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ABC Advisory BoardEach issue of HerbalGram is peer reviewed by members of the ABC Advisory Board and other qualified experts before publication.Donald I. Abrams, MDProfessor of Clinical Medicine, University ofCalifornia San Francisco, San Francisco, CAHamid-Reza Adhami, PhD, PharmDAssistant Professor, Dept. of PharmacognosyTehran University of Medical SciencesTehran, IranBharat (Bart) B. Aggarwal, PhDFounding Director, Inflammation ResearchInstitute, San Diego, CALise Alschuler, NDNaturopathic Specialists, Scottsdale, AZ;Assistant Director of the Fellowship in IntegrativeMedicine, Andrew Weil Center for IntegrativeMedicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZAlan Bensoussan, PhDDirector, National Institute of ComplementaryMedicine, University of Western SydneySydney, AustraliaChantal Bergeron, PhDManager, Disruptive Innovation & ProductDevelopment, Personal & Home Care Products,Seventh Generation, Burlington, VTChun-Tao Che, PhDNorman R. Farnsworth Professor ofPharmacognosy, University of Illinois at ChicagoCollege of Pharmacy, Chicago, ILJohn A. Beutler, PhDAssociate Scientist, Molecular Targets Lab NationalCancer Institute, Frederick, MDBevin Clare, MS, RH, CNSInterim Program Director of the Masters of Sciencein Herbal Medicine ProgramMaryland University of Integrative HealthLaurel, MDKeith I. Block, MDMedical and Scientific Director, Block Center forIntegrative Cancer Treatment, Skokie, ILGiovanni Appendino, PhDProfessor of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, ItalyJeffrey B. Blumberg, PhD, FASN, FACN, CNS-SProfessor, Friedman School of Nutrition Scienceand Policy; Senior Scientist, AntioxidantsResearch Laboratory, Tufts UniversityBoston, MAJohn Thor Arnason, PhDProfessor, Dept. of BiologyUniversity of OttawaOttawa, ON, CanadaGary N. Asher, MD, MPHAssociate Professor of Family MedicineUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NCValerie A. Assinewe, PhDNVision Insight Group, Inc.Ottawa, ON, CanadaRobert Alan Bonakdar, MDDirector of Pain ManagementScripps Center for Integrative MedicineLa Jolla, CAKerry BoneDirector, Research and DevelopmentIntegria Healthcare, Warwick, AustraliaNancy L. Booth, PhDBethesda, MDDeni BownAuthor & Photographer, Xàbia, SpainDennis V. C. Awang, PhD, FCICMediPlant Natural Products Consulting ServicesOttawa, ON, CanadaThomas BrendlerFounder/CEO, PlantaPhileCollingswood, NJJoanne Barnes, PhDAssociate Professor in Herbal MedicinesSchool of Pharmacy, University of AucklandAuckland, New ZealandJosef BrinckmannResearch Fellow, Medicinal Plants & BotanicalSupply Chain, Traditional Medicinals, Inc.Rohnert Park, CABruce Barrett, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of Family MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison Medical SchoolMadison, WIFrancis Brinker, NDAuthor, Tucson, AZMarilyn Barrett, PhDPharmacognosy Consulting ServiceMill Valley, CAK. Hüsnü Can Başer, PhDProfessor of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy,Near East University, Nicosia, Northern CyprusRudolf Bauer, PhDDepartment of PharmacognosyInstitute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of GrazGraz, AustriaEzra Bejar, PhDComputational Science Research CenterSan Diego State UniversitySan Diego, CAStacey J. Bell, DScNutritional ConsultantBelmont, MABradley C. Bennett, PhDProfessor of Biology, Florida InternationalUniversity, Miami, FL2 2 ISSUEISSUERobert G. Chapman, PhDChief Operating Officer, Dosecann Inc.,Charlottetown, PEI, CanadaJoseph M. Betz, PhDActing Director, Office of Dietary SupplementsUS National Institutes of HealthRockville, MDCindy K. Angerhofer, PhDExecutive Director of Botanical Research, AvedaMinneapolis, MNWendy L. Applequist, PhDAssociate Curator, William L. Brown CenterMissouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MOIl-Moo Chang, PhDDirector, Korea-China Collaboration Center forTraditional Oriental Medicine Research; ProfessorEmeritus, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, KoreaDonald J. Brown, NDNatural Product