4; 2.1·43; 3.1·14, 15, 17;3.2·5; 4.4·1 - 12; 9.2·2cleanliness · . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2·16; 6.3·16; 7.2·3, 4design· . . . . . . . . . 2.1·3,4; 2.2·1- 8; 6.2·16;6.3·6 - 8; 6.6·2, 3; 7 . 2,4; 7.3'1, 2; 9.1·2;9.4·10; 13.4·2 - 4; 13.6·2 - 7geo metry and filup . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2·15,16position. . . . . . . . 3.1·14;6.2·15;9.2·2preparation · . . . . . . . 2.2·6 - 8;6.2·16; 8.1·4;13.6'1 - 3; 10.1·3requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5·2 -7; 6.2·1 - 3restraint . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1·6 - 9-LLamellar cracking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 .1·9Lap welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3·9; 6.3·17Layout, weldment design . . . . . . . . . 2.1·2,3; 2.1·39, 40Leak detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2'14.16,17Lenses, face shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1·1,2Line-Fill welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6·5Uncoln preheat calculator . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3·3Liquid·penetrant inspection. . . . . 11.2'13,14Loadingdetermining load conditions. . . . . . . . 2.1·2tYpe:5 of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1·8 - 18Long stickout . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3-4; 5.6·5; 6.3'5, 6; 6.4·5Low·alloy steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1,20 - 22Low·hydrogen electrodes . . . 1.1-6; 6.2'11 -13-MMagnetic arc blow . . . . . . . . . . .1. . . 3.2-1 3Maif\etic fields (flux) . . . . . . . . . . ! . . 3.2.1 4Magnetic'particle inspection . . . . . . . . 11.2·10 -1 13Maintenance, welding equipment14.1,1 7. . . . . . . .8.1.1,2Malleable iron . . . . .Manganese, effects of . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.2Manipulators, welding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.1 - 12Manual welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1'1 4Martensitic stainless steels ;.Y' . . . 7.1·5 - 11; 13.7.5Materials, efficient use of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1·39 - 41Malerial selection. . . . . . 2.1.21,22Mechanical properties . . . . . . . . . 1.2·1 - 6as basis for specification . . . . . . . . . 6.1.3deposited steel weld metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.2submerged·arc weld metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.1flux·cored electrode weld metal. . . . . . . . . . 6.4.2CO 2 ·shielded flux·cored weld metal . . . . . . . . . 6.5·1ferritic stainless steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1-4austenitic tainl tO:lel . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.4martensitic sJ.ainless steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1-7stai nless stee weld metal . . . . . . . . . 7.2·2,3copper and copper alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1·3Mechanical testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2-16,17Mechanized travel units. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 4.3-6,7Mechanized welding . . . . . . . . . . (see Automatic welding;Equipment, welding; and Fixtures)Melting points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2-7,8Melt-ofC rates. . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2-2; 6.3-3; 12.1-8Metallographic tests. 11.2·16Metals, sourCe:5 of information on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4·4Metal transfer . . . . . . .1.3·3; 4.1-18; 5.1·2;5.4·2 - 4; 6.6-1; 7.4-1, 2, 4MIGwelding . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1·8;4.1-17-20;5.4·2-4Modulus of elasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2-1- 3; 3.1-4Modulus of resilience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2·5Molybdenum steels. . . . . . . 6.1·21,22Moment of inertia . . . . . . . . 2.1-11,12,27,28Motor generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2-5 - 7Multiple arcs. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2-3;6.3·13 - 156.3-20-22;7.5-3Muntz metal. . . . . . (see Copper and copper alloys)l .-NNarrow'gap welding. . . . . . . . . 5.6-5Neutral axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-10; 3.1·6Nickel steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1-20Nickel-chromium steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1-20Nondestructive testinr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2-4, 5Nomographsinertia of beam under bendinr load . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-12section modulus of beam under2.1-13bending load . . . . . . . . .25steel vs. cru;t iron for riridity. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1·use in conversions . . . . . . . . . 2.1.25,2:Nodular iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--: . 8.1.1 -6Notch impact strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2
