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Female sociology as Academicdiscipline:problems and gender basedmarginalisation against femaleSociologistsLejla Mušić, assistant prof.Faculty of Political Sciences, Department of sociology,Sarajevo UniversityBosnia and Herzegovina
Female sociologist as professionals Mary Jo Deegan in her work Women inSociology-biobibliographicalsourcebook(1990: 1-15), states: “Even though there are more than 52women considered to be founders ofsociology, they are still not recognized insociology”.
Mary Jo Deegan in early 1980-ties Early Women Sociologists and the AmericanSociological Society :The Patterns ofExclusion and Participation, The AmericanSociologist, 1981, Vol.16, February :14-24. In this referate Mary Jo Deegan investigatesthe early women sociologists position insociology and in ASA organisation.
Questions raised by Mary JoDeegan(1981:14) To understand female sociologists pattern ofexclusion she forms several analitical questions:“1. How and why did this men kept women out of theorganisation(ASA)2. Which women participated inspite of thisobstacles?3. Were there efforts to open the organisation forfemale participation?4. What happened if this efforts were made?”
ALBION SMALL Advocates the doctrine of seperate spheresbeliving that men and women are differentdistinctly, “seperate but equal”, comparing thisdifference to difference in between twomusical instruments , having the same relationto the notes in scale, but could not be replacedor supply place in their own seperate series (1981: 15) Advocates Darwinism in science
SMALL WOMEN PLACE-DOMESTIC SPHERE AGAINST THE EXSTENSION OFSUFFRAGE AND WOMEN BREADWINNING POSITION Even though as the chair of the Department, heemployed women at University, it was only inseperate themes: “household administration,sanitary science, social settlements andstatistics” ( Deegan 1981: 15)
Sexism against Female sociologists Small was the Chair of the first SociologyDepartment, American SociologicalAssociation and American Journal ofSociology, he influenced the policy of actingtowards female sociologists. ASA “ then was men’s club”( Deegan 1981:16), women could come to be participant ifthey were called by male presidents andorganizers.
Female network in sociology Four presidents invited female sociologists tospeak: Ward, Small, Ross, and Thomas. Even though Ward belived in seperate spheresdoctrine, he also belived that “ women weredominante first and men was a variation ofher(1981:16). Ward supported wark of Charlotte PerkinsGilman and supported the inclusion of women
Charlotte Perkins Gilman Respectfull female sociologists and economist Even though the first women included asdiscutant on traditional themes, Mrs J.Oldenwalrd-Unger, was included in first ASAmeeting, Gilman was even three timesinvolved as discutant(Deegan 1981:14-17).
Small invitation to Jane Addams Small invited Jane Addams to speak as majorspeaker at the ASA conferences, 1911, 1912,1913. Lucy Salmon, Vassar college, 1913 Emily Greene Balch, Wellesley College, 1914( 1981:16). But in some years , none of women wasincluded, because they did not get moreimportant roles in meetings.
Ross differences Ross invites Jane Addams to speak on Warand Millitarism in their sociological aspects, in1915. Emily Green Balch came instead of her. Contraversial meeting in 1915. Balch Our Slavic Felow Citizens, onimmigration Addams and Balch were against war andsupported pacifism( Deegan 1981:14-18).
Nobel Prize Winners Female sociologistsJane Addams in 1931Emily Green Balch in 1946Even 15 men did not want to be discuttants of EmilyGreen Balch’s papers, even though Ross called themto discuss it.He found two women: Lillian Wald(Head residents ofHenry Settlement, NYC) and Anna GarlinSpencer(Meadville Theological Seminar, Ohio).(Deegan 1981)
Thomas Support for Mrs. Dummer to enter theexecutive committee in 1927-1930. The most important female sociologist wasJane Addams. Even though this women were sociologists,they could not work inside the sociology , onlyinside the social work network. No women hadhighest offices during the first year of ASAuntil 1931. Even though 8 women wereinvolved ( Mary Jo Deegan 1981: 18)
Early female sociologists: Jane Addams One of the most important female sociologistsand pragmatist, american Nobel Prize winner. Established Hull House for investigation ofimmigrants behaviour Introduces Tehnique of mapping for doctoralthesis Influence: all of the men of Chicago schooland Dewey, Mead and American pragmatists(Deegan 1981: 18-19).
Jane Addams and childern of Hull House(useducation.net page visited on 20.5.2014.)
Hull House Intelectual centre of Chicago formed three yearsbefore Department of Sociology was founded Mary Jo Deegan forms hypothesis: Jane Addams wasleading female sociologist who was marginalized bymale collegues, And female Chicago shool is formed before maleschool Her book Jane Addams and the Men of Chicagoschool is considered as book of century byInternational Sociological Association/ISA/
Immigrants at HullHouse(socialwelfarehistory.com page visited on20.05.2014.)
Emily Green Balch First female officer Hired to read papers at Wellesely College,1889 Chair and Professor Fired from position in 1919, because ofpacifisim Later on worked for United nations(Deegan1981: 19).
Julia Lathorp Executive Comittee of ASA in 1917 Head of the Immigration Protective League
Grace Abbott Sister of Edith Abbott Close associate of Jane Addams Worked at Chicago University IPL leader
Susan Kingsbury and Lucille Eaves Research directors Women's Educational andIndustrial UnionDirector of Department of Political Economy at BrynMawrTrained famous sociologistsEaves thaught sociology at Stanford and NebraskaUniversityThe only women in coeducational system left becauseshe was not paid.( Deegan 1981:19)
DUMMER FOUNDER OF ASA SECTION ON FAMILY FEMALE SOCIOLOGISTS NETWORK :DUMMER, LATHORP, BALCH, ABBOTT, WITHADDAMS AS PATRON“ THEY REPRESENT SOCIOLOGICALWORLDVIEW THAT HAS BEEN NEGLECTED ,AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION ANDRECOGNITION TO SOCIOLOGY BEINGDENIED”(DEEGAN 1981:20)
FAMILY SECTION ETHEL STURGESS DUMMER FOUNDER PANEL “DELINQUENT GIRL” MAINLY OUT OF SEVEN PANELIST,THREE OF THEM WERE WOMEN IN THISSECTION (Deegan 1981:21)
Answer to the exclusionment questionsby Deegan Women were employed by women onlyThey were second class citizens in academiaSmall belived they belong to seperate sphereIncluded women were part of female networkExtreme sexism influenced exclusionInstitutional pattern of ostracism was difficult todestroy (Deegan 1981: 18-20)
Origin of female exclusion in theory Ecofeminist Eislar Rian in her work Ecofeminist manifesto(1987) holds that the social system of Minoan period of ruleon Greek island Crete, was the only true democracy. TheAthenian democracy, was the rule of free aristocratic males,women and slaves (man and women of other color) weremarginalized and excluded from public sphere. Only freemales were subject to obligation of public speeches as a markof true citizen. Patricia Shipley holds that Aristotle's scriptson social system represent the origin of misogyny andsubordination of women .
Binary divisions Femininity / Masculinity Nature / Culture Emotion / Ratio Subordination / Dominance Logic of care/Logic of dominance Pain /Pleasure
Femina sociologica Why do we need to mention femina sociologica idea?Other than an obvious reason ,such as marginalization of female in sociology, thereare several academic reason thatare already become, funded and based in literature ,such as:MARY JO DEEGAN gives following equation on (52 66 )females founders in sociology,there was also female Chicago school
Dahrendorf’s Homo sociologicus, vs.femina sociologica BECAUSE AS DEEGAN STATES „THE MOST OF INFLUENTIAL FEMALESIN WORLD WERESOCIOLOGISTS“! (DEEGAN 1990:1-30).prof.emeritus Mary Jo Deegan, stated that for herthe bibliographical source book on Womenfounders in sociology, published in 1990-ties,was a dream fulfillment.
Concluding remarksin the American Sociological Association andInternational Sociological Association, femalesociologists become the most influent andeminent sociologist in field, while as inBosnian and Herzegovinian society andstudies, this is still predominantly male field.
Cosmopolitan democracy has to demand:Involvement of women , people of other color, race and sexuality into religiouscommunity as equalsEgalitarian perspectiveAvoiding the sexism, hate against other species and racismWorking on religious and ecological consciousness simultaneouslyCreation of world as multicultural and multi confessional space of mutualunderstanding and dialogueFeminist theologians as significant force of future change in religiousconsciousness towards the equality of sexesBio - regionalizationIndigenizationGlocality rather than locality or globalismWorld as global space with community of contemporaries sharing the sameinformation in Global web society,Female sociologists and female sociology
Literature Deegan, Mary Jo. Early Women Sociologists and theAmerican Sociological Society :The Patterns ofExclusion and Participation, The AmericanSociologist, 1981, Vol.16, February :14-24. Mušić Lejla, Female sociology as Academicdiscipline:problems and gender basedmarginalisation against female Sociologists, 2016,referate at 10th annual Conference Atiner, May 27.05.2016. (socialwelfarehistory.com page visited on 20.5.2014) (us-education.net page visited on 20.5.2014.)
Ecofeminist Eislar Rian in her work Ecofeminist manifesto (1987) holds that the social system of Minoan period of rule on Greek island Crete, was the only true democracy. The Athenian democracy, was the rule of free aristocratic males, women and slaves (man and women of other color) were marginalized and excluded from public sphere. Only free
