Transcription
Welding Processes, Inspection, andMetallurgyAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 577SECOND THIRD EDITION, MM YYYYBALLOT 1
WELDING PROCESSES, INSPECTION, AND METALLURGY2Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local,state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of API's employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make anywarranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of theinformation contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of anyinformation or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of API's employees, subcontractors,consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure theaccuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, orguarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss ordamage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication mayconflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices.These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when andwhere these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in anyway to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standardis solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent,warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.
WELDING PROCESSES, INSPECTION, AND METALLURGY3ForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for themanufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anythingcontained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification andparticipation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning theinterpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which thispublication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute,1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of thematerial published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-timeextension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from theAPI Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is publishedannually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW,Washington, DC 20005, standards@api.org.
WELDING PROCESSES, INSPECTION, AND 99.109.119.12Scope. 1Normative References. 1Terms, Definitions, and Acronyms. 2Terms and Definitions . 2Acronyms. 10Welding Inspection . 10General . 10Tasks Prior to Welding. 10Tasks During Welding Operations . 16Tasks Upon Completion of Welding . 18Non-Conformances and Defects . 21NDE Examiner Certification. 21Safety Precautions . 23Welding Processes . 23General . 23Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) . 23Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) . 25Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) . 27Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) . 30Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) . 33Stud Arc Welding (SW) . 33Plasma Arc Welding (PAW) . 35Electrogas Welding (EGW) . 36Welding Procedure . 38General . 38Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) . 38Procedure Qualification Record (PQR). 40Reviewing a WPS and PQR . 40Tube-to-Tubesheet Welding Procedures . 43Welding Materials . 44General . 44P-Number Assignment to Base Metals . 44F-Number Assignment to Filler Metals . 44AWS Classification of Filler Metals . 45A-Number . 45Filler Metal Selection . 45Consumable Storage and Handling . 46Welder Qualification . 46General . 46Welder Performance Qualification (WPQ) . 46Reviewing a WPQ . 47Non-destructive Examination . 48Discontinuities . 48Materials Identification . 50Visual Examination (VT). 52Magnetic Particle Examination (MT) . 57Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) . 64Liquid Penetrant Examination (PT) . 64Eddy Current Examination (ET) . 66Radiographic Examination (RT) . 66Ultrasonic Examination (UT) . 73Hardness Testing. 90Pressure and Leak Testing (LT). 91Weld Inspection Data Recording . 92
WELDING PROCESSES, INSPECTION, AND METALLURGY510 Metallurgy . 9410.1 General . 9410.2 The Structure of Metals and Alloys . 9510.3 Physical Properties . 9710.4 Mechanical Properties . 9910.5 Preheating. 10110.6 Postweld Heat Treatment . 10210.7 Hardening . 10310.8 Material Test Reports .
Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conf ormance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard. WELDING PROCESSES, INSPECTION, AND METALLURGY 3 Foreword Nothing