Research ConsultantsSeattle, WAPaula N. Brown, PhDDirector of Applied Research in Biosciences BritishColumbia Institute of TechnologyBurnaby, BC, CanadaVeronika Butterweck, PhDMedical Director, Max Zeller Söhne AGRomanshorn, SwitzerlandJohn H. Cardellina II, PhDReeves Group, Virginia Beach, VAThomas J.S. Carlson, MS, MDAssociate Adjunct Professor, Dept. of IntegrativeBiology; Director, Center for Health, Ecology,Biodiversity, & Ethnobiology; Curator ofEthnobotany, University and Jepson Herbaria;University of CaliforniaBerkeley, CANadja B. Cech, PhDPatricia A. Sullivan Distinguished Professor ofChemistry, The University of North Carolina atGreensboro, Greensboro, NC130 2021 www.herbalgram.org130 2021 www.herbalgram.orgRay Cooper, PhDThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong;PhytoScience, St Louis, MOZoë Gardner, PhDConsultant, Greenfield, MAPatricia L. Gerbarg, MDAssistant Clinical Professor in Psychiatry, NewYork Medical College; Co-Chair of the Caucus onComplementary & Integrative Medicine of theAmerican Psychiatric Association, Kingston, NYGabriel I. Giancaspro, PhDCharles Rice Distinguished Scientific Fellow &Head of Compendial Policy, Dept. of DocumentaryStandards & Compendial PolicyUnited States Pharmacopeia, Rockville, MDJoe Graedon, MSAuthor, Syndicated Columnist, Radio HostDurham, NCMindy Green, MSGreen Scentsations, LLCBoulder, COJerry Cott, PhDSenior Pharmacologist (retired)Fulton, MD, and Nicosia, CyprusFrank L. Greenway, MDMedical Director and ProfessorPennington Biomedical Research Center of theLouisiana State University SystemBaton Rouge, LAPaul Alan Cox, PhDExecutive Director, Institute for EthnomedicineJackson, WYJoerg Gruenwald, PhDFounder and Chief Scientific Advisoranalyze & realize GmbH, Berlin, GermanyLyle E. Craker, PhDProfessor, Medicinal Plant ProgramUniversity of MassachusettsAmherst, MAMimi Guarneri, MD, FACCFounder & Director, Guarneri Integrative HealthLa Jolla, CAAmanda McQuade CrawfordClinical Psychotherapist & Medical HerbalistPhytoHumana (Integrative Health Practice)Ojai, CAEdward M. Croom, Jr., PhDAdjunct Associate Professor of PharmacognosyUniversity of MississippiOxford, MSMuriel Cuendet, PhDAssociate Professor, School of PharmaceuticalSciences, University of Geneva and the Universityof Lausanne, Geneva, SwitzerlandAlan M. Dattner, MDFounder, HolisticDermatology.comManhattan and New Rochelle, NYWade Davis, PhDBC Leadership Chair in Cultures & Ecosystemsat Risk, Professor of Anthropology, & FacultyAssociate, Liu Institute for Global Issues Universityof British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CanadaSteven Dentali, PhDIndustry Consultant, Dentali Botanical SciencesRedondo Beach, CASubhuti Dharmananda, PhDDirector, Institute for Traditional MedicinePortland, ORHardy Eshbaugh, PhDProfessor Emeritus, Miami UniversityOxford, OHTrish Flaster, MSExecutive Director, Botanical Liaisons, LLCBoulder, COPaula M. Gardiner, MD, MPHAssistant Professor, Dept. of Family MedicineBoston University Medical SchoolBoston, MADe-An Guo, PhDProfessor, Shanghai Research Center for TCMModernization, Shanghai Institute of MateriaMedica, Shanghai, ChinaAmeenah Firdaus Gurib-Fakim, PhDPresident of Mauritius; Director, Centre forPhytotherapy & Research (CEPHYR) Ltd.Cyber City, Ebene, MauritiusBill J. Gurley Jr., PhDPrincipal Scientist, National Center for NaturalProducts Research, University of MississippiOxford, MSCharlotte Gyllenhaal, PhDAdjunct Assistant Professor of PharmacognosyCollege of Pharmacy, University of Illinois atChicago; Research Program Manager, Block Centerfor Integrative Cancer Care, Skokie, ILPierre S. Haddad, PhDProfessor of PharmacologyUniversité de MontréalMontreal, Quebec, CanadaMary Hardy, MDGeorge Washington Master’s inIntegrative Medicine; Wellness WorksValley Village, CAJames Harnly, PhDResearch Leader, Food Composition and MethodsLaboratory, Agricultural Research Service,US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MDMichael Heinrich, Dr. rer. nat. habil.Professor and Cluster Lead, Research ClusterBiodiversity & Medicines, UCL School of PharmacyLondon, UKChristopher Hobbs, PhD, LAc, AHGResearch Scientist, Herbalist, AuthorDavis, CAFreddie Ann Hoffman, MDCEO and Managing MemberHeteroGeneity, LLC , Washington, DC