Index-0Operating factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.1-2,3Operation, welding equipment . . . . .14.1-1 - 6Overwelding. . . . . . . . . 2.1-4; 2.1-33, 34; 3.1-5Oxyacetylene welding. . 1.1-1Oxygen in inert shielding gases. . . . . . . . . . . 4.1-18-pParalleling arc weldersPainting over welds.Peening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16.1-6616.1-633. 1-7 ; 8.2-3PenetrametersPenetration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2-7. . . . . 2.3-2; 5.5-2 - 4; 6.2-19; 9.4-2Phosporu5 bronze"':-. (see Copper and copper alloys)Ph06phorus, effect of . . . . . . . . . 6.1"'3Physical properties or m etals . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2·6 - 8Pipeline welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13.3-1- 9API qualification tests11.3-35 - 38; 13.3-8, 9Piping and tubing11 .3-15 - 24AWS qualification testaPipe steels' . . . . 13.3-1,2Pipe thawing. . . . . . 13.8·1 - 3Plasma arcdefinition. . . . . . . . 1.3·2, 3heating and welding . . . . . . . .4.3-11, 12; 5.6-3 , 4Plate preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1·3Plug welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3·9 ,10Polarity, with 5ubmeried-arc . . . . . :---. . . . . . 6 .3-2,3, 17Porosity, weld . . . . .5.2-5; 6 .2-13, 18,19; 6.3-15 - 18 ;6.6'1,2; 8.2-2; 9.3-2 - 5;9.4·4; 11.1-4, 5Positioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-4Positioning of work . . . . . . . . .3 -2Postweld heat treatment .6. 3, 15 ;7.1-9;8.2,3Power sources (see Welders). 4.2-1- 8classification. . . . . 4.2-1 , 2selecting. . . . . . .4.2-7 ,8fOf metal·arc welding. . . 5.1·3,4; 7.2-6for self-shielded flux·cored welding . . 6.4-4for gas tungsten-arc. 7.5-2; 9.4·4, 5.cor arc iouging . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13.5-3for underwater arc weldini .13.1-2 : ;ec e n.d .el.d.i g.: : : : :: (seePr e.d .r; JPrecipitation hardening . . . . . . . . . . 7.1·9 - 12Preheating. . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3-1-7; 6.1·6, 22;6.2·17;'-6.3-15; 7.1-9;8.1·2, 4;8.2-2,3; 9.1 -2; 9.2-1,2; 9.4·8;13.4-5; 13.6·8; 13.7-11, 1211.3·11-1 5Prequal ified joints . . . . . . . .Preb fits. . . . 6 .3·17Pressure vessels and pipingapplicable codes and specirications. 2.4' 2,3; 3.3-7Procedure qualification .11.3·1- 38Procedures, weldinghasic guidelines . . . . . . . . 2.1-5code vs. commercial quality . . . . . . . . 6 .2-21data sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2·22; 6 .3-25; 6.4-15shielded metal-arc with steel . . . . . .6 .2-21 - 54submerged·arc with steel . . . . .6 .3·23 -74self-shielded nux·cored with steel6.4·13 - 42 -shielded flux·cored with steel. . 6.5-4, 5/6./-71gas metal·arc with steel . . 6.6·3 ,4gas tungsten-arc with steel6 .7·1 ,2shielded metal-arc with stai nless . . . .7.2-6 - 8submerged-arc wi t h stainless7.3-2 - 4gas metal·arc with stainless7.4-1 ,2gas tungsten-arc with stainless. . . . . . 7.5-1gas tungsten-arc with aluminum. . 9.4-7, 10, 11gas metal·arc with aluminum . . . . . . . . .9.3·7 - 10gas metal·arc with copper. . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1-6gas tungsten-arc with silicon bronze. 10 .1·7gas tungsten-arc with copper. 10.1·8prequalified joints . . ] 1 .3- 14line pipe welding . . . . . . . . 13.3-3,4.6 - 8notea on submerged·arc6.3·24notes on self-shielded flux-cored. . . . . . . . .6.4-14strength only. . . . . . . . 6.3-23 ; 6.4·13reinforcing·bar welding . .13.4-4, 5with clad steels .13.6-1 - 7hardsurfacing . . . . . . . .13.7-16 - 19pipe thawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13.8-2,3Processea, welding1.1·2 - 10history of development. . 1.1·2; 4.3-11carbon·arc5.1 -1 - 4shielded metal-arc5.2-1- 6submerged·arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3-1- 4sf!lf-shielded nux-cored . . . . . . . .gas-shielded nux-cored . . . . . . 5.4-1,2gas metal-arc5.4·2 - 4gas tungsten-arc . . . . . . . . 5.4-4, 5selection. . . . . . . 5.5-1 - 7electroslag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6-1, 2electrogas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6-2s tud·arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.6-2, 3plasma-arc. . . . . 5.6-3, 4atomic hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6-4,5hot-wire . . . . . . . . . 5.6-5na.nuw-pp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6-5master chart of. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1-30Proortesting . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2-16 ,1 7Production considerations . . . . . . 5.5-6Proportional eleastic limit. . . . 1.2-24.3-12; 15 .1-1, 2Protective equipment . . 7.4-4Pulsed·arc transfer . . . . . . . .-QQuality V8, acceptabilityQuality, weld . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1-2,36.2-21 ; 6 3·23; 6.4-13;9.1-3; 9.3-1 - 6; 11.1-1 - 5Qualification tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3-1 - 38AWS buildings and bridges . . . . . . . . . 11.3-1-15AWS piping and tubing . . . . .11.3·15 - 24ASME boiler and pressure vessel11.3-24 - 35API pipeline . . . . . . .11.3-35 - 38; 13.3-8, 9How to pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3-8 - 10Quench hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2·2Quenched and tempered steels . . . . . 3 3-4 - 6; 6.17 - 19-RRadialforces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-36 ,37Radiographic inspection . . . . . . . . 11.2-6 - 10; 11.3-7, 8Radius of gyration . . . . . . . 2.1-9Reactive additions to shielding gases. 4.1-17 - 20
16.1·72Reference SectionRede&ilnby equivalent sectionsby nomographs. .2.1-22 - 272.1-25 - 2713.H - 6Reinforcing bars, welding. 8.1·3 - 6; 8.2-1 - 4Repair welding . . . . . 1.3·3, 4Resistance heating. . . . . . . . . 1.1·1Resistance weldingRigidityconversion via nomographs. . . . . 2.1-25,26. . . . . . . 2.1-7designing for . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1-23equivalent rigidity factors. . . . . . . . . .1.2-6Rockwell hardness measuringRoda, weldin"4.1-9,10Cr and Cr-Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, THE PROCEDURE HANDBOOK Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 Section 9 Section 10 Section 11 Section 12 Section 13 Section 14 Section 15 Section 16 OF ARC WELDING CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND FUNDAMENTALS DESIGNING FOR ARC WELDING VARIABLES IN WELDING FABRICATION CONSUMABLES AND MACHINERY
