WIXLIB

IntroductionThe well stocked shelves of the library in William Booth College, London, provide arich resource for the students, all of whom are training to be Salvation Army officersin the United Kingdom and Europe. Annual investment, careful selection of booksand electronic resources, and the services of a full time librarian have enabled it tobecome a valuable source of information, formation and, sometimes, transformation.In addition many students buy their own books, often purchasing extra bookcasesduring their time as a student in order to house their growing personal resourcecollection. At the College for Officer Training in Harare the library is housed on onewall of a classroom and these few books are the sole access to resources for asimilar number of students. They are proudly displayed to visitors. There is simplynot enough money to purchase an extensive library stock, nor is it feasible forstudents to buy their own copies. Yet the students at both institutions will becomeSalvation Army officers; they will be required to teach and lead their people and theyneed to develop and resource their ministerial practice and spiritual life. As officersthe requirements of their ministry may be similar, and in time they may even workalongside one another as colleagues, but their preparation for officership, althoughgrounded in common principles (The Salvation Army (TSA)1 2005), will have beenvery different. Similarly their experiences of subsequent opportunities for spirituallife development will vary immeasurably, yet for each it is foundational to who theyare, what they believe and what they do.The Salvation Army is both global and local, so that similarity and difference, unityand diversity are part of its culture and tradition. It may be encountered as a localchurch; the community centre where an affordable meal and second hand clothing isavailable; an NGO working to alleviate the results of a natural disaster or war; theparent body of a school, hospital or care home; or a provider of services for the mostmarginalised in society. Each of these is accurate in some contexts and allexpressions find a common foundation and motivation in the international missionstatement.1Throughout the thesis there are many references to official Salvation Army publications which, byconvention, do not name individual authors or editors. For ease of reading, in-text references willcontain the initials TSA to refer to documents listed as authored by The Salvation Army in thereference list.1

The Salvation Army, an international movement, is an evangelical part of theuniversal Christian Church. Is message is based on the Bible. Its ministry ismotivated by love for God. Its mission is to preach the gospel of Jesus Christand meet human needs in his name without discrimination (TSA 2010a: frontpage).Although linked to International Headquarters by a common mission and foradministrative purposes, the worldwide Salvation Army is marked by considerablediversity. Differing cultural traditions and varying levels of resources ensure widevariety despite common ground. It is primarily a Christian community with anemphasis upon outward movement to the world, particularly to the poor andmarginalised. Leadership is provided by Salvation Army officers, ordained full timeministers who are appointed by the organisation to a role.This research focuses upon the spiritual life of Salvation Army officers and seeks toanswer two questions.How do Salvation Army officers sustain and develop their personal spirituallife in the context of an activist, missional organisation? In what ways can theCentre for Spiritual Life Development facilitate and support this process?The research problem and boundariesThere are two ways of being a member. Soldiers make a commitment to Christiandiscipleship within The Salvation Army, including foundational beliefs and lifestylechoices. There are also adherent members who having made a profession of faithchoose to recognise their association with the denomination in a formal way whichdoes not involve the commitments of soldiership. Many thousands of people attend,but have no recorded membership. Officers are soldiers who have responded to afull time vocation to Christian ministry and, following training at one of the fifty seventraining colleges, have been commissioned and ordained within the denomination.As of 31 December 2010, statistics record 1,132,823 soldiers, 176,226 adherents,and 26,329 active and retired officers worldwide (TSA 2011).The Centre for Spiritual Life Development (CSLD) is a small centre which wasestablished by The Salvation Army in July 2008 at the International College forOfficers (ICO) in London. Its primary aim is to broaden the influence of the ICObeyond its primary purpose, which is to provide an eight week opportunity forspiritual renewal, study and reflection for twenty six officers, four times each year.2

For many officers this is a welcome retreat in the mid years of ministry, which isseen as a privilege and is highly valued as a unique opportunity for personal growthand professional development.The CSLD mission statement has a main aim with three clear foci:The Centre for Spiritual Life Development exists to facilitate the developmentof the spiritual lives of Salvationists by Offering conferences and events that are spiritually enriching and thathelp form people in Christlikeness;Providing resources to cultivate spiritual life development;Encouraging implementation of intentional and systematic spiritual growththroughout the international Salvation Army (TSA 2009c, Munn 2009:7).The Centre was established with only one part-time member of staff, the Secretaryfor Spiritual Life Development, who is also the Associate Principal of the ICO. Myappointment, in August 2009, as Executive Assistant to the Secretary for SpiritualLife Development, is also part of a portfolio. The centre is also limited by budget andthe times when the ICO facilities are available for use. Some of the work isadministrative - monitoring and giving support to Salvation Army territories - but it isevident that in order to make effective provision to achieve the mission, carefulstrategic planning is required.Since 2008, developments have taken place in all areas of the mission statement.An initial, one week, conference for prayer leaders was held in September 2009, atwo week holiness seminar for twenty-six young adults preceded a world youthconvention in Stockholm in July 2010, and a conference for Territorial Secretariesfor Spiritual Life Development took place in September 2010. Resources linked tothe CSLD are emerging. These include articles in The Officer, a bi-monthlymagazine with a world-wide circulation, the publication of two books, Samuel LoganBrengle: Heart for God edited by Peter Farthing, and Other Voices by ChristineFaragher, and the development of a website. A shared electronic file system allowsfor easy dissemination of resources and information, and a monthly newsletterencourages networking and mutual support. A specific initiative relating to 24/7prayer on a global scale was launched in January 2011, generating interestthroughout the world. The CSLD is responsible for resourcing and encouraging thisventure through web-based technology. Each territory and command has beenencouraged to appoint a Secretary for Spiritual Life Development in order to monitor3