David Hoffmann, BSc, FNIMHChief Medical Herbalist, Author, and ResearchAssociate, Traditional Medicinals, Inc.Rohnert Park, CARachel Mata, PhDProfessor of PharmacognosyUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MexicoMexico City, MexicoTori Hudson, NDClinical Professor, National University of NaturalMedicine, Portland, ORWill C. McClatchey, PhDThousand Arbor RefugeEugene, ORMaurice M. Iwu, PhDPresident, Bioresources Development andConservation ProgrammeWuse District, Abuja, NigeriaJoe-Ann McCoy, PhDPlant PhysiologistHendersonville, NCHolly E. Johnson, PhDChief Science OfficerAmerican Herbal Products AssociationSilver Spring, MDEdward Kennelly, PhDAssociate Professor and Chair, Dept. of BiologicalSciences, Lehman College, City University of NewYork, Bronx, NYIkhlas Khan, PhDResearch Professor of Pharmacognosy, Director,National Center for Natural Products ResearchUniversity of Mississippi, Oxford, MSSteven King, PhDEVP, Sustainable Supply, EthnobotanicalResearch, and IP, Jaguar Health, Inc.San Francisco, CAUwe Koetter, PhDPrincipal and Founder, Dr. Koetter ConsultingServices, Uttwil, SwitzerlandDavid J. Kroll, PhDProfessor, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences;Director, Master's Degree & Certificate Programs,University of Colorado Skaggs School ofPharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences; Aurora, COThomas L. Kurt, MD, MPHAdjunct Professor of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX (Based in Aspen, CO)Danna J. Leaman, PhDCo-Chair, Medicinal Plant Specialist Group,Species Survival Commission, InternationalUnion for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)Maberly, ON, CanadaRoberta A. Lee, MDPantano Physician OfficesUniversity of Arizona, Tucson, AZSusan Leopold, PhDExecutive Director, United Plant SaversEast Barre, VTMartha M. Libster, PhD, APRNExecutive Director, Self-Care Institute,Golden Apple Healing Arts; Director, NursingAcademic Partnership Design, Rogers BehavioralHealth System, Wauwatosa, WITieraona Low Dog, MDFounding Director, Medicine Lodge RanchPecos, NMDouglas “Duffy” MacKay, NDSenior Vice President, Scientific & RegulatoryAffairs, CV Sciences, Inc.San Diego, CARobin J. Marles, PhDSenior Scientific Advisor, Nutrition PremarketAssessment Division, Bureau of NutritionalSciences, Health CanadaOttawa, ON, CanadaDennis J. McKenna, PhDAssistant Professor, Center for Spirituality &Healing, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MNJohn McPartland, DOPrivate PracticeVermont Alternative Medicine, Inc.Middlebury, VTG.N. Qazi, PhDVice Chancellor, Hamdard UniversityNew Delhi, IndiaMichael S. Tempesta, PhDManaging Partner and Founder, Phenolics, LLCEl Granada, CAJohn Rashford, PhDProfessor of AnthropologyCollege of Charleston, Charleston, SCBarbara N. Timmermann, PhDChairperson-Professor of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of KansasLawrence, KSJohn M. Riddle, PhDAlumni Distinguished Professor Emeritus ofHistory, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NCEloy Rodriguez, PhDJames A. Perkins Endowed Professor,Research Scientist, Ethnobotanical Medicine andZoopharmacognosy, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NYAviva Romm, MDBoston, MAMark Messina, PhD, MSPresident, Nutrition Matters, Inc.Eau Claire, WIRobert Rountree, MDPractitioner, Boulder Wellcare, Inc.Boulder, CO; Chief Medical Officer, ThorneResearch, Inc., Summerville, SCMarc S. Micozzi, MD, PhDPrivate Practice in Forensic Medicine;Policy Institute for Integrative MedicineBethesda, MDEthan B. Russo, MDFounder & CEOCReDO Science LLCVashon, WASimon Y. MillsHerbal Strategist, Pukka HerbsKeynsham, EnglandJerome Sarris, PhDProfessor of Integrative Mental HealthDeputy Director, NICM Health Research Institute,Western Sydney UniversityWestmead, NSW, AustraliaDaniel E. Moerman, PhDWilliam E. Stirton Emeritus Professor