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\Essentials of SociologyA DOWN-TO-EARTH APPROACHFIFTH EDITION James M. HenslinSouthern Illinois University, EdwardsvilleBoston New York San FranciscoMexico City Montreal Toronto London MadridHong Kong Singapore Tokyo Cape TownMunichSydneyParis
ContentsFART IThe Sociological PerspectiveDoing Sociological Research1 The Sociological PerspectiveThe Sociological Perspective2Seeing the Broader Social ContextThe Origins of Sociology 4667Attitudes of the Time7Harriet Martineau7 Down-to-Earth Sociology: Early North AmericanSociology: Du Bois and Race Relations9Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: TheoryVersus Reform10The Continuing Tension and the Rise of AppliedSociology10Down-to-Earth Sociology: Careers in Sociology:What Applied Sociologists Do11Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology21Down-to-Earth Sociology: Loading the Dice:How Not to Do Research23Participant Observation (Fieldwork)24Secondary Analysis24Documents24Experiments25Unobtrusive Measures25Ethics in Sociological ResearchSociology in North America7Early History: The Tension Between Social Reformand Sociological Analysis7Jane Addams and Social Reform8W. E. B. Du Bois and Race Relations8 Down-to-Earth Sociology: Enjoyinga Sociology Quiz—Sociological FindingsVersus Common Sense17A Research Model17Research MethodsSurveys213Tradition Versus Science3Auguste Comte and Positivism4Herbert Spencer and Social DarwinismKarl Marx and Class Conflict5Emile Durkheim and Social IntegrationMax Weber and the Protestant EthicSexism in Early Sociology211Symbolic Interactionism12Functional Analysis13Conflict Theory15Levels of Analysis: Macro and Micro15Putting the Theoretical Perspectives TogetherHow Theory and Research Work Together1725Protecting the Subjects: The Brajuha ResearchMisleading the Subjects: The HumphreysResearch26Values in Sociological Research27Summary and Review/28CultureWhat Is Culture?263334Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientationsto Life35Practicing Cultural Relativism36Cultural Diversity Around the World: Do You Feel Sorry?Hire an Apology Specialist371616Components of Symbolic CultureGestures37Language4037XIII
XIV h Sociology: Emoticons: "WrittenGestures" for Expressing Yourself Online41v Cultural Diversity in the United States:Miami—Language in a Changing CityGlobal Considerations: Socialization into EmotionsThe Self and Emotions as Social Control—Societywithin Us65Socialization into Gender42Agents of Socialization' - Cultural Diversity in the United States: Race andLanguage: Searching for Self-Labels43Folkways and Mores44The Family Many Cultural Worlds: Subculturesand Countercultures44Values in U.S. Society45An Overview of U.S. ValuesValue Clusters46 45Value Contradictions and Social ChangeEmerging Values48Culture Wars: When Values Clash49Values as Blinders49"Ideal" Versus "Real" Culture49The New Technology50Cultural Lag and Cultural ChangeTechnology and Cultural LevelingSummary and Review6767Mass Media in Social Life: From Xena, Warrior Princess,to Lara Croft, Tomb Raider: Changing Images of Womenin the Mass Media68The Neighborhood69Religion69Day Care69The School and Peer GroupsSports71The Workplace7148Resocialization7071Total Institutions72Socialization Through the Life CourseChildhood725052SocializationIsolated Children58Institutionalized Children72Down-to-Earth Sociology: Boot Camp as a TotalInstitution73Adolescence74Young Adulthood7475The Middle Years75The Older Years505176Are We Prisoners of Socialization?What Is Human Nature?66Cultural Diversity in the United States: Caught BetweenTwo Worlds70Mass Media in Social Life: Why Do Native AmericansLike Westerns?47Technology in the Global Village66Gender Messages in the Family66Gender Messages in the Mass MediaLanguage and Perception: The Sapir-WhorfHypothesis42Values, Norms, and Sanctions436457Summary and Review765858Social Structure and Social Interaction 81Doum-to-Eartb Sociology: Heredity or Environment?The Case of Oskar and Jack, Identical Twins59Deprived Animals60Socialization into the Self, Mind, and EmotionsCooley and the Looking-Glass Self61Mead and Role-Taking62Piaget and the Development of Reasoning AbilitiesGlobal Considerations: Developmental SequencesFreud and the Development of Personality64Levels of Sociological Analysis61Macrosociology and MicrosociologyThe Macrosociological Perspective:Social Structure836i63Culture84Social Class84Social Status848282
