Transcription
Myanmar ScriptLearning guide (Revision F)by Naing TinnyuntpuWITH FREE ONLINE AUDIO yanmar-script-learning-guide.php1 of 104
Menu Introduction .4Vowel: A .6Vowel: E or I .13Vowel: U .20Vowel: O .24Vowel: Ay .28Vowel: Au .33Vowel: Un or An .37Vowel: In .42Vowel: Eare .46Vowel: Ain .51Vowel: Ome .53Vowel: Ine .56Vowel: Oon .59Vowel: Oun .62Single Tone Group Overview .66Single Tone: Ate .662 of 104
Single Tone: Et .68Single Tone: Oot .70Single Tone: Out .71Single Tone: Ike or Ite.73Single Tone: Ut or Up .74Single Tone: Oat .76Single Tone: It .78Double-stacked words .80Quick Reference Steps .83Practical Examples.91Appendix A: Myanmar Alphabetical Table .96Appendix B: Myanmar Vowels and Tones .97Appendix C: Tone Reference Table .100Revision History .1033 of 104
IntroductionMenu §1. Myanmar writing system has 33 main letters or characterscomparable to 26 alphabets from A-Z in English. Unlike English wordswhich can be formed by combination of alphabets with vowelsA,E,I,O,U, which are found within the 26 alphabetical system, Myanmarwriting system makes use of additional vowel shift symbols, tonechange symbols, and consonant modification symbols.Vowel shift symbols§2. Vowel shift symbol changes the main letter which ends withEnglish equivalent of vowel "a" to some other vowels. For example,symbols that can change the letter "Pa1" ( y ) to "Pi1"( yd ) "Pu1" ( yk ), "Po2" ( ydk ), "Pin2"( yif ), "Peare2" ( y,f ) arecategorized in the Tone System as vowel shift symbols. Vowel shiftsymbol may also change the tone of the word to an another level in thenew vowel group.Tone change symbols§3. Tone change symbol, on the other hand, simply changes the toneof the existing word without affecting the vowel of the word. Forexample, "Pa1" ( y ) can be changed into "Pa2" ( yg ) in the secondtone, and "Pa3" ( yg; ) in the third tone with tone change symbols.4 of 104
Consonant modification symbols§4. Consonant modification symbol neither changes the tone nor thevowel, but modifies the word into a slightly different consonant whenexpressed in English romanization. For example, "Pa1" ( y ) can bechanged to "Pya1" ( jy ) with the consonant modification symbol.Combinations§5. Many words in Myanmar written language make use of all threetypes of symbols. For example, "Pa1" ( y ) becomes "Pin2" ( yif) withthe vowel shift symbol. Then, the word can be modified into "Pyin2"( jyif ) with the consonant modification symbol. The tone can be furtherchanged, such as "Pyin3" ( jyif; ) with the tone change symbol."Pa1""Pin2""Pyin2""Pyin3"(y)( yif)( jyif)( jyif; ): original character: Suffix used after the name of the tree: to repair: intense§6. In addition, there are less common characters, double-stackedcharacters, and other stand alone characters that cannot be combinedwith other characters and/or symbols.5 of 104
Vowel AMenu §7. All 33 main letters belong to a single sound group that ends withinherent vowel “a” and in the first tone in English romanization withBurmese 1,2,3 Tone System. Exception: letter that starts with the vowel“A” itself, which is pronounced "Ah1".Ah1: as in "Art" with silent "rt". (1st. tone)Ah2: as in "Argentina" with silent "r". (2nd. tone)Ah3: as in "Artist with silent "r". (3rd. tone)Examples:Only common letters are shown. More frequently used letters arefurther highlighted. For a complete list, see Appendix A.MyanmarScriptuc*CiEnglish Romanization with 1,2,3 Tone SystemKa1 (as in "Canadian")Kha1 (as in "Christmas"; "crazy")Ga1 (as in "magazine")Ga1 (as in "Greek")Nga1 (as in "cling"; add vowel "a" to this "nga")6 of 104
pqZpsnwxX'"eyzAbr,&vSa1 (as in “small”)Hsa1 ( "sa1" with more hissing sound )Za1 (as in "israel")Za1 (as in "Elizabeth")Nya1 (shorter tone than "Tanya" Nya2)Ta1 (as in "tantalize")Hta1 (as in " translate"; " tree"; " travel")Hta1 (as in " traffic"; " trouble"; " true")Da1 (as in "derivative")Da1 (as in "Dracula")Na1 (as in "Panama")Pa1 ( as in "pagoda")Pfa1 (as in "park"; keep lips tight & burst open.)Ba1 (sometimes used to represent "Va1")Ba1 (as in "tablet"; "blame"; "Brunei")Ma1 (as in "Malaysia")Ya1 (as in "Ayatollah")Ya1 (sometimes used to represent "Ra1")La1 (as in "lagoon")7 of 104
0o[tWa1 (as in "Watson")Tha1 (as in "Methodist"; "three)Ha1 (as in "Hanoi")Ah1 (as in "American"; "arise"; "approve")§8. The example below shows how the letter "La1" can be modifiedinto a different consonant using consonant modification symbol ha1hto3 : S , which looks like an inverted "L" placed below the letter.vvSLa1Hla1§9. By adding the tone change symbol yay3-cha1 to the main letter,the tone of the letter is changed to the second tone.The symbol yay3-cha1 comes in two shapes. The first type is placed atthe right side of the letter: m . The second type hovers above the topof the letter like this: g8 of 104
Examples:umcgigpgqmnmwm'gemygAsmbmrm&m&Sm&GmvmKa2 (as in "cartoon")Kha2Nga2Sa2 (as in "Sardine")Hsa2 (as in "NASA")Nya2 (as in "Tanya")Ta2 (as in "Toyota"; "victor")Da2 (as in "Da Vinci")Na2 (as in "seminar"; "Natasha")Pa2 (as in "Permission" with silent "r")Bya2 (consonant is modified.)Ba2 (as in "Bermuda"; "Bahrain")Ma2 (as in "Martini"; "Masarati", "Mazada)Ya2 (as in "Yamaha")Sha2 (consonant is modified.)Ywa2 (consonant is modified.)La2 (as in "color")9 of 104
0gom[mtmWa2 (as in "Waterloo")Tha2 (as in "Mother Theresa")Ha2 (as in "halal"; "harmonica")Ah2 (as in "Argentina" with slient "r")§10. End with with an another tone change symbol wit-sa1-pout, alsocalled wit-sa1 hna2 lone3-pout, that looks like a coloninto the third tone.;to ish Romanization with 1,2,3 Tone SystemKa3 (as in “car” with silent "r")Kha3 (as in "Gurkha")Nga3Sa3 (as in "Serbia")Hsa3 (as in "service")Nya310 of 104
wm;xm;"m;em;yg;zg;bm;rm;zsm;,m;&Sm;vm;0g;om;tm;Ta3 (as in "termite")Hta3da3 (as in "darling")Na3 (as in "Banana")Pa3 (as in "pearl" with silent "rl")Pfa3Ba3 (as in "bar" with silent "r")Ma3 (as in "mother")Pfya3 (consonant is modified.)Ya3 (as in "Yugoslavia")Sha3 (consonant is modified as in Sherman.)La3 (as in "Dalai Lama")Wa3 (as in "War")Tha3 (as in "bother"; "brother")Ah3 (as in "ardent"; "Amish)11 of 104
§11. The example below shows how the word "Ka3" in the third tonecan be changed into an another consonant by "J" shaped consonantmodification symbol ya1-pin1:um;usm;sKa3 (as in “car” )Kja3 (meaning: Men's Room; tiger)§12. Similarly, the word "Pa3" in the third tone can be modified into ananother consonant by consonant modification symbol ya1-yit:yg;jym;Pa3Pya312 of 104ြြ
VOWEL E or IMenu §13. The next sound group ends with the vowel “e” or “i”(interchangeable).E1: as in "eat' with silent "t".E2: as in "Egyptian".E3: as in "E-commerce".The first tone that ends with vowel “e” or “i” can be constructed byadding vowel shift symbol lone3-ji3-tin2 that looks like “o” on top ofthe main letter.Examples:udpdndwdxdedydzdKi1 (as in “keep” with silent “p”)Si1 (as in “seat” with silent “t”)Nyi1Ti1 (as in "teeth" with silent "th")Hti1Ni1 (as in "neat" with silent "t")Pi1 (as in "Pete" with silent "t")Pfe113 of 104
bdrd&dodtdBi1 (as in "beat" with silent "t")Mi1 (as in “meat” with silent “t”)Yi1 ( as in "yeast" with silent "st")thi1E1 (“eat” with silent “t”)§14. The stand alone character below also belongs to the similar soundand tone group.E1 (“eat” with silent “t”)§15. The example below shows how the partial word "Yi1" can bechanged into an another consonant by consonant modification symbolha1- hto3 :&d&SdS.Yi1Shi1 (consonant is modified.)14 of 104
§16. To get the second tone, add downward curve hsun2-khut insidelone3-ji3-tin2:dwhich is a tone change symbol:DExamples:pDqDnDwDxD'DeDrD&DoDtDSi2 (as in "seclude"; "seduce")Hsi2 (as in "Taxi"; "xenophobia")Nyi2Ti2 (as in "Aunty")Hti2De2 (as in "delete"; "Kennedy")Ni2 (as in "Manila")Mi2 (as in "Milan")Yi2Thi2E2 (as in "Egyptian"; " Iraqi"; "equator")15 of 104
§17. Some letters can be combined with the letter Nya1:nplus asmall open bracket shaped symbol that looks like "c" called thut:top of Nya1:second tone.Tha1onffonto get the same vowel "e" or "i" sound group in theNya1-thutnfis expressed as "dthi2"onf, whichis softer pronunciation of 'thi2". The symbol thut: f by itself cannotchange the vowel, and cannot be used independently, but Nya1-thut:nf as a whole can be considered as a vowel shift symbol.pwr&onnfpnfwnfrnfSa1 (as in "saloon")Ta1 (as in "Tamil")Ma1Ya1Tha1Nya1Nya1-thut (vowel shift symbol)Si2 (as in "Taxi")Ti2 (as in "Timor")Myi2 (as in "meander")16 of 104
&nfonfjynfYi2 (also pronounced "Yay2)Dthi2 (softer sound of "Thi2" as in "The End")(sometimes pronounced "theare2")Pyi2 (consonant is modified.)§18. The stand alone character below also belongs to the similar soundand tone group.TE2 (as in “equator”);§19. End with the wit-sa1-poutuD;pD;qD;ZD;wD;xD;eD;rD;to get the third tone.Ki3 (as in “key”)Si3 (as in "see")Hsi3Zi3 (as in "Zebra")Ti3 (as in "Tina")Hti3Ni3 (as in "near")Mi3 (as in "Miami")17 of 104
oD;tD;thi3 (as in "thesis")E3 (as in “easy”)§20. In the following example, the letter "Pa1" is first modified by theconsonant modification symbol ya1-yit: ြြyjjyjyDjyD;Pa1ya1-yit (Consonant modification symbol )Pya1Pyi2 (pronounced "byi2")Pyi3§21. Nya1-thut: nf can be applied only to a few letters to get thevowel "e" or "i" sound group in the second tone.nf , the tone can be changed from the second to thefirst by adding tone change symbol out-myith which looks like aAfter Nya1-thut:dot at the bottom.18 of 104
In the example below, the letter Ka1 :uwith the vowel "a" in thefirst tone is first modified by consonant modification symbol ya1-yit:to change into kja1}u. Then, the word "kja1" is shifted into "e" or"i" vowel group with Nya1-thut: nf.To change into the third tone, add wit-sa1-poutmyit;instead of out-hujjunnfjunfjunf hjunf;pnf;wnf;enf;ြြKa1 (character)ya1-yit ( consonant modification symbol)Kja1Nya1 (character)Nya1-thut (vowel shift symbol)Kji2Kji1Kji3Si3 (as in "secret")Ti3 (sometimes pronounced "teare3")Ni3 (sometimes pronounced "Neare3")19 of 104
VOWEL UMenu §22. The next sound group ends with the vowel “u".Yu1: Youth with silent "th".Yu2: "U" as in "University".Yu3: "U" as in "User".The first tone that ends with vowel "u" can be constructed by adding "L"shaped vowel shift symbol called ta1-choun3-ngin2:bottom right side of the letter.kat theExamples:ukckqkwkxk'kekykbkKu1Khu1Hsu1 (as in "Soup" with silent "p")Tu1 (as in "tooth" with silent "th")Htu1Du1 (as in "dude")Nu1 (as in "nude")Pu1Bu1 (Pronounced "Pfa1" in the word "Pagoda")20 of 104
okvkThu1Lu1 (as in "Luke")§23. The stand alone character below is usually used for the vowel "u"itself in the first tone. It is a suffix used such as "egg" in "chicken egg".the character itself is called "Et-kha1-ya2 U1".OU1§24. Add another "I" shape symbol to the left side of "L" shape to getthe tone change symbol hna1-choun3-ngin2:l . It changes theword that ends with the vowel "u" from the first to the second tone.Examples:ulcl*lplqlwlKu2 (as in "Kuwait")Khu2Gu2 (as in "Guru")Su2 (as in "supervisor"; "Sudan")Hsu2 (as in "tsunami"; "Suzanna"; "Suzuki")Tu2 (as in "together")21 of 104
xlylzljzL,lvloltlHtu2Pu2 (as in "pudding")Pfu2Pfyu2 (consonant is modified.)Yu2 (as in "University"; "utensil")Lu2 (as in "lubrication")Thu2 (as in "Lithuania")U2§25. End with wit-sa1-pout;to get the third tone.Examples:ul;cl;pl;ql;wl;xl;Ku3 (as in "cool" with silent "l")Khu3Su3Hsu3Tu3 (as in "Two")Htu322 of 104
'l;el;ylk;zl;bl;rl;&l;vl;Du3 (as in "Do")Nu3 (as in "noose")Pu3(as in "police")Pfu3Bu3 (as in "Boo!)Mu3Yu3 (as in "User")Lu3 (as in "Lucas")§26. As for the stand alone character Et-kha1-ya2 U1tone, use tone change symbol hsun2-khutsecond tone.Since downward curve hsun2-khutDDOin the firstto change into thecannot occur independentlywithout lone3-ji3-tin2:d , this combination is called lone3-ji3-tin2hsun2-khut . However, no meaningful second tone word exists withthis letter. Use wit-sa1-poutOOD;;to change into the third tone.u1u3 (as in "Uzi")23 of 104
VOWEL OMenu §27. The next sound group ends with the vowel “o",O1: as in "Rose".O2: as in "Oasis".O3: as as "Old" with silent "ld".Use vowel shift symbols lone3-ji3-tin2:to get the vowel "o" sound.dand ta1-choun3-ngin2:Examples:ukd udKcdkcsdKidkpdkqkdKo2 (as in "Coca Cola")Kjo2 (consonant is modified.)Kho2 (as in "khomeini"; "Nicholas" )Cho2 (consonant is modified.)Ngo2So2 (as in "Soviet Union")Hso224 of 104k
[dktdkNyo2 (as in El Niño)Toh2 (extra "h" added to avoid confusion with "to")Hto2Po2 (as in "polite"; "Polynesian")Pyo2 (consonant is modified.)Pyo2 (consonant is modified.)Pfo2Pfyo2 (consonant is modified.)Bo2Mo2 (as in "Monet"; Mona Lisa)Myo2 (consonant is modified.)Hmo2 (consonant is modified.)Yo2 (as in "Yokohama"; "Yoko Ono")Lo2Tho2Ho2 (as in "hotel")O2 (as in "Oasis")25 of 104
§28. An extra Vowel shift symbol Ya1-thutexception as with the letter "Ka1".ukd,f,fcould follow in anKo2 (as in "Kodak"; "co-author")§29. An extra vowel shift symbol La1-thut vf follows in exceptions asin the word "Ku1 Dtho2" (merit) and "Bo2" (Army officer).ukodkvfAdkvfKu1 Dtho2Bo2§30. To change into the first tone, use out-myit;the third tone, use wit-sa1-pout.Examples:pdk hydk hjrdK hodk hSo1 (sometimes read "Zo1")Po1 (as in "Post")Myo1 (consonant is modified.)Dtho126 of 104h. To change into
vdk hukd; udK;udsK;cdk;csdK;pdk;qkd;wdk;xdk;edK;Ed ;ydk;bdk;rdk;rsdK;okd;xkd;Lo1Ko3 (as in "cold")Kjo3 (consonant is modified.)Kjo3 (consonant is modified.)Kho3 (as in "Nichole")Cho3 (consonant is modified.)So3 (as in "so")Hso3Toe3 (as in "toe")Hto3No3 (as in "no")Hno3 (consonant is modified.)Po3 (as in "pole")Bo3 (as in "bold")Mo3 (as in "more")Myo3 (consonant is modified.)Tho3 (as in "although")Hto327 of 104
§31. An exceptional case for the letter Ka1uis possible whenspelled with an extra Vowel shift symbol Ya1-thutukd,f h,f .Ko1 (as in "colt")VOWEL AyMenu §32.Ay1: as in "Ace" with silent "ce".Ay2: as in "Alienate"Ay3: as in "Asia"Vowel "Ay" in the second (neutral) tone can be created by addingvowel shift symbol thway2-hto3"e". Thway2-hto3aawhich looks like an upside downalways comes at the left side of the letter.Exception: Use Nya1-thutnfas inShay2:&SnfAs with above examples, to change into the first tone, use out-myit28 of 104h.
To change into the third tone, use wit-sa1-pout;.Examples:ausapaeayazajzara&&Snfa& ava0aoaearha&hKjay2 (consonant is modified.)Say2Nay2Pay2Pfay2Pfyay2 (consonant is modified.)May2 (as in "May I?")Yay2Shay2 (consonant is modified.)Shway2 (consonant is modified.)Lay2Way2Thay2Nay2May1 (as in "maize" with silent "ze")Yay129 of 104
a&S ha& ha[ha t;Shay1 (consonant is modified.)Shway1 (consonant is modified.)Hay1Kjay3 (consonant is modified.)Kjay3 (consonant is modified.)Hsay3 (as in "say")Zay3Htay3Tay3Tway3 (consonant is modified.)Pay3 (as in "pay")May3Yay3Shay3 (consonant is modified.)Lay3 (as in "lay")Way3 (as in "away")Thay3Thway3 (consonant is modified.)Ay330 of 104
§33. The stand alone character below known as "Et-kha1-ya2 ay3" isalready in the third tone. But, it can also be pronounced in the secondtone as in Ay2 Ya2 Wa1 Di2{{&m 0wDriver.Ay3 (or) Ay2§34. The stand alone character below known as "Yway1" ispronounced as the name itself.IYway1§35. The following example shows how the letter Ma1:rcan bej,wa1-modified by consonant modification symbols ya1-yit:hsweare3:Gbelow the letter, which is either "o" or triangle shapedepending on the font type, and ha1- hto3 : S . Ha1-hto3 is aninverted "L" shape in the original form, and appears as a short hyphenshape to the left side of wa1-hsweare3:31 of 104Glike this:
rjarajrajr;arGajrGar arG;ar ;Ma1ya1-yit (Consonant modification symbol )May2 (as in "May I?")Myay2 (Consonant is modified.)Myay3 (Consonant is modified.)Mway2 (Consonant is modified.)Mway2 (Consonant is modified.)Hmway2 (Consonant is modified.)Mway3 (Consonant is modified.)Hmway3 (Consonant is modified.)§36. Another example shows how the letter La1vis changed into"Ay" vowel ending by vowel shift symbol Thway2-hto3modified by consonant modification symbol ha1- hto3 :avavavSLa1Lay2Hlay232 of 104aS, and again
VOWEL AuMenu §37.Au1: As in "Auction".Au2: as in "Australia".Au3: as in "August".This vowel is a bit odd. The letters must first be in the second tone bytone change symbol yay3-cha1:morgon the right side. Then,add vowel shift symbol Thway2-hto3 a on the left side of the letterto get the third tone with the vowel "Au". Unlike other vowels so far,"Au" already starts in the third tone, so tone change symbol wit-sa1pout;is not used.Examples:umcgrmaumKa2 (as in "cartoon")Kha2Ma2 (as in "Martini")Kau3 (as in "call" with silent "l")33 of 104
acgawma'gaygarma&mavmaoma[mKhau3 (as in "chorus")Tau3 (as in "Taurus")Dau3 (as in "doll" with silent "t")Pau3 (as in "Paul" with silent "l")Mau3 (as in "mall" with silent "l")Yau3 (as in "yogurt")Lau3 (as in "Law")Thau3 (as in "Thomas"; "authority")Hau3 (as in "hall" with silent "l")§38. The stand alone character "Et-kha1-ya2 Au3" below is usuallyused for the vowel "Au3" in the third tone. oAu3 (as in "August")§39. For the second tone, add symbol thut:fon top of tone changesymbol yay3-cha1: m org. This small "c" shaped (thut) when usedin combination with several letters such as Nya1, La1, Ya1, Sa1, Nga1,etc., acts as a vowel shift symbol . However, when it goes on top ofmorsymbol, and it is called shay1-hto3mftone change symbol yay3-cha1:34 of 104org, it acts as a tone change:
a&mfaomfatmfKau2 ( as in "cauliflower".)Khau2Hsau2 (as in "solidarity")Zau2Tau2 (as in "torpedo")Dau2 (as in "domino")Nau2 (as in "neither nor")Pau2 (as in "politician")Pyau2 (consonant is modified.)Pfau2Mau2 (as in "modulation")Yau2Thau2Au2 (as in "Australia")35 of 104
§40. The stand alone character "Au3" can be modifed into "Au2" in thesame way.a omfAu2§41. To change into the first tone to the word with vowel "Au1" from theoriginal "Au3" in the third tone, use tone change symbol out-myitinstead of shay1-hto3mfor:.Examples:aqm hawm hayg hazm harmhaom hHsau1 (as in "salt" with silent "lt')Tau1 (as in "top" with silent "p")Pau1 (as in "pulse" with silent "lse")Pfau1Mau1 (as in "Malt" with silent "lt")Thau1 (as in "thought" with silent "t")36 of 104h
VOWEL Un (or) AnMenu §42. In the tone system, vowel "un" is sometimes expressed by thevariant "an" in English romanization to avoid ambiguity.Un1: as in "Aunt" with silent "t".Un2: as in "Understanding".Un3: as in "Under".Use vowel shift symbols Na1-thut:efside of the letter, or thay3- thay3-tin2the vowel "Un" in the second tone.efletter Na1 eMa1-thut: rfNa1-thut:Hrfat the righton top of the letter to getis a "c" shaped small open bracket thut on top of the.is a "c" on top of the letter Ma1thay3- thay3-tin2Na1-ji3-thutor Ma1-thut:%fHr , andis a dot on top of the letter itself.is less common.37 of 104
Examples:uefuHcHiHpHqefnH m%fwef'%feHemrfyefzefb%frH&efKun2 ( spelled with Na1-thut)Kun2 ( spelled with thay3-thay3-tin2)Khan2Ngan2Sun2Hsun2Nyan2Nyan2 ( spelled with with Na1-ji3-thut)Tan2 (as in Washington)Dun2Nun2Nun2Pan2Pfun2Bun2Mun2 (as in "mundane")Yan2 (as in "Yangon")38 of 104
vefoef[eftHLun2Thun2Hun2Un2 (as in "understanding")§43. The following example shows how the word "Mun2" can bemodified by consonant modification symbols ya1-yit: j andha1- hto3 :rrefjr efrSefS.Ma1Mun2Myan2 (as in "Myanmar")Hmun2§44. To change into the first tone, use out-myitthe third tone, use wit-sa1-pout;.39 of 104h. To change into
erf;yef;zrf;&rf;vrf;oef;trf;uHhKun3 (as in "cunning" with silent "n")Kun3 (as in "come" with silent "m")Khan3Ngan3Sun3 (as in "sunny".)Hsun3Nyan3 (consonant is modified.)Tan3Htan3Htan3Nun3 (as in "nun"; "none")Pan3 (as in "pundit")Pfun3Yan3 (as in "young")Lun3 (as in "London")Thun3 (as in "thunder")Un3 (as in "under")Kun140 of 104
cef hqef hnhHvef htHhKhan1 (as in British "Can't")Hsun1Nyan1Lun1 (as in "lunch" with silent "ch")Un1 (as in "Aunt" with silent "t")§45. The following example shows how the word "Kun3" can bemodified by consonant modification symbol ya1-yit:urf; urf;Kun3Kjan3 (consonant is modified.)41 of 104j.
VOWEL InMenu §46.In1: as in "Ink" with silent "k".In2: as in "insane".In3: as in stressed "Inn".Use vowel shift symbols Nga1-thut: if or Nya1-ga1-lay3-thut : Ofat the right side of the character to get the vowel "In" in the hin2Chin2 (consonant is modified.)Sin2Sin2 (as in "sincerely")Hsin2Zin2Nyin242 of 104
ifTin2Htin2Nin2Pin2Pfin2Hmin2 (consonant is modified.)Myin2 (consonant is modified.)Yin2Yin2Yin2Yin2Shin2 (consonant is modified.)Lin2Win2Thin2In2 (as in "instruction": "interactive")43 of 104
§47. In some uncommon words, nga1-ga1-lay3-thut, also called kin3si3: F , which is a small Nga1-thut: if that goes on top of theletter, is used. Example below explains the phrase and breaks it downinto words.r*Fvmygrif*vmygMin2 gla2 pa2 ( formal greeting)Min2Ga1La2Pa2 ( pronounced as "ba2" )§48. To change into the first tone, use out-myitthe third tone, use wit-sa1-pout;.Examples:uif;usOf;cif;jcif;Kin3 (as in "kinship.)Kjin3 (consonant is modified.)Khin3Chin3 (consonant is modified.)44 of 104h. To change into
if;&Sif;vif;0if;oif;[if;tif;qif hKhwin3 (consonant is modified.)Nyin3 (consonant is modified.)Tin3 (as in "tin can")Htin3Din3 (as in "dim" with silent "m"; "dinner")Nin3Hnin3 (consonant is modified.)Pin3 (as in "pin")Pyin3 (consonant is modified.)Min3 (as in "minaret")Myin3 (consonant is modified.)Yin3Shin3 (consonant is modified.)Lin3Win3 (as in "win")Thin3 (as in "thin")Hin3In3 (as in "Inn")Hsin1 (as in "Sink" with silent "k".)45 of 104
eif heSif hyif hjrif h&iff h&Sihfoif hNin1Hnin1 (consonant is modified.)Pin1 (as in "pimp" with silent "mp")Myin1 (consonant is modified.)Yin1Shin1 (consonant is modified.)Thin1 (as in "think" with silent "k")VOWEL EareMenu §49.Eare1: as in "ethical".Eare2: as in "elementary" with silent "l" ending.Eare3: as in "Air"Unlike other vowels, vowel "Eare" can be shifted into either the thirdtone or the second tone from the original letters using vowel shiftsymbols."Eare" in the third tone can be constructed by adding vowel shift46 of 104
symbol nout-pyit:main letter.Jthat looks like a back slash ( \ ) on top of theIn some exceptions, Nya1-thut wit-sa1-pout:get the third Keare3 (as in "care")Kheare3Geare3 (as in "girl" with silent "rl')Seare3 (as in "cell" with silent "l")Hseare3 (as in "sell" with silent "l")Zweare3 (consonant is modified.)Teare3 (as in "tear")Teare3 (also pronounced "Ti3")Neare3 (also pronounced "Ni3")Peare3 (as in "pair")Pweare3 (consonant is modified.)Pyeare3 (consonant is modified.)Pfeare347 of 104are also used to
bJrJrGJjrJ&JvJ0JoJ[JtJBeare3 (as in "bear")Meare3 (as in "nightmare")Mweare3 (consonant is modified.)Myeare3 (consonant is modified.)Yeare3Leare3 (as in "Lary")Weare3 (as in "wear")Theare3Heare3 (as in "Hair" with silent "r")Eare3 (as in "air'; "Elvis" with silent "l")§50. Use To change into the first tone, use out-myitfirst are148 of 104hto get the
yhJrJh&J hvJhvSnfh[hJ{nfhPeare1 (as in "pelt" with silent "lt")Meare1 (as in "melt" with silent "lt")Yeare1Leare1 (as in "leopard")Hleare1 (consonant is modified.)Heare1 (as in "help" with silent "lp")Eare1 (as in "Edward")§51. Vowel shift symbol Ya1-pet-let thut : ,f or Nya1-thut: nf canbe used to get the vowel "Eare" in the second tone from the originalcharacter with the vowel "A" in the first tone.Examples:uu,f u,fi,fxnfKa1Keare2 (as in "Michael" with silent "l")Kjeare2 (consonant is modified.)Ngeare2Hteare249 of 104
e,fy,fz,fb,fr,f&,f&S,f&G,fvnfvG,f0,fo,f[,fNeare2 (as in "penalty" with silent "l")Peare2 (as in "Opel" with silent "l")Pfeare2Beare2 (as in "ballerina")Meare2 (as in "Melamine"; "Melbourne")Yeare2Sheare2 (consonant is modified.)Yweare2 (consonant is modified.)Leare2Lweare2 (consonant is modified.)Weare2Theare2Heare250 of 104
VOWEL AinMenu §52.Ain1: as in "taint" with silent "t".Ain2: as in "Captain".Ain3: as in "maintain".Use "o" shape vowel shift symbol lone3-ji3-tin2:din combinationwith either vowel shift symbol Ma1-thut: rf or Na1-thut: ef to get thevowel "Ain" in the second (neutral) tone. Several words in this vowelcategory make use of consonant modification symbol ya1-yit:ya1-pin1:s.Examples: udrfcsed f*defjidrfpdefKjain2 (consonant is modified.)Chain2 (consonant is modified.)Gain2Nyain2 (consonant is modified.)Sain251 of 104jand
pdrfwdrfxdefydefjrdefvdrftdrfSain2Tain2 (as in "Captain")Htain2Pain2Myain2 (consonant is modified.)Lain2Ain2§53. Just like other normal vowels, use out-myitthe first tone, and use wit-sa1-pout;Nyain1Nain1Main1Gain3 (as in "gain")Nyain3 (consonant is modified.)Sain3 (as in "sane")52 of 104to change intoto change into the third tone.Examples:ndrf hedrf hrdef h*drf;jidrf;pdrf;h
xdef;rdef;,drf;vdrf;odrf;[ded f;Htain3Main3 (as in "main")Yain3Lain3 (as in "lane")Thain3Hain3VOWEL "Ome"Menu §54.Ome1: as in "Comb" without consonant "c" and silent "b".Ome2: as in "bona-fide"Ome3: as in "Only".In the tone system, several words with the vowel "Ome" is spelled with"n" to avoid confusion with existing English words. For example,"Sone2" instead of "Some2". On the other hand, "Gome2" with "m" isused instead of "Gone2".The words with vowel "Ome" are not modified from the original lettersin vowel "a1" ending, but shifted from other words with vowel "u1". Thewords with vowel "u1" as shown earlier are constructed by adding ta153 of 104
choun3-ngin2:k.§55. Vowel shift symbols Na1-thut:efor thay3- thay3-tin2used more frequently than Na1-ji3-thut:possible to use Ma1-thut:double-stacked Ma1ukukef uHKcHkckefcsHK*k%fiHkpHkqHkqkefZkefwkefrRrfHare%f . Theoretically, it is alsobut those words come in the form ofwith hidden thut:f.Ku1Kone2Kjone2 (consonant is modified.)Khone2Khone2Chone2 (consonant is modified.)gome2Ngome2Sone2Hsone2Hsone2Zone2Tone254 of 104
xkefyHkzkefbHkHtone2Pone2Pfone2Bone2 (as in "bona-fide")§56. Just like other normal vowels, use tone change symbolout-myit h to change into the first tone, and use wit-sa1-poutchange into the third tone.ukef;csHK;pkef;qHk;wkH;wkef;xHk;'Hk;Kone2 (as in "cone")Chone3 (consonant is modified.)Sone3 (as in "chromosome" with silent "m")Hsone3Tone3 (as in "tone")Tone3 (as in "tone")Htone3Dome3 (as in "dome")55 of 104;to
uHK hwHk hrkef hvH hKjone1 (consonant is modified.)Tone1Mone1Hlone1 (consonant is modified.)VOWEL Ine (or) ImeMenu §57.Ine1: as in "Bryant" without "r" and silent "t".Ine2: as in "Carbine".Ine3: as in "Combine".The words with vowel "Ine" in the neutral second tones are notmodified from the original letters in vowel "a1" ending, but shifted fromother words with vowel "o2". The words with vowel "o2" as shownearlier are constructed by adding ta1-choun3-ngin2:and lone3-ji3-tin2:dkat the bottom,on top of the letter. Vowel shift symbol Nga1-56 of 104
thut: if or Na1-ji3-thut:"o2" to "Ine2".udkudkif fzdkifrdkifjrdKif,dkif%fis used to shift the word already in vowelKo2Kine2K
§1. Myanmar writing system has 33 main letters or characters comparable to 26 alphabets from A-Z in English. Unlike English words which can be formed by combination of alphabets with vowels A,E,I,O,U, which are found within the 26 alphabetical system, Myanmar writing system makes use of additional vowel shift symbols, tone