ofAnthropology, University of Michigan-DearbornDearborn, MIWilliam Morris, PhD, DAOM, LAcPresident Emeritus, AOMA Graduate School ofIntegrative Medicine, Austin, TXSusan Murch, PhDAssociate Professor and Canada Research Chair inNatural Products Chemistry, University of BritishColumbia-Kelowna, Kelowna, BC, CanadaJames Neal-KababickFounder and DirectorFlora Research Laboratories, LLCGrants Pass, ORNicholas H. Oberlies, PhDPatricia A. Sullivan Distinguished Professorof Chemistry, University of North Carolina atGreensboro, Greensboro, NCAndrea Ottesen, PhDResearch Area Coordinator for MetagenomicsDivision of Microbiology/Center for Food Safetyand Applied Nutrition/FDA; Adjunct AssistantProfessor/Plant Sciences and LandscapeArchitecture/UMD, College Park, MDAlexander Panossian, PhDScience and Research Director, Europharma USAGreen Bay, WIGuido F. Pauli, PhD, FAPAProfessor & Director, PCRPS, Institute forTuberculosis Research, and Dept. of MedicinalChemistry & Pharmacognosy, College ofPharmacy, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, ILJoseph E. Pizzorno, Jr., NDPresident Emeritus, Bastyr University;Editor, Integrative Medicine: A Clinician's JournalSeattle, WAMark J. Plotkin, PhDCo-founder & PresidentAmazon Conservation TeamArlington, VARic ScalzoFounder, Gaia Herbs, Inc.Brevard, NCAlexander G. Schauss, PhD, FACN, CFSSenior Research Director & CEO, Natural &Medicinal Products Research, AIBMR LifeSciences, Seattle, WA; Bio5 Institute and Collegeof Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZPaul SchulickFounder, For the Biome LLC;Founder and Formulator, New Chapter, Inc.Brattleboro, VTNavindra Seeram, PhDAssociate Professor of PharmacognosyUniversity of Rhode Island College of PharmacyKingston, RIVictor Sierpina, MDAssociate Professor of Family Practice MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TXJames E. Simon, PhDProfessor, Director of the Center for New UseAgriculture and Natural Plant ProductsRutgers University, New Brunswick, NJEd SmithCo-founder, Herb Pharm, Williams, ORMichael Smith, ND, BPharmNatural Products ConsultantStratford, ON, CanadaS. H. Sohmer, PhD, FLSFaculty Affiliate, George Mason UniversityFairfax, VAPaul Stamets, DScDirector of Research, Fungi LaboratoriesFungi Perfecti, LLC, Olympia, WAMichael Tims, PhDAcademic Director of Herbal ProgramsMaryland University of Integrative HealthLaurel, MDAlain Touwaide, PhDScientific Director, Institute for the Preservationof Medical TraditionsWashington, DCNancy Turner, PhDDistinguished Professor and EthnobotanistEnvironmental Studies ProgramUniversity of VictoriaVictoria, BC, CanadaRoy UptonExecutive DirectorAmerican Herbal PharmacopoeiaScotts Valley, CAAlvaro Viljoen, PhDNational Research Chair in PhytomedicineDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesTshwane University of TechnologyPretoria, South AfricaJohn WeeksPublisher-Editor, The Integrator BlogSeattle, WAAndrew T. Weil, MDDirector, Andrew Weil Center for IntegrativeMedicine, University of ArizonaTucson, AZElizabeth Williamson, PhDProfessor of Pharmacy and Director of PharmacyPractice, University of ReadingReading, UKDavid Winston, RH (AHG)Director, Herbal Therapeutics Research LibraryHerbalist & Alchemist, Inc.Washington, NJHans Wohlmuth, PhDHead of Research & DevelopmentMediHerb/Integria HealthcareBallina, NSW, AustraliaJacqueline C. Wootton, MEdFounder and First Director, HerbMed/Pro;Former Director, Alternative MedicineFoundation, North Yorkshire, UKPeiying Yang, PhDAssistant Professor, Dept. of General Oncology,Section of Integrative MedicineUniversity of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TXEric L. Yarnell, NDAssistant Professor, Bastyr UniversityKenmore, WAZhongzhen Zhao, PhD, MHAssociate Dean and Chair ProfessorTeaching and Research DivisionHong Kong Baptist UniversityHong Kong, ChinaNatascha Techen, PhDSenior Research ScientistNational Center for Natural Products ResearchUniversity of Mississippi, Oxford, MSwww.herbalgram.org 2021 I S S U E 130 3www.herbalgram.org 2021 I S S U E 130 3