CONTENTS Down-to-Earth Sociology: College Footballas Social Structure85Roles87Groups87Social Institutions87Societies—and Their Transformations87Bioeconomic Society: Is a New Type of SocietyEmerging?91Sociology and the New Technology: "So, You Want to BeYourself?" Cloning in the Coming Bioeconomy92What Holds Society Together?93The Microsociological Perspective: Social Interactionin Everyday Life94Stereotypes in Everyday LifePersonal Space9494XV Down to Earth Sociology: Beauty May Be Only SkinDeep, But Its Effects Go On Forever: Stereotypesin Everyday Life96Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Selfin Everyday Life96Ethnomethodology: Uncovering BackgroundAssumptions99 Mass Media in Social Life: You Can't Be Thin Enough:Body Images and the Mass Media100The Social Construction of Reality102Social Interaction on the Internet103The Need for Both Macrosociologyand Microsociology103Sociology and the New Technology: When WorldsCollide: Virtual Reality and the Real World104O Cultural Diversity in the United States:The Amish—Gemeinschaft Communityin a Gesellschaft Society95Summary and Review105FART (ISocial Groups and Social ControlSocial Groups and FormalOrganizationsSocial Groups110Primary Groups110Secondary Groups111In-Groups and Out-Groups113Reference Groups114Social Networks115A New Group: Electronic Communities109Group Dynamics122124Sociology and the New Technology: Cyberslackers andCybersleuths: Surfing at Work125116Sociology and the New Technology: ElectronicCommunities: Internet Intimacy and OurChanging Culture116Bureaucracies117The Characteristics of Bureaucracies117The Perpetuation of Bureaucracies119The Rationalization of Society120Coping with Bureaucracies120 Working for the Corporation122Stereotypes and the "Hidden" Corporate CultureU.S. and Japanese Corporations123Down-to-Earth Sociology: The McDonaldizationof Society121Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy125Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and Behavior126Leadership127The Power of Peer Pressure: The Asch Experiment128Global Consequences of Group Dynamics131Summary and Review6132Deviance and Social ControlWhat Is Deviance?137138Cultural Diversity Around the World: Human Sexualityin Cross-Cultural Perspective139
www.ablongman.com/hensliness5eCONTENTSXVIHow Norms Make Social Life Possible139Sanctions140Competing Explanations of Deviance: Sociology, Biology,and Psychology141The Symbolic Interactionist PerspectiveDifferential Association Theory142Control Theory143Labeling Theory144142 Mass Media in Social Life: Pornography on the Internet:Freedom versus Censorship147The Functionalist Perspective147Can Deviance Really Be Functional for Society?147Strain Theory: How Social Values ProduceDeviance148Illegitimate Opportunity Structures: Social Class andCrime149 Down-to-Earth Sociology: Islands in the Street: UrbanGangs in the United States150The Conflict Perspective151Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System151Power and Inequality152The Law as an Instrument of Oppression152Reactions to Deviance153Street Crime and Prisons153Recidivism156The Death Penalty156Legal Change156The Medicalization of Deviance: Mental Illness158The Need for a More Humane Approach160Summary and Review161PART HiSocial Inequality vGlobal Stratification: Three WorldsHi7Global StratificationAn Overview of Social StratificationSlaveryCaste165166166168 Mass Media in Social Life: What Price Freedom?Slavery Today169Class170Global Stratification and the Status of Females170What Determines Social Class?171Karl Marx: The Means of Production171Max Weber: Property, Prestige, and Power172Why Is Social Stratification Universal?The Functionalist Perspective: MotivatingQualified People173The Conflict Perspective: Class Conflictand Scarce Resources174Lenski's Synthesis175173178The Most Industrialized Nations178The Industrializing Nations178The Least Industrialized Nations182How Did the World's NationsBecome Stratified?182Colonialism182World System Theory183Culture of Poverty184Evaluating the Theories185Maintaining Global StratificationNeocolonialism185Multinational Corporations185Technology and Global DominationA Concluding Note186Summary and Review185186186mmHow Do Elites Maintain Stratification?Ideology Versus Force1758175Comparative Social Stratification177Social Stratification in Great Britain177Social Stratification in the Former Soviet Union177Social Class in the United StatesWhat Is Social Class?Wealth192Power196192191