and facilitate focus upon spiritual development issues in the local context. There isalso a requirement to present an annual report of the territorial policies and prioritiesfor spiritual life to International Headquarters and the Centre for Spiritual LifeDevelopment.In order to respond to the demands of my professional context, this research seeksto generate understanding that will inform the strategic development of the CSLD. Itdraws upon the self-reported understanding of spiritual development in a particularconstituency of Salvation Army officers, delegates to the ICO, in a mutual criticalconversation with relevant theoretical and theological perspectives, in order toinform the development of proposals for future policy and practice.The broad nature of the CSLD mission statement suggests that it could be ofsignificance for all who view themselves as Salvationists. However, the limitedbudget and scant resources in terms of personnel make this impossible in any directway. This research is therefore selective in its target group in order to generateknowledge that may have relevance in a wider context. By focusing upon delegatesto the ICO it is possible to gain a diverse sample which, although notcomprehensive, represents something of the diversity of the Army world.My contextMy commitment to the spiritual life development of Salvation Army officers is bothprofessional and personal; it is foundational to who I am, what I believe andunderstand, and what I do. I grew up as the child of Salvation Army officer parentsso am a member of the organisation by nurture as well as by choice. I trained as ateacher, with religious studies as a main subject, and following one year of practice,re-trained as a Salvation Army officer. After eighteen years in corps (church)ministry, and immediately following my experience as a delegate at the ICO, I wasappointed as a tutor to William Booth College, the sole provider of initial officertraining in the United Kingdom. Various subsequent roles as a module leader(1999), Assistant Training Programme Director (2002), and ultimately TrainingProgramme Director (course leader, 2004) enabled me to gain a firm practicalgrounding in Salvation Army officer training and an understanding of its relationshipto the denomination, theological education and higher education in the UnitedKingdom. This was complemented by MA studies in Pastoral Theology (2000), andAdult Education with Theological Reflection (2005). The generosity of The SalvationArmy in the United Kingdom in funding this Professional Doctorate is evidence of a4

growing commitment to the academic and professional development of officers, andan acknowledgement of the contribution that this can offer to the development ofknowledge in the denomination.My work for the first two papers in Stage 1 of the Professional Doctorate wasfocused upon initial officer training, with particular reference to the introduction, byThe Salvation Army in the United Kingdom with the Republic of Ireland, of corecompetencies for Salvation Army officers.In Paper 1 (Appendix A:172-203) a critical conversation between the Salvation Armycontext, theological education and competence based education and training led toan exploration of the relationship between core competencies for Salvation Armyofficers and models of theological education. The literature reviewed offersimportant theoretical grounding for this research which, although not rooted in initialministerial education, has important resonances with it. Similarly my knowledge andunderstanding of the requirements for, and processes of, initial Salvation Armyofficer training provide foundational knowledge and a base from which to build.Historical research for Paper 2 (Appendix B:204-230) identified recurring themesand significant changes in the initial training of officers in the United Kingdom 19782008. The importance of the relationship between three foci in training - spiritualformation, knowledge and practical skills - is significant to this research. Priorities forofficer training, as expressed by present and former Principals of William BoothCollege suggest that although there is need for balance between the three elementsin the policy and practice of training, spiritual formation remains a constant firstpriority. A slightly edited version of Paper 2 was published by the Journal of AdultTheological Education (2008 Volume 5:2, pp126-143).However, the trajectory represented by the first two papers was interrupted anddeflected by my appointment in January 2009 to the International Headquarters ofThe Salvation Army, initially to edit and revise The Salvation Army’s handbook ofdoctrine, Salvation Story and its accompanying study guide, combining them into asingle volume, The Handbook of Doctrine (2010), which was particularly designedfor use in officer training. Following this project I was appointed to the CSLD inAugust 2009. My task is to work with my line manager in establishing the Centre andenabling it to achieve its mission. A significant element in my brief of appointment isthat I should be ‘engaging in research that will enhance spiritual development and5