The Journal ofthe AmericanBotanical Council50Radiant Redouté:Botanical Artworkof ‘the Raphael ofFlowers’By Connor YearsleyBorn in present-day Belgium,Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840) is widely considered one ofthe greatest botanical artists ever.He produced more than 2,000paintings of more than 1,800plant species, many of which werepublished in volumes as copperstipple engravings. In 1782,Redouté arrived in Paris, where hebegan designing stage scenery anddepicting plants at the Jardin duRoi. Eventually, due to his skill andpersonality, he gained influentialpatrons, including Queen MarieAntoinette and Empress JoséphineBonaparte. Napoleon even usedsome of Redouté’s work as officialdiplomatic gifts. In 2019, art bookpublisher Taschen published PierreJoseph Redouté: The Book of Flowers, which includes a large sampleof engravings of Redouté’s paintings and provides a glimpse intoa bygone Paris. This feature article includes 11 engravings fromTaschen’s beautiful 608-pagebook. HerbalGram is grateful toTaschen for generously providingthese historical botanical prints.66Leadwort (Plumbago auriculata) engraving from Redouté’sChoix (1827–1833). Courtesy of Taschen, Cologne.Indena Centennial: Finding Quality in Nature and ScienceBy Karen RatermanAs part of ABC’s “Legacy Herb Companies” series, guest contributor Karen Raterman reports on the100th anniversary of Milan, Italy-based Indena SpA. The company credits its longevity to its family-ownedmodel, a deep respect for the link between nature and science, and its forward-thinking strategies. Since1921, Indena has weathered war, economic crises, and leaps in technological advances and remains a thriving manufacturer of natural products. The company’s product catalog emphasizes scientific rigor, safety,and efficacy, which includes control over the supply chain from seed to shelf. Indena representatives saythat their focus on sustainability is beneficial for both the company and the health of the planet.4 ISSUE130 2021 www.herbalgram.org

departments1644Dear ReaderHerb ProfileDark Chocolate Improves VerbalEpisodic Memory Compared toWhite Chocolate in Healthy YoungAdultsABC NewsABC Weathers Winter Storm Uriwith Damage to Greenhouse andGardens20BAPP NewsABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program Marks 10Years of Research and Education inthe Botanical Ingredients MarketplaceBotanical Adulterants PreventionProgram Publishes Olive Oil Laboratory Guidance Document34Research ReviewsSystematic Review Shows OralIntake of Ginger May Improve Postpartum Nausea and Vomiting, Digestion, Inflammation, and ColorectalCancer Risk MarkersArtichokeCynara cardunculus (syn. C. scolymus)Family: Asteraceae18ContributorsSystematic Review of Human TrialsRegarding Dosage, Efficacy, andSafety of CBD in Adults50FeaturesRadiant Redouté: Botanical Artworkof ‘the Raphael of Flowers’Indena Centennial: Finding Qualityin Nature and Science74Book ReviewsTales from the Elder: AdulterationIssues of Elder BerryCannabis Healing: A Guide to theTherapeutic Use of CBD, THC & OtherCannabinoidsWorld NewsNatural Woman: Herbal Remediesfor Radiant Health at Every Age andStage of LifeOlivia Newton-John Foundation toFund Research on Herbal Therapiesfor CancerHerbarium: The Quest to Preserve andClassify the World’s PlantsInstitute for the Preservation ofMedical Traditions Seeks New Homefor Its Research CollectionThe Murder of Guatemalan MayaSpiritual Guide Jesús Choc YatThe Autumn Crocus and Its Constituent Colchicine: The Story of a LateBloomer300 Herbs: Their Indications &Contraindications, 2nd ed.80Rebecca E. AdamsMichael J. Balick, PhDPascale J.N. BellengerTravis BorchardtJosef BrinckmannMelanie BushIdo DaganDavid L. Erickson, PhDNicolas G. Feuillère, PhDMariann Garner-WizardShari HensonJustine H. JoliboisJames Lake, MDMaria J. Monagas, PhDTimothy Murray, PhDJenny PerezKaren RatermanSamaara RobbinsJeremy Stewart, PhDSidney SudbergMathieu Y.R. TenonNishi WhiteleyMarisa Williams, NDDavid Winston, RH(AHG)Hong You, PhDFood as MedicinePerilla (Perilla frutescens var. crispa,Lamiaceae)HerbalGram StaffMark