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383Wafaa QurashiEmphasizing the components of fashion design by using minimalistdrawing techniquesWafaa Abd Elradi QurashiAssistant Professor, Fashion and Apparel Design Department, Faculty of Applied Arts, HelwanUniversity, e-mail: warady@hotmail.comAbstract:The research problem can be summarized in 3 queries; Can minimalistdrawing be used to express the main components of design (silhouette,fabric and pattern)? To what extent the success of suggested techniques?Are there criteria for using its techniques to express component of design?The main objective of present study has been to argue the methods ofminimalist art in order to develop fashion illustration techniques andexplore the most successful method that could express main fashion designcomponents (silhouette - material - pattern details), discover methods to suiteach design type, also add aesthetic value. Results: The study presented aset of minimalist art methods applied on (12) samples of fashion designs.they were different in highlights points, one of them was focusing onsilhouettes and others on the pattern and others surface details of thematerial, and then making a questionnaire form to evaluate these samples,the statistical results identified the best methods that have been applied andexpress design’s components according to its type, in addition to the bestmethods used in all types of designs were the lines tech then color techaccording to the research samples preferences.Keywords:minimalist art ,fashion design,fashion illustration.Paper received 15th February 2020, Accepted 25th March 2021, Published 1st of May 2021Introduction:At the moment we are seeing a rise in the trend ofminimalism, this is due to its ability to attractattention with the least, so If the designers andfashion illustrator are able to achieve Maximumcreativity using minimum elements, the recipientswill appreciate this and pay more Attention totheir products or designs. This may sound like asimple principle, but achieving excellence in aminimalist style requires great skill. Artists anddesigners are asked to break things down into theirbasic elements, using simple shapes to produceharmonious work. Hence, the researcher isinterested in simple art, and the extent to which itcan be used in fashion illustration to express ideasand designs. From this perspective the mainobjectives of present study have been to argue themethods of minimalist art in order to developfashion illustration techniques and explore themost successful method that could express mainfashion design components (silhouette - material pattern details), discover methods to suit eachdesign type, also add aesthetic value. Thefollowing study presents a set of minimalist artmethods were applied on (12) samples of fashiondesigns. they were different in highlights points,one of them was focusing on silhouettes andothers on the pattern and others surface details ofthe material, and then making a questionnaireform to evaluate these samples, the statisticalresults identified the best methods that have beenapplied and express design’s componentsaccording to its type, in addition to the bestmethods used in all types of designs were the linestech then color tech according to the researchsamples preferences.Fashion drawing has evolved and diverted overtime to reflect an aesthetic style proportionate withcultural and social values, it works for differentpurposes according to its intended use, where afashion sketch which prepared for a model makershould contain the smallest details and finish,While the personal sketch does not require thesedetails, it is sufficient to express the idea, purpose,and describing the mood and the situation withsimply and purely form (1).Whereas, the art of fashion illustration has rulesand principles based on proven scientific facts. Itis necessary for a fashion designer to base hiswork on them while at the same time striving todiscover new methods that enhance and refine hisskills. Without restricting his creations, this comesthrough knowledge of artistic trends, andcontemporary arts and their impact on the art offashion drawing It has been noted that the simpler,daring, cheerful, and rule-breaking styles used forillustration are more likely to enhance ideas andconcepts it makes it attractive and competitive (2).This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Emphasizing the components of fashion design by using minimalist drawing techniquesthe minimalist art is one of art movements, it's anextreme