xviiCONTENTSPrestige196Status InconsistencySociological Models of Social Class199Updating Marx199Updating Weber200Social Class in the Automobile IndustryConsequences of Social Class203Family Life203Education203Religion203Politics203Physical Health204Mental Health204Social Class and the New Technology Cultural Diversity in the United States: Tiger Woodsand the Emerging Multiracial Identity: MappingNew F.thnic Terrain224How People Construct Their Racial-Ethnic Identity225Prejudice and Discrimination226Individual and Institutional Discrimination227198202Theories of PrejudicePsychological PerspectivesSociological Perspectives Social Mobility208Three Types of Social Mobility208Women in Studies of Social Mobility208The New Technology and Fears of the Future q» a i i t i e s o f 209Race: Myth and Reality222Ethnic Groups223Minority and Dominant GroupsDown-to-Earth Sociology: Stealth Racism in the RentalMarket: What You Reveal by Your Voice244Asian Americans245Native Americans247Cultural Diversity in the United States: Glimpsing theFuture: The Shifting U.S. Racial-Ethnic Mix250Affirmative Action251Toward a True Multicultural Society251Summary and Review10221222Laying the Sociological Foundation223234Looking Toward the Future249The Immigration Debate249216Race234Cultural Diversity in the United States: "You Can Workfor Us, But You Can't Live Near Us"235White Europeans236Latinos238African Americans240209Down-to-Earth Sociology: Poverty: A PersonalJourney215Why Are People Poor?216Where Is Horatio Alger? The Social Functionsof a Myth216Ine232Race and Ethnic Relations in the United StatesDown-to Earth Sociology: Exploring Myths Aboutthe Poor210Children of Poverty213The Dynamics of Poverty214Welfare Reform214Summary and Review231Down-to-Earth Sociology: The Racist MindPopulation Transfer233Internal lfuralism (Pluralism)205Sociology and the New Technology: Closing theDigital Divide: The Technology Gap Facing the Poorand Minorities207 229230Global Patterns of Intergroup RelationsGenocide231Down-to-Earth Sociology: Can Money BuyHappiness?206Poverty209Drawing the Poverty LineWho Are the Poor?209229252Inequalities of Gender and AgeInequalities of GenderIssues of Sex and Gender258Gender Differences in Behavior: Biologyor Culture?258Opening the Door to Biology260257
XVIIIwww.ablonqman.com/hensliness5eCONTENTSHow Females Became a Minority Group261: Cultural Diversity Around the World: "Psst. You WannaBuy a Bride?" China in Transition262The Origins of Patriarchy262Gender Inequality in the United States264Fighting Back: The Rise of Feminism264Gender Inequality in Education265Gender Inequality in Health Care266Gender Inequality in the Workplace268Sexual Harassment272Gender and Violence272The Changing Face of PoliticsThe Symbolic Interactionist Perspective280Ageism: The Concept280Shifting Meanings of Growing Old281The Influence of the Mass Media281The Functionalist PerspectiveDisengagement Theory283Activity Theory283Continuity Theory284273The Conflict PerspectiveSocial Security LegislationIntergenerational Conflict274 Mass Media in Social Life: Beauty and Pain:How Much Is an Ad Worth?275Glimpsing the Future—with Hope275Inequalities of Aging278278 Mass Media in Social Life: Shaping Our Perceptionsof the Elderly282— Cultural Diversity Around the World:Female CircumcisionEffects of IndustrializationThe Graying of America284284285Looking Toward the FutureSummary and Review282287288276Aging in Global Perspective277The Social Construction of Aging277PART IVSocial Institutions11Politics and the Economy293Politics: Establishing LeadershipPower, Authority, and ViolenceAuthority and Legitimate ViolenceTraditional Authority295Rational-Legal Authority295Charismatic Authority295The Transfer of Authority296294294Types of Government297Monarchies: The Rise of the State297Democracies: Citizenship as a RevolutionaryIdea297294 Mass Media in Social Life: Politics and Democracy in aTechnological Society298Dictatorships and Oligarchies: The Seizureof Power299The U.S. Political System299Political Parties and Elections299Voting Patterns300Lobbyists and Special-Interest GroupsWho Rules the United States?303The Functionalist Perspective: PluralismThe Conflict Perspective: The Power Elite,or Ruling Class304Which View Is Right?304302303War and Terrorism: A Means to ImplementPolitical Objectives305