BlumenthalEditor-in-Chief/PublisherTyler SmithManaging EditorMatthew MagruderArt DirectorHannah BaumanAssociate EditorConnor YearsleyAssistant EditorStefan Gafner, PhDScience EditorTamarind ReavesCopy EditorSteven FosterContributing EditorGayle EngelsContributing EditorJosef BrinckmannContributing EditorOn the CoverAutumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale)engraving from Redouté’s Les Liliacées(1802–1815). Courtesy of Taschen, Cologne.Sahar HanrahanAdvertising Sales512-926-4900 ext. ublished by the American Botanical Council, P.O. Box 144345, Austin, TX 78714-4345HerbalGram is printedon recycled paper atCraftsman Printers, Inc.Lubbock, TexasSubscriptions to HerbalGram are a benefit of ABC membership at every level. One-year memberships: Individual 50; Academic 100; Professional 150; Organizational 300;Retailer 175; HerbClip Service 600; Small Business; Sponsor. Add 20 for memberships outside of the U.S. Student and Senior discounts are available.For information about Small Business or Sponsor Memberships, contact Denise Meikel at denise@herbalgram.org or 512-926-4900. 2021 American Botanical Council. ISSN #08102-5648. Printed in the U.S.A.The information in HerbalGram is intended for educational purposes only and is not a substitution for the advice of a qualified health care professional. Although we attempt to ensurethat advertising in HerbalGram is truthful and not misleading, the publication of an ad for a product or company in HerbalGram does not constitute an endorsement by ABC of theproduct or the company being advertised. Publication of an ad that makes a health claim or structure-function claim does not necessarily constitute an approval of that claim by ABC.Further, ABC has not reviewed any manufacturer’s Good Manufacturing Practices.www.herbalgram.org 2021 I S S U E 130 5

HERB PROFILEArtichoke Cynara cardunculusPhoto 2021 Matthew MagruderArtichokeCynara cardunculus (syn. C. scolymus)Family: AsteraceaeBy Josef Brinckmann and Marisa Williams, NDINTRODUCTIONA member of the daisy family (Asteraceae), the genusCynara is small, and the classification of species in this genuscontinues to evolve. In the 18th and 19th centuries, it wasbelieved that there were three Cynara species.1 In a 1992study, a taxonomic revision of the genus proposed the recognition of eight Cynara species and four subspecies.2 Presently,the Plants of the World Online (POWO) database of the RoyalBotanic Gardens, Kew, includes 10 accepted Cynara species.3Although much of the literature has treated C. cardunculusand C. scolymus as separate species, the latter is now considered a synonym of C. cardunculus.3 Cynara cardunculus isa species complex that contains three taxa: globe artichoke(var. scolymus), cultivated or leafy cardoon (var. altilis), andwild perennial cardoon (var. sylvestris),4 the latter believed tobe the wild progenitor of both varieties altilis and scolymus.5,66 ISSUE130 2021 www.herbalgram.orgThere are also two accepted subspecies, C. cardunculus subsp.flavescens and C. cardunculus subsp. zingaroensis.3 The Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus, Asteraceae), nativeto parts of Canada and the United States, should not beconfused with artichoke or cardoon and is outside the scopeof this article.Cynara cardunculus is a perennial plant with a rosetteof large pinnate leaves that are green above, white below,and strongly veined. From the second year of growth, largeflowerheads of tubular purple flowers bloom on branchedstalks. The fleshy floral receptacle at the base of the inflorescence bracts is edible and constitutes the popular food itemknown as artichoke heart.7 This article focuses mainly onthe medicinally used substances from this plant, including“Cynarae folium,” desc

2 I SSUE 130 2021 www.herbalgram.org ABC Advisory Board Each issue of HerbalGram is peer reviewed by members of the ABC Advisory Board and other qualified experts before publication. 2 I SSUE 130 2021 www.herbalgram.org Donald I. Abrams, MD Professor of Clinical Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA