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ADAPTIVE DRIVING BEAM (ADB)TESTING AND TEST PROCEDUREDEVELOPMENTElizabeth Mazzae, National Highway Traffic SafetyAdministration, Vehicle Safety ResearchCompanyLogo Here

Project ScopePurpose: Test existing ADB systems and develop objective test procedureResearch questions: Does ADB work as advertised?Can ADB meet existing lower beam requirements?Work steps: Test European-spec ADB-equipped vehicles as per ECE’s R48 and R123vehicle-based type approval test proceduresBased on ECE TP and lessons learned from step 1, develop an objective,repeatable test procedure for ADBPerform objective, vehicle-level test procedure; evaluate ADB performanceand test repeatabilitySAE INTERNATIONAL2

What is ADB?ADB – Type of adaptive front lighting system that adapts its beampattern to the presence of oncoming and preceding vehiclesImproves long-range visibility for the driver through increased upperbeam illumination of the roadway Avoids glaring otherroad users by shadingother vehicles Designed to activate atspeeds above typicalcity driving speeds– Activation at 19-43 mph Permitted as optionalequipment in Europe,JapanSAE INTERNATIONAL3

How does ADB work?ADB system uses existing headlamp Adds:––––Sensor (camera & image processing unit)ECUControl on column stalkInstrument panel telltale (see photo upper right)Adaptation accomplished in one of two ways: Mechanical shade blocks part of the headlight beam Multi-light source systems turn off individual bulbs (e.g., Audi Matrix Beam) Audi ADB with preceding& oncoming vehiclesSAE INTERNATIONAL4

ADB Testing: ECE R48 TP ImplementationDetermined how to run ECE driving scenarios on closed courses Fully crossed ECE TP road types and traffic scenarios withgeometries & numbers of lanes to get matrix of scenarios Drop scenarios that may be unsafe to perform (e.g., overtaking onwinding road) Determined how to run ECE driving scenarios on closed coursesInvestigated objective performance measures: Glare Illuminance (lux) from ADBUSInvestigated objective performance criteria: Glare Illuminance limits derived from FMVSS No. 108Changed perspective of tester: ECE evaluator drives ADB-equipped vehicleECE Investigated use of instrumented “other vehicle” to measure the glarecoming from the ADB-equipped vehicleSAE INTERNATIONAL5

ADB Testing: ECE R48 TP Implementation Ran pilot tests (called “Phase 1 testing”) consisting of firstattempt at implementing ECE scenarios on test courses After Phase 1, modified the TP dynamic scenario trials set– Eliminated redundant scenarios Hill & slope are similar to straight, level scenario– Reduced # of scenarios in which ADB does not activate Illuminated roadway & multi-vehicle (traffic) scenarios– Categorized trials by road geometry rather than road type– Replaced ECE bicycle scenario with motorcycle FMVSS No. 108 has no bicycle requirements Motorcycles more likely to be encountered on roadways 25 mph– Selected appropriate test courses and scripted vehiclestarting points, paths, and speeds for each scenario Further investigate ADB performance ADB adaptation time trial ADB camera (sensor) obstruction testSAE INTERNATIONAL6

Test ProcedureDynamic Maneuver ScenariosMulti-LaneECE(Phase 1)Traffic ConditionsOncoming (single, multiple)Preceding (single, multiple)Passing (active, passive)Oncoming BicycleModified(Phase 2)Road TypesCountryUrban2-4 lanes, hills and/orSectionsStraight levelslopes , dips,with and 600 m; Curvesintersections, andwithoutleft, rightwinding roadsilluminationxxxxVehicle ApproachesStraightOncoming (180 deg. heading )x, motorcyclePreceding (same direction, 0 deg.) x, motorcyclePassing (0 deg., active, passive)xIntersection (60, 90, 120 deg.)xxxxxxRoad TrajectoryDip seriesCurve (L, R)(straight) Windingxxxxxx Gray, italic text notes deletions in upper table; Green text notes additions in lowertable Also measured ambient illumination and baseline lower and upper beamheadlight levels– Baseline output of DAS vehicle headlighting system lower beam mode measured inambient lighting conditions subtracted from all trials’ illuminance measurements.SAE INTERNATIONAL7

Data Collection Equipment Used “DAS” (Data Acquisition System) vehicles to createdriving scenarios & record objective data– Provided other-vehicle headlight stimulus– Housed meter, sensors, computer– 2 DAS vehicle sizes: “Small” (2011 Ford Fiesta) “SUV” (2010 Acura MDX) Konica Minolta T-10A illuminance meter Headlamp voltage recorded RT Range systems in DAS and ADB vehiclesGlare illuminance measurement pointsSAE INTERNATIONAL8

Additional Stimulus Vehicle & ADB Test Vehicles2012 Can Am Spyder RS motorcycleADB systems of European-spec 2014 MY vehicles were tested:– Audi A8– BMW X5 M50d– Lexus LS460 F Sport– Mercedes Benz E350SAE INTERNATIONAL9

108-based lower beam glare limitsAnalysis ObjectivesEvaluate ADB performance:Range (m)15.0 – 29.930.0 – 59.960.0 – 119.9120.0 – 239.9Illuminance .0410.2814.0411) Does ADB adapt quickly to mitigate glare?2) Does ADB respond appropriately when camera (sensor) isobstructed?3) Measured illuminance, comparison to: Lower beam illuminance for same vehicle– Glare level at other vehicle location should not exceed that oflower beam 108-based lower beam glare limits– Derived from FMVSS No. 108 static beam patterns (Flanniganand Sullivan, 2011; UMTRI)4) Is ADB response to individual test scenarios repeatable?Evaluate test procedure:1) Does maneuver scenario elicit ADB response?2) Are test maneuvers repeatable? (using lower beam trials)SAE INTERNATIONAL10

Preliminary Results:ADB Adaptation TimeMeasures how quickly ADB adapts to suddenly appearing DAS vehicleheadlights– ADB vehicle traveling at 62 mph, DAS vehicle 0 mph– DAS headlights switched on at 120 m range Left plot shows that illuminance magnitude similar to upper beam until DASheadlights are detected, then it adapts Adaptation time values rangedfrom 0.50 s - 1.92 sSAE INTERNATIONAL11

Preliminary Results:Dynamic Maneuver Results Summary# of ADB-equipped Vehicles per Scenario that Met 108-Derived GlareLimits (based on avg. max illuminance)Green 3-4 of 4 vehicles met derivedglare limitsBlack Some vehicles met derived glarelimitsRed No vehicles met derived glare limitsRoad TrajectoryStraightSmallDASDAS: SmallCurve LeftSUVDASSUVSmall422/4Same laneCurve 4/4Adjacent lane, Left4/42/24/42/24/44/4Adjacent lane, Right3/41/24/40/24/44/4PassingADB passes DAS2/41/24/42/23/42/2(same direction)DAS passes ADB4/42/24/42/24/42/260 degrees0/40/2Intersection 90 degrees0/40/2120 degrees0/40/2Dip series0/4*0/4*Stimulus:Number of Trials Per Vehicle:Oncoming (180 deg. heading )Preceding(same direction)DipSAE INTERNATIONALNTi li h DASidiMotorcyclebidihibl12

Preliminary Results:Oncoming, Straight Small/SUV DAS vehicle; Both 62 mph Lower beam data show good maneuver repeatability ADB plots show 3 of 4 systems met derived glare limits;BMW ADB with Small DAS vehicle was close to meeting limits (lower beam also did not meet derivedlimits; headlights were European-spec)Lower BeamSAE INTERNATIONAL1ADB 12313

Preliminary Results: Oncoming Right Curve Scenario;Both 62 mph Good maneuver scenario repeatability shown in lower beam plots Adaptation visible in ADB plots; performance variable in some cases Curve speed may not have allowed sufficient time for ADB to respondSAE INTERNATIONAL14

Preliminary Results: Passing, Straight Scenario Scenario repeatability is good overall DAS vehicle passed ADB-equipped vehicle going same direction All ADB systems met preceding glare limits (18.9 lux for 15-60 m range)SAE INTERNATIONAL15

Preliminary Results: Intersection 120⁰ Scenario(Oncoming; DAS vehicle stationary) Repeatability for lower beam trials was very good All ADB systems exceeded glare limits beyond range of 30 mSAE INTERNATIONAL16

Other ObservationsOther Observations Lexus ADB consistently exhibited a brief upper beam illumination atclose range in straight oncoming scenario Lexus ADB in one public road drive mistook reflective road signs foroncoming vehicle and switched to lower beam BMW ADB at times turned on upper beams momentarily betweentest trialsSAE INTERNATIONAL17

Summary – ADB PerformanceAnswers to ADB performance research questions were all“generally, yes”:1) Does ADB adapt quickly to mitigate glare?2) Does ADB respond appropriately to camera (sensor) obstruction?3) Is ADB response to individual test scenarios repeatable?ADB illuminance exceeded derived lower beam limits in thesescenarios:1) Intersections2) Oncoming curves (impacted by time available for ADB torespond)3) Preceding motorcycle (possibly impacted by location ofilluminance sensors, not directly on motorcycle)– For all other scenarios, at least 2 of 4 vehicles met UMTRI-derivedglare limitsSAE INTERNATIONAL18

Summary – Test ProcedureECE test procedures employ a set of traffic scenarios and focus onobserving the light ADB systems provide the driver of an ADBequipped vehicleNHTSA research effort replicated ECE test procedure scenarios butused FMVSS No. 108-like perspective of measuring how muchlight headlights cast on other vehicle driversResearch applied objective, repeatable measures to those testproceduresSAE INTERNATIONAL19

For more information: See NHTSA technical report “Adaptive Driving BeamHeadlighting System Glare Assessment,” DOT HS812 174, August 2015 elizabeth.mazzae@dot.govSAE INTERNATIONAL20

- Housed meter, sensors, computer - 2 DAS vehicle sizes: "Small" (2011 Ford Fiesta) "SUV" (2010 Acura MDX) Konica Minolta T-10A illuminance meter Headlamp voltage recorded RT Range systems in DAS and ADB vehicles . SAE INTERNATIONAL . Additional Stimulus Vehicle & ADB Test Vehicles . 9 .