CONTENTSThe Conflict Perspective: Gender and Power328The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Gender andHousework330War305Terrorism305EXPERIENCING SOCIOLOGYSeptember 11,20019-11, the stunning day that changed the UnitedStates. We will only realize its impact on societyand our own lives as time goes on. 306The Family Life Cycle330Love and Courtship in Global Perspective307Preindustrial Societies: The Birth of InequalityIndustrial Societies: The Birth of the MachinePostindustrial Societies: The Birth of theInformation Age308Bioeconomic Societies: The Merger of Biologyand Economics309Implications for Your Life309Ominous Trends in the United States309World Economic Systems310Capitalism310Socialism312Ideologies of Capitalism and SocialismCriticisms of Capitalism and Socialism Corporate Capitalism314Multinational CorporationsA New World Order?316Diversity in U.S. Families312312 313314Divorce and Remarriage 318Marriage and FamilyMarriage and Family in Global PerspectiveWhat Is a Family?324Common Cultural Themes324The Functionalist Perspective: Functions andDysfunctions327343Down-to-Earth Sociology: You Be the Sociologist:Curious Divorce Patterns344The Absent Father and Serial Fatherhood346The Ex-Spouses346Remarriage346347The Dark Side of Family Life: Battering,Child Abuse, and Incest347323 Down-to-Earth Sociology: "Why Doesn't She Just Leave?The Dilemma of Abused Women348The Bright Side of Family Life: SuccessfulMarriages348325Marriage and Family in Theoretical Perspective343Problems in Measuring DivorceChildren of Divorce344315341Down-to-Earth Sociology: "What Do You Mean WhenYou Say You Want Us to Live Together?"342Two Sides of Family Life12339Postponing Marriage339Cohabitation340Unmarried Mothers341The Sandwich Generation and Elder Care- : Cultural Diversity Around the World: Doing Businessin the Global Village317Summary and Review335African American Families336Latino Families336Asian American Families337Native American Families338One-Parent Families338Families Without Children338Blended Families339Gay and Lesbian Families339Trends in U.S. FamiliesMass Media in Social Life: Greed Is Good—Selling the American Dream313The Convergence of Capitalism and SocialismCapitalism in a Global Economy307308330Cultural Diversity Around the World: East Is Eastand West Is West. . . Love and Arranged Marriagein India331Marriage332Childbirth333Child Rearing333The Family in Later Life335The Economy: Work in theGlobal Village307The Transformation of Economic SystemsXIX327The Future of Marriage and FamilySummary and Review349349
www.ablonaman.com/hensliness5eCONTENTSXXReligion: Establishing MeaningIjEducation and Religion353366The Functionalist PerspectiveEducation: Transferring Knowledgeand Skills354Education in Global PerspectiveWhat Is Religion?366367Functions of Religion367Dysfunctions of Religion368354Education in the Most Industrialized Nations:Japan355Education in the Industrializing Nations: RussiaEducation in the Least Industrialized Nations:Egypt356355The Symbolic Interactionist PerspectiveReligious Symbols369Rituals and Beliefs369Religious Experience370The Conflict Perspective370Opium of the People370A Legitimation of Social InequalitiesThe Functionalist Perspective: Providing SocialBenefits357Teaching Knowledge and Skills357Cultural Transmission of Values357Social Integration357Gatekeeping358Religion and the Spirit of Capitalism368370370Types of Religious ons in Patterns373The Conflict Perspective: Reproducing the SocialClass Structure358The Hidden Curriculum359Tilting the Tests: Discrimination by IQ359Stacking the Deck: Unequal Funding360Religion in the United States373Characteristics of Members373Characteristics of Religious Groups375The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective:Fulfilling Teacher Expectations361The Rist Research361How Do Teacher Expectations Work?361i Cultural Diversity in the United States: The NewNeighbor: Islam in the United States376Secularization and the Splintering of U.S.Churches377Problems in U.S. Education—And TheirSolutions362Problems: Mediocrity and Violence362Solutions: Safety and Standards363The Future of Religion378 Down-to-Earth Sociology: Does Prayer Work? AnIntriguing Experiment379 Mass Media in Social Life: School Shootings:When Myth Gives Way to Panic364Summary and Review380PARTVSocial ChangeI 4Popul;ation and UrbanizationPopulation in Global PerspectiveA Planet with No Space to Enjoy Life?385386386The New Malthusians386The Anti-Malthusians388Who Is Correct?388Why Are People Starving?390Population Growth390Why Do the Least Industrialized Nations HaveSo Many Children?391
CONTENTSImplications of Different Rates of GrowthThe Three Demographic Variables394Problems in Forecasting Population Growth392396Cultural Diversity Around the World: Killing Little Girls:An Ancient and Thriving Practice396Urbanization398398EXPERIENCING SOCIOLOGYOne of the most significant changes in the world isthe global rush of poor, rural people to the cities ofthe Least Industrialized Nations. 400 Down-to-Earth Sociology: Reclaiming Harlem:"It Feeds My Soul"404:.: Cultural Diversity Around the World: Why City SlumsAre Better than the Country: Urbanization in the LeastIndustrialized Nations406City Life: Alienation and Community406Who Lives in the City?407Urban Sentiment: Finding a Familiar World408The Norm of Noninvolvement and the Diffusion ofResponsibility40815421423Social Movements as a Sourceof Social Change427Types of Social Movements427Propaganda and the Mass Media428EXPERIENCING SOCIOLOGYSocial Movement Activistsand PropagandaWith such a great focus in the national news—amidst concerns about a riot and perhaps even aninsurrection—I couldn't resist going to Bloomington, Indiana, where Timothy McVeigh was to beexecuted. 430409 Down-to-Earth Sociology: Urban Fear and the GatedFortress410Disinvestment and Deindustrialization411The Rural Rebound411The Potential of Urban Revitalization412Summary and Review418. Cultural Diversity in the United States: TheMillion-Man March: Another Step in anUnfinished Social Movement429The Stages of Social Movements429402Urban Problems and Social PolicySuburbanization409Theories and Processes of Social ChangeHow Technology Changes Society423The Cutting Edge of Change: The ComputerCyberspace and Social Inequality426A Walk Through El TiroModels of Urban GrowthThe Four Social Revolutions418From Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft 418Capitalism, Modernization, and IndustrializationGeopolitics and Ethnic Conflicts419Cultural Evolution421Natural Cycles421Conflict over Power422Ogburn's Theory422397The Development of CitiesThe Process of UrbanizationU.S. Urban Patterns399XXIHow Social Change Transforms Social LifeThe Growth Machine Versus the Earth434Environmental Problems in the Most IndustrializedNations434 Down-to-Earth Sociology: Corporations and Big WelfareBucks: How to Get Paid to Pollute436Environmental Problems in the Industrializing and LeastIndustrialized Nations436The Environmental Movement437413Social Change: Technology, SocialMovements, and the Environment Down-to-Earth Sociology: "Tricks of the Trade"—The Fine Art of Propaganda432417418Cultural Diversity Around the World: The Rain Forests:Lost Tribes, Lost Knowledge438Environmental Sociology440Summary and Review440
G-lSuggested ReadingsReferencesName IndexSubject IndexR-lN-lS-lSR-1Optional Online Chapters(Available on the Premium Resource CD)The Sociology of Human SexualityHealth and Medicine
Sexism in Early Sociology 7 Attitudes of the Time 7 Harriet Martineau 7 Sociology in North America 7 Early History: The Tension Between Social Reform and Sociological Analysis 7 Jane Addams and Social Reform 8 W. E. B. Du Bois and Race Relations 8 Down-to-Earth Sociology: Early North American Sociology: Du Bois and Race Relations 9