form of abstract art which appeared in the50th of the last century and strongly returnedbacked, it become a trend its affect appeared inmany fields as architecture, design, landscapedand illustration art. etc.Minimalism is interesting about simplicity of formand color That means subtracting more detailsuses less colors and shapes but it definitely goesmuch beyond squares, rectangles, horizontal andvertical lines and primary colors. And the totalnumber of shades is strictly limited. thisrestrictions of minimalism can be seen as morespace for creativity in design. (3) That’s whatSteve Jobs meant by “getting your thinking cleanto make it simple. Hence, the researcher isinterested in minimalist art, and the extent towhich it can be used in fashion illustration toexpress ideas and designs simply, althoughminimalism is based on simplification, it is acomplex process that revolves around a list ofrules. In order to be able to fully understand theconcept of minimalism, this requires to be able todefine the true value that each element adds todesign and drawing.This is what the researcher tries to answer in thestudy by creating a link between the componentsof fashion design and the minimal techniques thatcan express it.Problem of statement:The research problem can be summarized as:1. Can minimalist drawing be used to expressMinimalist art known by clarity, purpose andintentionality at its core, minimalist is promotingitems that support purpose and removingeverything that distracts from it. The maincharacteristics of minimalist painting art are: One of the most common is repetition. Thepainters create their works by repeating linesand colors, or creating multiple images of thesame shape. The main feature is excessive simplicity.many works have been summarized to thefewest possible lines or forms. Focuses on line, color and Sharp GeometricalMay 2021384the main components of design (silhouette,fabric and pattern)?2. To what extent the success of suggestedtechniques?3. Are there criteria for using its techniques toexpress component of design?Research objectives:1. Access the best technique that can beapplied to emphasize the main componentsof the design that express the core of thedesign.2. Establish standards for using the minimaltechniques to suit every clothing design.Theoritical Framework:Minimalism art:Minimalism movement appeared in New York inthe early 1950s among artists who began rebellingagainst recent art they believed it was obsolete andacademic, Frank Stella One of the most famousinnovators of this artistic movement whose BlackPaintings were exhibited at the Museum ofModern Art in New York in 1959 fig (1), It can beseen as an extension of the abstract idea that artshould have its own reality and not an imitation ofsomething else. The new art favored the cool overthe dramatic, so no attempt to represent anexternal reality or reflect an experience such as anemotion or feeling. By the 1960s and 1970s,Minimalism had spread to America and Europewith Dan Flavin, Sol LeWitt, Agnes Martin fig (2)Donald Judd fig (3) and Robert Morris (4).Squares as rectangles and circles. Areas aresmooth and finished, freed from obviousbrushstrokes. Use big and small units together to create anintegrity relationship. Early works tended to be limited to one colorand related hues (such as black, gray, andwhite). There are fine, strict boundariesbetween color regions. There is no shading orsubtletransition.Connotationandsymbolizations are not used (3)(5).Important of minimalist art:The main idea in minimalist illustration is to sayInternational Design Journal, Volume 11, Issue 3
385Wafaa Qurashimore by showing less. (less is more) Basically, byremoving whatever is deemed unnecessary andleaving only the essentials which express the ideapreserving both time and effort. As that simplicityis easier to remember than complexity, which isuncomfortable and visually cumbersome. Thesimplicity requires choosing only one or twoitems, presenting them efficiently, and focusing onthem, that increases convincing with idea (3).Fashion design:fashion designers concerned about a bunch ofcommon items and components of fashion thatcombine together in the fashion design process tocreate amazing garments it can be collected in:1. The silhouette of the clothes is the basicshape formed by the outer lines of clothing(outline) it’s the clearest visible element ofthe clothes. It creates the first effect beforeany other details are noticed.2. Pattern lines refers to details that divide thespace within clothes like darts, cutouts,seams, sleeve hems, collars, lapels, bands,frills, ruffles, panels, pleats, tucks, gathersand pockets etc.3. Fabric details starting from color, prints,textureandembellishmentlike embroidery, applique,and fringes .etc.(6)(7).Fashion illustrators use minimalist art:Some fashion designers and illustrators have beeninfluenced by this art in the way they expressfashion design such as Tobie Giddio, Piet Paris,Malika Favre, and Miyuki Ohashi.Tobie Giddio:Her work explored abstraction and expression ofinner beauty by shapes, colors and formsdepending on contrast between delicate watercolorand by bold brightly color marker pen (8) fig (4).Piet Paris:Piet's style has many layers and strongformulations it made with stencil. It consists of flatareas of color with residual spaces, straight linesand geometric forms. resulting in flat, twodimensional space. Contrasts play a major role inhis work which is mainly based on collagetechnique. (9) fig (5).Malika Favre:The French graphic designer Favre creates workthat is characterized by a striking minimalism, thatno line, no shape and no color is wasted, shecreates images of depth colorful, bold,minimalistic and narrative (10) fig (6).This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Emphasizing the components of fashion design by using minimalist drawing techniques386Miyuki Ohashi:Miyuki Ohashi is a Tokyo-based fashionillustrator currently working for Dior on variouscampaigns his work Simple and elegant. he usesacrylic and ink. He executes his works withminimal strokes of the brush and relies heavily online to express the subject fig (7).Jenny Walton:She is a young talented illustrator currently basedin Brooklyn Her style of drawing is classic andvery individual by keeping her tools simple(markers, watercolours, sketchbooks). herillustration similar to style of covers for Harper’sBazaar or Vogue respectively in the 1930s and1940s.(11) fig(8).Methodology:The researcher seeks to use the simplest ways, torecord and understand the ideas of fashion designwhich can be achieved and expressed by any oneor more of three basic components in fashiondesign (silhouette of the clothes- Pattern linesfabric details), that the researcher observed afterreviewing the models of minimalist fashiondrawings, that is some illustrators relied on thetechniques of:1. Color by: ‘Hard-Edged’, through sharp transitionsbetween solid color areas.May 2021 In addition to using negative space, leavingsome areas without colors, as thebackground color plays a role incomplementing the drawing, that it createsinvisible lines that complement the shape.The color palette is often limited.it can bemonochromatic color or analogous colorthree colors that sit next to each other on thecolor wheel and contrast color.The minimalist color palette includes inlight colors. As pale blue, light green, a softgrey, a faded orange, pink, brown used inbackground.International Design Journal, Volume 11, Issue 3
387Wafaa QurashiDescribe the fragments resulting frommovement in two or three shades of color.2. Forms by: The researcher summarized the shape of themodel and design into a group of geometricshapes. Using very limited shapes as possible inconstruction of forms. Leaving not much more than an impressionof form by cut out the unnecessary parts.3. Line by: Drawing the model by delineating the edgesand shapes with a few simple lines. Use different lines of thicknesses, lengthsand sharpness to express components ofdesign.Therefore, the researcher chose a group (12) ofdiverse designs that varied in highlighting the ideabetween silhouette, pattern lines, and material, inwhich (4) designs in which the focal point of thedesign was highly dependent on silhouettes, (4)designs based on patterned lines, and (4) designsbased on the fabric details, every used design hasdrawn in three minimalist techniques (form -line color), to measure which methods is the best forenhance distinguishing feature of design whetherthe pattern, the material, or the silhouette withhigh ability degree of expressing the main idea ofdesign to make this study as guide for illustratorsduring the drawing process that is main aim of thispaper for evaluation fashion minimalisttechniques, the researcher made a questionnairecomposed of 5 items as follows:1. The success of the method in expressing thedesign.2. The method added aesthetic values to thedrawing.3. The Focus on the basic components of thedesign.4. Appropriate of method for the design.5. The method struck a balance betweensimplicity and clarity of design.Each item assessed on 5- degree (5 stronglyagree, 1 strongly disagree. The experimentalworks were evaluated by a ten professors andassistant professors in the field of fashion design.The following is an over view of three minimalistfashion techniques applied on 12 samples offashion designs.Designs focused in silhouette:The researcher used 4 designs in which thesilhouette stands out significantly, regardless ofthe little details. then each used design has drawnin three minimalist techniques (form, line, color).Design (1):Draped dress with balloon sleeves and additionalfullness pleated, gathered to one side in big roundknot as image (1). The most importantcharacteristic of this design is the tapered shape atthe bottom of the design with the large circle onthe left side and the balloon inflated for the sleeve,which was confirmed by the researcher during theconstruction of the drawn figure as shown below.Design (2):Top one shoulder top and extending diagonally tounder the other arm and Riding pants with dropFront rounded expand at thighs and narrow legsstraight cut below the knee as image (2). The mostimportant characteristic of this design is thecircular shape that resembles the wings on bothsides of the trousers, which the researcheremphasized during the construction of the shape. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Emphasizing the components of fashion design by using minimalist drawing techniquesImage(2)A2:Form techB2:line tech388C2:color techDesign (3):Sleeveless Dress with wide horizontal necklineCropped top and peg –top skirt with many bigruffles as image (3). The most importantcharacteristic of the dress is the inverted conicalshape, which the researcher emphasized during theconstruction of the drawn figure.Design (4):loose shirt with V neck long Lantern sleeve andJamaica shorts, as image (4). The most importantcharacteristic of this design is the circular shapelike a balloon, which is the researcher relied onduring the construction of the drawn shape.May 2021International Design Journal, Volume 11, Issue 3
389Wafaa QurashiDesigns focused in pattern lines:The researcher used 4 designs in which patternlines the stands out significantly, then each useddesign has drawn in three minimalist techniques(form, line, color).Design (5):Wide trousers under notched sleeveless Long coatwithout buttons with warped front held closed, bytie belt, as image (5), The design is based on arectangle shape and Y-shaped pattern lines.Design (6):Shirtwaist dress with wide band collar fixed on theleft side it buttoned from neck to waist, with astraight skirt has detachable belt on waist as image(6). The design is based on a rectangle shape andalmost 7 shaped pattern lines.Design (7):Trapeze Dress without waistline seam, more flareat the hemline with a row of ruffle is attached, asimage (7). The most important characteristic ofthis design is the wide circular shape thatresembles a fan, and repeated M shaped patterndetails.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Emphasizing the components of fashion design by using minimalist drawing techniques390Design (8):Dress with flaring hem and Sleeveless outer topwith cut in a rectangle geometric shape it has slitsfor the arms, as image (8).Designs focused in fabric surface:The researcher used 4 designs in which thematerials used varied between printed, textured orembroidery materials then each used design hasdrawn in three minimalist techniques (form, line,color).Design (9):This is a short chemise Made of lace fabric with Asilhouette it is narrow at the top and widenstowards the hem in a gradual manner it has bellsleeves, as image (9). The most importantcharacteristic of the design is the bell shape withan ornament all over the surface of the material.Design (10):This is Striped wool jacket and Pleated skirt,jacket with separated seam at the waist to which aruffle shaped is attached. And Large wide bandcollar, as image (10). The most importantcharacteristic of the design is the horizontal stripedlines with bright colors.May 2021International Design Journal, Volume 11, Issue 3
391Wafaa QurashiDesign (11):Asymmetric one-shoulder wrap front printedpencil dress without waist line, as image (11). TheDesign (12):One Shoulder Slit Sleeve blouse and striped widelegged pant, as image (12). The most importantmost important characteristic of the design is theway the printed units are distributed, directing theeye on the details of the design lines.characteristic of the design is the clear contrastbetween the red color on the white background atthe top and the striped lines at the bottom.ResultsRef 1Table (1) Average of every sample on the minimalist (form) technique(A).D1D2D3D4D5D6D7D8D9D10 D114.60 4.40 4.65 4.70 4.40 4.30 3.90 4.10 4.05 3.90 3.90D123.90Ref2Ref 3Ref 4Ref 5Ref 6Ref 7Ref .104.053.904.004.104.054.054.204.204.10Ref MEAN 4.60 4.30 4.64 4.76 4.30 4.18 3.96 4.10 4.14 3.94 3.96 4.060.06 0.07 0.14 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10It is evident from Table (1) that the four designshighest ratings with slight differences where the(1,2,3 and 4) have close results and achieve thesample no. 4 it came first with an average of 4.76This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
392Emphasizing the components of fashion design by using minimalist drawing techniquesfollowing by the sample no. 3 in the second withaverage of4.14,the sample no 8 came in thean average of 4.64, the sample no. 1 came in theseventh with an average of 4.10,the sample no .12third with an average of 4.60, the sample no.2&5came in the eighth with an average of 4.06, thecame in fourth with an average of 4.30 then thesample no. 7&11 came in the ninth with ansample no. 6 came in the fifth with an average ofaverage of 3.96, finally the sample no. 10. came in4.18, the sample no. 9 came in the sixth with anthe last position with an average 3.94.Table (2) Average of every sample on the minimalist (line) 04.204.254.404.254.504.204.104.304.25Ref ef .30Ref ef ef ef ef 9Ref It is evident from Table (2) that the designs have a4.31, the sample no. 9 came in the sixth with anclose result with slight differences that the sampleaverage of4.30,the sample no 5&11 came in theno. 8 it came first with an average of 4.49seventh with an average of 4.27,the sample nofollowing by the sample no. 6 in the second with.12came in the eighth with an average of 4.26, thean average of 4.43, the sample no. 3came in thesample no. 1 came in the ninth with an average ofthird with an average of 4.34, the sample no.74.25, the sample no .4came in the eighth with ancame in fourth with an average of 4.32 ,then theaverage of 4.20, finally the sample no. 10. came insample no. 2 came in the fifth with an average ofthe last position with an average 4.14.Table (3) Average of every sample on the minimalist (color)technique 03.693.693.344.504.604.454.45Ref 5Ref ef ef ef ef ef ef94.354.404.454.402.772.772.094.454.604.454.45Ref 10 4.40MEAN 070.050.050.060.521.051.051.640.060.060.050.04It is evident from Table (3) that the four designs4.46, the sample no. 9 came in the third with an(9,10,11 and 12) have close results and achieve theaverage of 4.45, the sample no.2 came in fourthhighest ratings with slight differences followed bywith an average of 4.43 then the sample no. 1&3the designs (1,2,3 and 4) where the sample no. 10came in the fifth with an average of 4.41, theit came first with an average of 4.67 following bysample no. 11 came in the sixth with an averagethe sample no. 12 in the second with an average ofof4.40,the sample no 4 came in the seventh withMay 2021International Design Journal, Volume 11, Issue 3
393Wafaa Qurashian average of 4.39,the sample no .6&7 came in theno. 8. came in the last position with an averageeighth with an average of 3.91, finally the sample3.74.Table (4): A comparison of average between the minimalist techniques 14.604.254.41Group 1 4.39Mean4.574.274.41D54.304.274.14Group 2 .493.74Mean4.134.373.934.144.304.45Group 3 (fabric surface) n4.024.244.49Group Mean4.244.294.27its direction of the angles resulting from theBy comparison averages in tables (1-4) themovement, in addition to express the surface ofresults indicate that:1- All the techniques succeeded in expressingthe material with lines of different thicknesses.components of fashion design they all have a2- The best way to express silhouettes was thepositive result and close results with slightform technique, and this is due to the ability of thedifferences where the best technique is Line withform to express the external shape of the silhouettean average of 4.29 followed by color tech with anresulting from a group of overlapping geometricaverage of 4.27 and then form tech with anshapes in addition its ability to express the threeaverage of 4.24.dimensions of the design form in (length, width2- The best technique suited to designs focused inand depth) which ultimately express the externalsilhouette and achieved the highest results wasoutfit and interior details of the design withoutform tech with an average of 4.57. while the bestdistraction from the silhouettestechnique suited to designs focused in pattern lines3- While lines technique is the best way to expressand achieved the highest results was form techpattern details it suited for simplifying thewith an average of 4.37, whereas the bestcomplex pattern and capturing the general patterntechnique suited to designs focused in fabricdetails in addition to express the shading whichsurface and achieved the highest results was formused to emphasize placement of fabric folds andtech with an average of 4.49.function areas in design by simplest various linesgiving sense of depth and action.Discussion:4- The best way to express fabric surface (texture,Other than using the traditional fashion drawingknit or stitch, prints ) was the color blocktechnique to express a design idea, minimalisttechniques in this method, the design colors aredrawing different techniques can be used But thecontrasted with the background colors, thus playsmain design components (silhouette - patternup the shape of silhouette then highlight thedetails - texture surface) have a great influence oninterior areas by addingcolor tones whichthe success of the fashion design idea throughmakingmoredimensionallook,thatminimal techniques it was also found out ntal work that:catching look to design details keeping the entire1- The best technique which express the designaesthetic clean and minimal.idea and its components was lines tech, it keepsthe clarifying of design by showing its differentcomponents with a way combines simplicity andclarity, lines helped to simplify the shape ofsilhouette and express Places of pattern lines andConclusion:With the spread of the concept of minimalism andpenetration into the many fields of visual arts asarchitecture,sculpture,design,crafts,This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Emphasizing the components of fashion design by using minimalist drawing techniquesphotography, and drawing, painting . theseattempts have increased in recent years and theways to create minimalism in art did not stop,fashion illustration is one of the arts that has beenaffected by this trend, as fashion illustrators anddesigners have become passionate about using thesimplest and fastest ways to express their ideas,whether using technology or manual skills, andfrom here the researcher underwent a drawingprocess that expresses the components of fashiondesign(silhouette, pattern lines, and surface fabric)using the art of Minimalism techniques as ( formtech- pattern lines- color blocks tech ), As a resultthe researcher found that:1- Form tech suit designs that rely on silhouettesas a focal point, while designs based onpattern lines suit it technique lines tech, whiledesigns based on the surface of the material(printing - embroidery .) suit with colorblock tech.2- The research has implications for clothingdesigners as it provides an easy and simpleway to express his ideas and design elementsin a way based on deconstruct the design, andthen remove all unnecessary details, leavingonly the core of the design and highlight itsessential form.3- These techniques also help the designer toquickly capture the sudden ideas and express itin time with least items and it can evoke a lotof different new ideas.References1-J. Hopkins - “Fashion Drawing” - Thames &May 2021394Hudson - London - 2010.J&W - Armstrong - “Fashion DesignDrawing Course” - Thames & Hudson London - 2011.3- S. Przybylek - “Minimalist Art: Definition,Characteristics & Famous Painters” - NewJersey - Retrieved from: Minimalist Art:Definition, Characteristics & Famous Painters- Humanities Class (Video) Study.com4- Ş. İNAN - “THE EFFECTS OFMINIMALISTMOVEMENTONPAINTING ARTS AND MUSIC” TURKEY - International Journal on NewTrends in Education and Their Implications January 2014 - Volume: 5 Issue.5- S. Wolfe - “Art Movement: Minimalism” ism/6- https://sewguide.com/elements-of-fashiondesign/7- B. Abling - “Fashion Sketch book” - fairchild publication - New York - 2002.8- T. Glenville - “New Icons of FashionIllustration” - Laurence king - London - 2013.9- l. Borrelli - “Fashion Illustration Now” Thames &Hudson - London - 2000.10- C. Purdy - “The Bold Cheeky, and FrequentlyNSFW art of Malika Favre” - Retrieved cle/malika-favre11- rnational Design Journal, Volume 11, Issue 3
Emphasizing the components of fashion design by using minimalist drawing techniques 386 May 2021 International Design Journal, Volume 11, Issue 3 Miyuki Ohashi: Miyuki Ohashi is a Tokyo-based fashion illustrator currently working for Dior on various campaigns his work Simple and elegant. he uses .