your own contribution to ministry’ (TSA 2009b). The research conducted for thisdissertation is therefore both continuous with, and disconnected from, the Stage 1work. Paper 3 of Stage 1 forms the research proposal for this work (Appendix C:231-255).My context and experience have therefore placed me in a unique position whichfacilitates the examination of the development of spiritual life in Salvation Armyofficers from a particular perspective. As an officer, a leader in the organisation, I amaware of the potential opportunities and challenges of spiritual life development; asan educator I am able to draw upon my experience and theoretical understanding ofadult learning and education; and in revising the Handbook of Doctrine I began toexplore and explain how understanding, belief and practice are interwoven in bothpersonal experience and the culture of The Salvation Army. This research willtherefore draw upon previous knowledge, research and experience in seeking togenerate material that will inform and enhance my current practice. One limitation ismy personal experience of the international context, which consists of visits tooverseas territories as a guest lecturer or conference facilitator; it is thereforeinevitable that, despite attempts to gain an international perspective, this workprimarily reflects a western, first world, author.The method is, to some extent, counter-cultural. The Salvation Army is ahierarchical organisation which has often made provision for development in a ‘topdown’ manner, without reference to those for whom it is intended. The choice ofqualitative, empirical research with human subjects offers an inductive, original andunique understanding of how Salvation Army officers sustain and develop theirspiritual life which draws upon relevant theory in the fields of theological educationand adult learning.Spiritual life development and practical theologyWhilst acknowledging that the spiritual life is not reducible to what can be knowncognitively, I believe that spiritual life development must be viewed in the broadercontext of ongoing formation for ministry. Paper 3, the research proposal, locatedthe work in the field of practical theology, which is essentially ‘triadic, concerned withthe interrelationships of faith, practice and social reality’ (Whyte 1987:213). Eachfactor must be allowed to critique and influence the other two in an honest search for6

new insight and revised practice, so that the Church is both challenged and enabledto perform the gospel with authenticity.The notion of the spiritual life as a progressive experience is foundational to theSalvationist psyche, with metaphors of journey and growth common. This lends itselfto exploring the development of the spiritual life as a learning experience, which,although rooted in personal encounter, demands reflection in order for realdevelopment to take place. The empirical research population, delegates to theICO, are participating in a specific learning experience. The eight week programmeis designed to broaden their international experience, provide knowledge of bothadministrative and ministry related issues, and give space and opportunity forpersonal and spiritual renewal (Munn R. 2011:4-5). This is therefore an ideal time forthem to reflect upon their ongoing spiritual development. What has sustained andenabled them to ‘grow?’ What would they value as provision for the future?The use of qualitative research methodology has enabled understanding to emergethrough in a process of critical dialogue between the results of the empiricalresearch, the denominational context and theology, and theories of ministerial andvocational education. As each discipline has critiqued, and been critiqued by, theothers in the search for a way forward, resonances and dissonances have led toconnections and proposals. This work is therefore integrative, located at theinterface between denominational context, spirituality, ministry, ministerial educationand personal experience. Insights emerging from the interrelationships betweenthem have led to embryonic new practices for the CSLD.The research proposal noted the need for both openness and boundaries:The assumptions upon which disciplines are based, including theunderstanding of human worth and ultimate purposes, may vary from thoseof practical theology which is set within the broader tradition of theology thatgives it both a foundation and the limits of tolerance. The demands of thetask are such that the practical theologian must be both ‘committed andopen, faithful and critical’ (Ballard and Pritchard 1996:30). For example,using the metaphor of conversion Swinton and Mowat (2006:92-94) call for‘critical faithfulness’ in which the constructivist autonomy of qualitativeresearch is ‘converted’ to an epistemology which acknowledges the reality ofGod, whilst continuing to take seriously the interpreted nature of all humanunderstanding. My choice of a qualitative research methodology is informedand shaped by this concept, which acknowledges the interpretative nature ofhuman experience as well as the ‘centuries of tradition and reflection that7

have gone into establishing our understandings of divine revelation’ (Swintonand Mowat 2006:93). (Appendix C:239)The development of the spiritual life is foundational to Salvationist selfunderstanding. Bramwell Booth2 argued that ‘our people will not grow old in holinessunless they are watched over, and taught and led’ (Booth B.1903:82). By using theintegrative, inductive and interpretive processes of practical theology, this workoffers a critically faithful contribution to theological understanding and ongoingauthentic practice.A gap in knowledge?The spiritual life is foundational to Salvationist life and practice, and is traditionallyexpressed in terms of individual personal experience and relationship with God.Despite this emphasis there is no international curriculum for spiritual formation ininitial officer training, despite protracted discussion over a number of years about thefeasibility and viability of its introduction. A potential secondary benefit of this work isthat new understanding will contribute to the debate by signalling the value of atraining philosophy that takes a holistic view of officer life and ministry.Similarly, although it is assumed that officers will continue to grow in spiritualunderstanding as well as professionally, there is no common framework ofunderstanding, or practice for, development. I am convinced that, if the CSLD is tobe effective in its provision, it is necessary to gain some understanding of officers’own understanding of their spiritual life development, and to bring this livedexperience into a mutual critical dialogue with the norms of the denomination andthe wider Church. Practical theology values interaction with a secular conversationpartner as a means to challenge, enhance and develop the discussion. Thustheoretic

of Salvation Army officer training, 1978-2008. 204 C Stage 1: Paper 3. Investigating and facilitating the spiritual life development of Salvation Army officers. 231 D The report the International Spiritual Life Commission: Called to be God's People 256 E Annual Spiritual Life Report 269 F The Doctrines of The Salvation Army 270 G