Chapter 13 - The Neonate And The Environment

Transcription

REFERENCES1. Abdallah B, Badr LK, Hawwari M: The efficacy of massage onshort and long term outcomes in preterm infants, Infant BehavDev 36:662, 2013.2. Abujarir R, Salama H, Greer W, et al: The impact of earmuffs onvital signs in the neonatal intensive care unit, J Neonatal PerinatalMed 5:249, 2012.3. Aita M, Johnston C, Goulet C, et al: Intervention minimizingpreterm infants’ exposure to NICU light and noise, Clin NursRes 22:337, 2013.4. Allen KA: Promoting and protecting infant sleep, Adv NeonatalCare 12:288, 2012.5. Als H: Program guide: Newborn Individualized Developmental Careand Assessment Program (NIDCAP)—an education and training program for health care professionals, ed 11, Boston, 2008, Children’sMedical Center Corp.6. Als H, Duffy F, McAnulty G, et al: Early experience alters brainfunction and structure, Pediatrics 113:846, 2004.7. Als H, Duffy FH, McAnulty G, et al: Is the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP)effective for preterm infants with intrauterine growth restriction? J Perinatol 31:130, 2011.8. Als H, Duffy FH, McAnulty G, et al: NIDCAP improves brainfunction and structure in preterm infants with severe intrauterine growth restriction, J Perinatol 32:797, 2012.9. Als H, Gilkerson L: The role of relationship-based developmentally supportive newborn intensive care in strengthening outcome of preterm infants, Semin Perinatol 21:178, 1997.10. Als H, Gilkerson L, Duffy F, et al: A three-center, randomized,controlled trial of individualized developmental care for verylow birth weight preterm infants: medical, neurodevelopmental, parenting, and caregiving effects, J Dev Behav Pediatr 24:399,2003.11. Als H, Lawhon G, Brown E, et al: Toward a research instrument for the assessment of preterm infant’s behavior (APIB). InFitzgerals HE, Lester BM, Yogman MW, editors: Theory and research in behavioral pediatrics, vol. 1, New York, 1982, Plenum Press.12. Altimier L, Lutes L: Co-bedding multiples, Newborn Infant NursRev 1:205, 2001.13. Aly H, Moustafa M, Hassanein S, et al: Physical activity combined with massage improves bone mineralization in prematureinfants: a randomized control trial, J Perinatol 24:305, 2004.14. American Academy of Pediatrics: Hearing assessment in infantsand children: recommendations beyond neonatal screening, Pediatrics 124:1252, 2009.15. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Hospital Care,and Institute for Family-Centered Care: Patient-and familycentered care and the pediatrician’s role, Pediatrics 129:394,2012.16. American Academy of Pediatrics, Joint Committee on InfantHearing: Supplement to the JCIH 2007 Position Statement:principles and guidelines for early intervention after confirmation that a child is deaf or hard of hearing, Pediatrics 131:e1324,2013.17. American Academy of Pediatrics, Task Force on Sudden InfantDeath syndrome (SIDS) and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths:Expansion of recommendations for a safe infant sleeping environment, Pediatrics 128:e1341, 2011.18. Anderson G, Chiu S, Dombrowski M, et al: Mother-newborncontact in a randomized trial of kangaroo (skin-to-skin) care, JObstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 32:604, 2003.19. Appleton S: “Handle with care”: an investigation of the handlingreceived by preterm infants in intensive care, J Neonatal Nurs31:23, 1997.20. Arvedson J, Clark H, Lazarus C, et al: Evidence-based systematicreview: effects of oral motor interventions on feeding and swallowing in preterm infants, Am J Speech-Language Pathol 19:321,2010.21. Ayres C, Agranonik MK, Portella AK, et al: Intrauterine growthrestriction and the fetal programming of the hedonic responseto sweet taste in newborn infants, Int J Pediatr July 18, 2012.Epub ahead of print.22. Azevedo VM, Xavier CC, Gontijo FO: Safety of kangaroo mothercare in intubated neonates under 1500 g, J Trop Pediatr 58:38,2012.23. Bache M, Pizon E, Jacobs J, et al: Effects of pre-feeding oral stimulation on oral feeding in preterm infants: a randomized clinicaltrial, Early Human Dev 90:125, 2014.24. Balaguer A, Escribano J, Roque M, et al: Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation, Cochrane Database SystRev 3:CD003668, 2013.25. Banerjee SB, Liu RC: Storing maternal memories: hypothesizing an interaction of experience and estrogen on sensory corticalplasticity to learn infant cues, Front Neuroendocrinol 34:300, 2013.26. Barker D: Mothers, babies and health in later life, ed 2, London, 1998,Churchill Livingstone.27. Barlow SM, Finan DF, Lee J, et al: Synthetic orocutaneous stimulation entrains preterm infants with feeding difficulties to suck,J Perinatol 28:541, 2008.28. Barreto ED, Morris BH, Philbin MK, et al: Do former preterminfants remember and respond to neonatal intensive care unitnoise? Early Human Dev 82:703, 2006.29. Bell SM, Ainsworth MD: Infant crying and maternal responsiveness, Child Dev 43:1171, 1972.30. Bembich S, Oretti C, Travan L, et al: Effects of prone and supine position on cerebral blood flow in preterm infants, J Pediatr160:162, 2012.31. Bhat R, Leipala J, Singh N, et al: Effect of posture on oxygenation, lung volume, and respiratory mechanics in premature infants studied before discharge, Pediatrics 112:29, 2003.32. Bigelow A, Power M, MacLellan-Peters J, et al: Effect of mother/infant skin-to-skin contact on postpartum depressive symptomsand maternal physiologic stress, J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs41:369, 2012.33. Bingham PM, Ashikaga T, Abassi S: Prospective study of nonnutritive sucking and feeding skills in premature infants, Arch DisChild Fetal Neonatal Ed 95:F194, 2010.34. Bingham PM, Churchill D, Ashikaga T: Breast milk odor via olfactometer for tube-fed, premature infants, Behav Res Methods39:630, 2007.35. Blomqvist YT, Ewald U, Gradin M, et al: Initiation and extent ofskin-to-skin care in two Swedish neonatal intensive care units,Acta Paediatr 102:22, 2013.36. Blomqvist YT, Frolund L, Rubertsson C, Nyqvist KH: Provision of Kangaroo Mother Care: supportive factors and barriersperceived by parents, Scand J Caring Science 27:345, 2013.37. Boiron M, DaNobrega L, Roux S, et al: Effects of oral stimulation and oral support on non-nutritive sucking and feedingperformance in preterm infants, Dev Med Child Neurol 49:439,2007.38. Boju SL, Gopi KM, Uppala R, et al: Short spell kangaroo mothercare and its differential physiological influence in subgroups ofpreterm babies, J Trop Pediatr 58:189, 2012.314.e1

314.e2 References39. Bonifacio SL, Glass HC, Peloquin S, Ferriero DM: A new neurological focus in neonatal intensive care, Nat Rev Neurol 7:485,2011.40. Bowlby J: Attachment, New York, 1973, Basic Books.41. Bowlby J: Loss, New York, 1980, Basic Books.42. Brandon D, Holditch-Davis D, Belyea M: Preterm infants bornat less than 31 weeks’ gestation have improved growth in cycledlight compared with continuous near darkness, J Pediatr 140:192,2002.43. Brazelton TB: Neonatal behavioral assessment scale, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1984, Spastics International Medical Publishers/Lippincott.44. Brouwers E, van Baar A, Pop V: Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and subsequent infant development, Infant Behav Devel24:95, 2001.45. Browne J: Early relationship environments: physiology of skinto-skin contact for parents and their preterm infants, Clin Perinatol 31:287, 2004.46. Browne J, Ross E: Eating as a neurodevelopmental process forhigh-risk newborns, Clin Perinatol 38:731, 2011.47. Bulock F, Woolridge M, Baum J: Development of coordinationof sucking, swallowing, and breathing: ultrasound study of termand preterm infants, Dev Med Child Neurol 32:669, 1990.48. Bystrova K, Ivanova V, Edhborg M, et al: Early contact versusseparation: effects on mother-infant interaction one year later,Birth 36:97, 2009.49. Calciolari G, Montirosso R: The sleep protection in the preterminfants, J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 24:12, 2011.50. Cameron EC, Traingangar V, Khoori N: Effects of handling procedures on pain responses of very low birth weight infants, Pediatric Physical Therapy 19:40, 2007.51. Carfoot S,Williamson P, Dickson R: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials evaluating the effect of mother/babyskin-to-skin care on successful breast feeding,, Midwifery 19:148,2003.52. Carpenter R, McGarvey C, Mitchell EA, et al: Bed sharingwhen parents do not smoke: is there a risk of SIDS? An individual level analysis of five major case-control studies, BMJ Open3:pii:eoo2299.doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002299, 2013.53. Caskey M, Stephens B, Tucker R, Vohr B: Importance of parenttalk on the development of preterm infant vocalizations, Pediatrics 128:910, 2011.54. Caskey M, Stephens B, Tucker R, Vohr B: Adult talk in theNICU with preterm infants and developmental outcomes, Pediatrics 133:e578, 2014.55. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Suffocation deathsassociated with use of infant sleep positioners—United States,1997–2011, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 61(46):933, 2012.56. Chang Y, Anderson G, Lin C: Effects of prone and supine positions on sleep state and stress responses in mechanically ventilated preterm infants during the first postnatal week, J Adv Nurs40:161, 2002.57. Chen S, Tzeng Y, Gau B, et al: Effects of prone and supine positioning on gastric residuals in preterm infants: a time series withcross-over study, Int J Nur Stud 50:1459, 2013.58. Chorna OD, Slaughter JC, Wang L, et al: A pacifier-activatedmusic player with mother’s voice improves oral feeding in preterm infants, Pediatrics 133:462, 2014.59. Christensson K, Cabrera T, Christensson E, et al: Separation distress call in the human neonate in the absence of maternal bodycontact, Acta Paediatr 84:468, 1995.60. Christensson K, Siles C, Moreno L, et al: Temperature, metabolicadaptation and crying in healthy full-term newborns cared forskin-to-skin or in a cot, Acta Paediatr 81:488, 1992.61. Collins C, Crowther C, Ryan P, et al: Effects of bottles, cupsand dummies on breast feeding in preterm infants: a randomizedcontrolled trial, BMJ 329:193, 2004.62. Colson ER, Willinger M, Rybin D, et al: Trends and factors associated with infant bed sharing, 1993–2010: the National InfantSleep Position Study, JAMA Pediatrics 167:1032, 2013.63. Conde-Agudelo A, Diaz-Rossello J, Belzan J: Kangaroo mothercare to reduce morbidity and mortality in LBW infants, CochraneDatabase Syst Rev 16:CD002771, 2011.64. Consensus Committee to Establish Recommended Standards:Standards for newborn ICU design, January 26, 2012. Accessed September 17, 2013, from www.nd.edu/nicudes/nicu.html.65. Corff KE, Seideman R,Venkataraman PS, et al: Facilitated tucking: a nonpharmacologic comfort measure for pain in pretermneonates, J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 24:143, 1995.66. Coughlin M, Gibbins S, Hoath S: Core measures for developmentally supportive care in neonatal intensive care units: theory,precedence and practice, J Adv Nurs 65:2239, 2009.67. DaCosta SP, van der Schans CP, Zweens MJ, et al: Developmentof sucking patterns in preterm infants with bronchopulmonarydysplasia, Neonatology 98:268, 2010.68. Danford DA, Miske S, Headley J, et al: Effects of routine careprocedures on transcutaneous oxygen in neonates: a quantitativeapproach, Arch Dis Child 58:20, 1983.69. Dangeman BC: The variability of PaO2 in newborn infants inresponse to routine care, Pediatr Res 10:149, 1976.70. Darcy A, Hancock LE, Ware EJ: A descriptive study of noise inthe neonatal intensive care unit, Adv Neonatal Care 8:165, 2008.71. DeCasper AJ, Fifer WP: Of human bonding: newborns prefertheir mother’s voices, Science 208:1175, 1980.72. DeCasper AJ, Spence MJ: Prenatal maternal speech influencesnewborn’s perception of speech sounds, Infant Behav Dev 9:133,1986.73. Delaunay-El Allam M, Soussignan R Patris B, et al: Long-lastingmemory for an odor acquired at the mother’s breast, Dev Sci13:849, 2010.74. Demeril G, Oguz SS, Celik IH, et al: Cerebral and mesenteric tissue oxygenation by positional changes in very low birthweight premature infants, Early Hum Dev 88:409, 2012.75. DeRoiste A, Bushnell I: Cardiorespiratory and transcutaneousoxygen monitoring of high-risk preterms receiving systematicstroking, Int J Prenatal Perinatal Psychol Med 12:89, 2000.76. Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, et al: Preterm infantmassage elicits consistent increases in vagal activity and gastricmotility that are associated with greater weight gain, Acta Paediatr96:1588, 2007.77. Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M: Temperature increasesin preterm infants during massage therapy, Infant Behav Dev31:149, 2008.78. Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M: Preterm infantweight gain is increased by massage therapy and exercise viadifferent underlying mechanisms, Early Human Dev 90:137,2014.79. DiMenna L: Considerations for implementation of a neonatalkangaroo care protocol, Neonatal Netw 25:405, 2006.80. Dobbing J, Sands J: Quantitative growth and development of thehuman brain, Arch Dis Child 48:757, 1973.

References81. Downs JA, Edwards AD, McCormick DC, et al.: Effect of intervention on development of hip posture in very preterm babies,Arch Dis Child 66:797, 1991.82. Drenckpohl D, Dudas R, Justice S, et al: Outcomes from an oralfeeding protocol implemented in the NICU, ICAN 1:6, 2009.83. Dreyfus-Brisac C: Organization of sleep in preterms: implicationsfor caretaking. In Lewis M, Rosenblum LA, editors: The effect of theinfant on its caregiver, New York, 1974, John Wiley & Sons.84. Dreyfus-Brisac C: Ontogenesis of brain bioelectric activity andsleep organization in neonates and infants. In Faulkner F,Tanner JM,editors: Human growth, vol. 3, New York, 1979, Plenum Publishing.85. Dubowitz L, Dubowitz V, Mercuri E: The neurologic assessmentof the preterm and full-term newborn infant, Clinics in DevelopmentalMedicine 148, London, 1999, University Press.86. Duran R, Ciftdemir NA, Ozbek UV, et al: The effects of noisereduction with earmuffs on the physiologic and behavioral responses in very low birth weight preterm infants, Int J PediatrOtorhinolaryngol 76:1490, 2012.87. Duxbury ML, Henly SJ, Broz LJ, et al: Caregiver disruptions andsleep of high-risk infants, Heart Lung 13:141, 1984.88. Eckerman C, Hsu H, Molitor A, et al: Infant arousal in an en faceexchange with a new partner: effects of prematurity and perinatal biological risk, Dev Psychol 35:282, 1999.89. Eckerman C, Oehler J, Hannan T, et al: The development priorto term age of very prematurely born newborns’ responsivenessin en face exchanges, Infant Behav Dev 18:283, 1995.90. Eckerman C, Oehler J, Medvin M, et al: Premature newborns associal partners before term age, Inf Behav Dev 17:55, 1994.91. Elitt CM, Rosenberg PA: The challenge in understanding cerebral white matter injury in the premature infant, Neuroscience12:276, 2014.92. Elser HE: Positioning after feeding: what is the evidence to reduce feeding intolerance? Adv Neonatal Nurs 12:172, 2012.93. Elser HE: Bathing basics, Adv Neonatal Care 13:188, 2013.94. Elser HE, Holditch-Davis D, Levy J, Brandon DH: The effectsof environmental noise and infant position on cerebral oxygenation, Adv Neonat Care 12:S18, 2012.95. Engler A, Ludington-Hoe S, Cusson R, et al: Kangaroo care:national survey of practice, knowledge, barriers, and perceptions,MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 27:146, 2002.96. Erikson EH: Childhood and society, ed 2, New York, 1963, W.W.Norton and Company.97. Evans J: Comparison of two NICU patterns of caregiving over24 hours for preterm infants, Neonatal Netw 13:87, 1994.98. Evans J, McCartney E, Roth-Sautler C: Desaturation or bradycardic events following caregiving in the NICU, Neonatal Intensive Care 4:20, 2000.99. Evans J, Vogelpohl D, Bourguignon C, et al: Pain behaviors inLBW infants accompanying some “nonpainful” caregiving procedures, Neonatal Netw 16:33, 1997.100. Fairhurst MT, Loken L, Grossmann T: Physiological and behavioral responses reveal 9 month old infants’ sensitivity to pleasanttouch, Psychol Sci 25:1124, 2014.101. Fallah R, Akhavan KS, Golestan M, Fromandi M: Sunflower oilversus no oil moderate pressure massage leads to greater increasesin weight in preterm neonates who are low birth weight, EarlyHum Dev 89:769, 2013.102. Fantz RL, Fagan JF, Miranda SB: Early visual selectivity as a function of pattern variables, previous exposure, age from birth andconception and expected cognitive deficit. In Cohen L, Salaptic P,editors: Infant perception, vol. 1, New York, 1975, Academic Press.314.e3103. Feldman R, Rosenthal Z, Eidelman AI: Maternal-preterm skinto-skin contact enhances child physiologic organization andcognitive control across the first 10 years of life, Biol Psychiatry75:56, 2014.104. Fern D, Graves C, L’Huillier M: Swaddled bathing in the newborn intensive care unit, Newborn Infant Nurs Rev 2:3, 2002.105. Ferreira ASM, Bergamasco NH: Behavioral analysis of pretermneonates included in a tactile and kinesthetic stimulation program during hospitalization, Rev Bras Fisioter 14:141, 2010.106. Field T: Infant massage therapy. In Goldson E, editor: Nurturingthe premature infant, New York, 1999, Oxford University Press.107. Field T, Diego MA, Hernandez-Reif M, et al: Moderate versuslight pressure massage therapy leads to greater weight gain inpreterm infants, Infant Behav Dev 29:574, 2006.108. Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M: Preterm infant massagetherapy research: a review, Infant Behav Dev 33:115, 2010.109. Filippa M, Devouche E, Arioni C, et al: Live maternal speech andsigning have beneficial effects on hospitalized preterm infants,Acta Paediatr 102:1017, 2013.110. Flacking R, Ewald U,Wallin L: Positive effect of kangaroo mother care on long-term breastfeeding in very preterm infants,J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 40:190, 2011.111. Fleisher BE,VandenBerg K, Constantinou J, et al: Individualizeddevelopmental care for very low-birth-weight premature infants,Clin Pediatr 34:523, 1995.112. Fohe K, Kropf S, Avenardius S: Skin-to-skin contact improvesgas exchange in premature infants, J Perinatol 20:311, 2000.113. Franck L, Bernal H, Gale G: Infant holding policies and practicesin neonatal units, Neonatal Netw 21:13, 2002.114. Franck L, Quinn D, Zahr L: Effect of less frequent bathing ofpreterm infants on skin flora and pathogen colonization, J ObstetGynecol Neonatal Nurs 29:584, 2000.115. Freedman DG: Ethnic differences in babies, Hum Nat 2:36, 1979.116. Fucile S, McFarland DH, Gisel EG, Lau C: Oral and nonoralsensorimotor interventions facilitate suck-swallow-respirationfunctions and their coordination in preterm infants, Early Human Dev 88:345, 2012.117. Gay C, Lee K, Lee S: Sleep patterns and fatigue in new mothersand fathers, Biol Res Nurs 5:311, 2004.118. Gelfer P, Cameron R, Masters K, Kennedy KA: Integrating“Back to Sleep” recommendations into neonatal ICU practice,Pediatrics 131:e1264, 2013.119. Gephart SM, Weller M: Colostrum as oral immune therapy topromote neonatal health, Adv Neonatal Care 14:44, 2014.120. Gewolb IH,Vice FL: Maturational changes in rhythms, patterning, and coordination of respiration and swallow during feeding in preterm and term infants, Dev Med Child Neurol 48:589,2006.121. Ghavane S, Murki S, Subramanian S, et al: Kangaroo mother carein Kangaroo ward for improving the growth and breastfeedingoutcomes when reaching term gestational age in very low birthweight infants, Acta Paediatr 101:e545, 2012.122. Goldfield EC, Richardson MJ, Lee KG, Margetts S: Coordination of sucking, swallowing, and breathing and oxygen saturation during early breast-feeding and bottle-feeding, Pediatr Res60:450, 2006.123. Goldson E: Non-nutritive sucking in the sick infant, J Perinatol7:30, 1987.124. Goltzbach S, Edgar D, Ariagno R: Biological rhythmicity inpreterm infants prior to discharge from neonatal intensive care,Pediatrics 95:231, 1995.

314.e4 References125. Gorski PA, Davison MF, Brazelton TB: Stages of behavioralorganization in the high-risk neonate: theoretical and clinicalconsiderations, Semin Perinatol 3:61, 1979.126. Goto K, Mirmiran M, Adams M, et al: More awakenings andheart rate variability during supine sleep in preterm infants, Pediatrics 103:603, 1999.127. Gottfried AW, Gaiter JL: Infant stress under intensive care: environmental neonatology, Baltimore, 1985, University Park Press.128. Gouna G, Raka T, Kuissi E, et al: Positioning effects on lungfunction and breathing pattern in premature newborns, J Pediatr162:1133, 2013.129. Graven S: Early visual development: implications for the neonatal intensive care unit and care, Clin Perinatol 38:671, 2011.130. Grazel R, Phalen AG, Polomano RC: Implementation of theAmerican Academy of Pediatrics recommendations to reducesudden infant death syndrome risk in neonatal intensive careunits: an evaluation of nursing knowledge and practice, Adv Neonatal Care 10:332, 2010.131. Guyer C, Huber R, Fontijn J, et al: Cycled light exposure reducesfussing and crying in very preterm infants, Pediatrics 130:e145, 2012.132. Guzzetta A, D’Acunto MG, Carotenuto M, et al: The effectsof preterm infant massage on brain electrical activity, Dev MedChild Neurol 53(Suppl 4):46, 2011.133. Hake-Brooks S, Anderson GC: Kangaroo care and breastfeeding of mother-preterm infant dyads 0–18 months: a randomized,controlled trial, Neonatal Netw 27:151, 2008.134. Harrison L: Research utilization: handling preterm infants in theNICU, Neonatal Netw 16:65, 1997.135. Harrison L, Leeper J, Yoon M: Effects of early parent touch onpreterm infants’ arterial oxygen saturation and heart rate levels,J Adv Nurs 15:877, 1990.136. Harrison L, Roane C, Weaver M: The relationship betweenphysiological and behavioral measures of stress in preterm infants,, J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 33:236, 2004.137. Harrison L, Williams A, Berbaum M, et al: Physiologic and behavioral effects of gentle human touch on preterm infants, ResNurs Health 23:435, 2000.138. Hassanain SM, El Raggal NM, Shalaby AA: Neonatal nurserynoise: practice-based learning and improvement, J Matern FetalNeonaatl Med 26:392, 2013.139. Heinemann AB, Hellstrom-Westas L, Hedberg Nyqvist K: Factors affecting parents’ presence with their extremely preterminfants in a neonatal intensive care room, Acta Paediatr 102:695,2013.140. Hellerud B, Storm H: Skin conductance and behaviour duringsensory stimulation of preterm and term infants, Early Hum Dev70:35, 2002.141. Hendricks-Munoz KD, Mayers RM: A neonatal nurse trainingprogram in kangaroo mother care (KMC) decreases barriers toKMC utilization in the NICU, Am J Perinatol March 28, 2014.Epub ahead of print.142. Hemingway M, Oliver S: Preterm infant positioning, NeonatalIntensive Care 13:18, 2000.143. Hill A: The effects of nonnutritive sucking and oral support onthe feeding efficiency of preterm infants,, Newborn Infant NursingReviews 5:133, 2005.144. Holditch-Davis D, Torres C, O’Hale A, et al: Standardized restperiods affect the incidence of apnea and rate of weight gain inconvalescent preterm infants, Neonatal Netw 15:87, 1996.145. Holsti L, Grunau RE, Oberlander TF, et al: Prior pain inducesheightened motor responses during clustered care in preterminfants in the NICU, Early Human Dev 81:293, 2005.146. Holsti L, Grunau RE, Whitfield MF, et al: Behavioral responsesto pain are heightened after cluster care in preterm infants bornbetween 30 and 32 weeks gestational age, Clin J Pain 22:757, 2006.147. Horton J, Walderstrom U, Bowman E: Touch of LBW babies inNICU: observations over a 24 hour period, J Neonatal Nurs 4:24,1998.148. Howe TH, Sheu CF, Hinojosa J, et al: Multiple factors related tobottle-feeding performance in preterm infants, Nurs Res 56:307,2007.149. Im H, Kim E, Cain KC: Acute effects of Yakson and Gentle Human Touch on the behavioral state of preterm infants, J ChildHealth Care 13:212, 2009.150. International Hip Dysplasia Institute: Swaddling position statement. Available at: and-primary-careproviders. Accessed October 12, 2013.151. Jadcheria SR, Wang M, Vijayapal AS, Leuthner SR: Impact ofprematurity and co-morbidities on feeding milestones in neonates: a retrospective study, J Perinatol 30:201, 2010.152. Jarus T, Bart O, Rabinovich G, et al: Effects of prone and supinepositions on sleep state and stress responses in preterm infants,Infant Behav Dev 34:257, 2011.153. Jeffery MA, Page M: Why the prone position is a risk factor forsudden infant death syndrome, Pediatrics 104:263, 1999.154. Johnston CC, Filion F, Campbell-Yeo M, et al: Kangaroo carediminishes pain from heel lance in very preterm neonates: acrossover trial, BMC Pediatr 8:13, 2008.155. Jones LR: Oral feeding readiness in the neonatal intensive careunit, Neonatal Netw 31:148, 2012.156. Kadivar M, Mozafarinia SM: Supporting fathers in a NICU: effects of the HUG Your Baby program on fathers’ understandingof preterm infant behavior, J Perinatal Educ 22:113, 2013.157. Kato I, Franco P, Grosswasser J, et al: Incomplete arousal processes in infants who were victims of sudden infant death, Am JRespir Crit Care Med 168:1262, 2003.158. Keene D, Wimmer J, Mathew O: Does supine positioning increase apnea, bradycardia and desaturation in preterm infants?J Perinatol 1:17, 2000.159. Kennell J: The humane neonatal care initiative,, Acta Paediatr88:367, 1999.160. Kirk AT, Adler SC, King JD: Cue-based oral feeding clinicalpathway results in earlier attainment of full oral feeding in premature infants, J Perinatol 27:572, 2007.161. Kish MZ: Oral feeding readiness in preterm infants, Adv NeonatalCare 13:230, 2013.162. Kleberg A, Westrup B, Stjernqvist K, et al: Indications of improved cognitive development at one year of age among infantsborn very prematurely who received care based on the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP ), Early Hum Dev 68:83, 2002.163. Korja R, Maunu J, Kirjavainen J, et al and the PIPARI studygroup: Mother-infant interaction is influenced by the amount ofholding in preterm infants, Early Hum Dev 84:257, 2008.164. Korner AF:The effect of the infants’ state, level of arousal, sex andontogenetic stage on the caregiver. In Lewis M, Rosenblum LA,editors: The effect of the infant on its caregiver, New York, 1974, JohnWiley & Sons.165. Korones S: Disturbances and infant’s rest. In Moore T, editor: Iatrogenic problems in neonatal intensive care, Report of the 69th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research, Columbus, Ohio, 1976, Ross Laboratories.166. Kostandy RR, Ludington-Hoe SM, Cong X, et al: Kangaroocare (skin contact) reduces crying response to pain in pretermneonates: pilot results, Pain Manag Nurs 9:55, 2008.

References167. Krueger C, Horesh E, Crossland BA: Safe sound exposure in thefetus and preterm infant, J Obstet Gynecol Neonat Nurs 41:166, 2012.168. Kuhn P, Astruc D, Messer J, Marlier L: Exploring the olfactoryenvironment of premature newborns: a French survey of healthcare and cleaning products used in neonatal units, Acta Paediatr100:334, 2011.169. Kuhn P, Zores C, Langlet C, et al: Moderate acoustic changescan disrupt the sleep of very preterm infants in their incubators,Acta Paediatr 102:949, 2013.170. Kymre IG, Bondas T: Balancing preterm infants’ developmentalneeds with parents’ readiness for skin-to-skin care: a phenomenologic study, Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 8:21370, 2013.171. Lahat S, Mimouni FB, Ashbel G, et al: Energy expenditure ingrowing preterm infants receiving massage therapy, J Am CollNutr 26:356, 2007.172. Lariviere J, Rennick JE: Parent picture book reading to infantsin the neonatal intensive care unit as an intervention supportingparent-infant interaction and later book reading, J Dev BehavPediatr 32:146, 2011.173. Laughlin J, Luerssen TG: Dias MS and the Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, Section on Neurological Surgery: prevention and management of positional skull deformitiesin infants, Pediatrics 128:1236, 2011.174. Lawn EJ, Mwansa-Kambafwile J, Horta BL, et al: “Kangaroomother care” to prevent neonatal deaths due to preterm birthcomplications, Int J Epidemiol 39:1144, 2010.175. Law-Morstatt L, Judd D, Snyder P, et al: Pacing as a treatment fortransitional sucking, J Perinatol 23:483, 2003.176. Lee Y, Malakooti N, Lotas M: A comparison of the lightreduction capacity of commonly used incubator covers, NeonatalNetw 24:37, 2005.177. Lehtonen L, Johnson M, Bakdash T, et al: Relation of sleepstate to hypoxemic episodes in ventilated extremely-low-birthweight infants, J Pediatr 141:363, 2002.178. Leitch D: Mother-infant interaction: achieving synchrony, NursRes 48:55, 1999.179. Lemmen D, Fristedt P, Lundqvist A: Kangaroo care in a neonatalcontext: parents’ experiences of information and communication of nurse-parents, Open Line J 7:41, 2013.180. Lessen BS: Effect of the premature infant oral motor intervention on feeding progression and length of stay in preterm infants,Adv Neonatal Care 11:1209, 2011.181. Levy J, Habib RH, Lipsten E, et al: Prone versus supine positioning in the well preterm infant: effects on work of breathing andbreathing patterns, Pediatr Pulmonol 41:754, 2006.182. Liaw JJ, Yang L, Yuh YS, et al: Effects of tub bathing procedureson preterm infants’ behavior, J Nurs Res 14:297, 2006.183. Liaw JJ, Yang L, Chou HL, et al: Relationships between nursecare-giving behaviors and preterm infants responses duringbathing: a preliminary study, J Clin Nurs 19:89, 2010.184. Liaw JJ,Yang L, Lo C, et al: Caregiving and positioning effects onpreterm infant states over 24 hours in a neonatal unit in Taiwan,Res Nurs Health 35L:132, 2012.185. Litamanovitz I, Dolfin T, Friedland O, et al: Early physical activity intervention prevents decrease of bone strength in VLBWinfants, Pediatrics 112:15, 2003.186. Liu WF: Comparing sound measurements in the single-familyroom with open-unit design neonatal intensive care unit: theimpact of equipment noise, J Perinatal 32:368, 2011.187. Loewy JL, Stewart K, Dassler AM, et al: The effects of musict

14. American Academy of Pediatrics: Hearing assessment in infants and children: recommendations beyond neonatal screening, Pedi-atrics 124:1252, 2009. 15. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Hospital Care, and Institute for Family-Centered Care: Patient-and family-centered care and the pediatrician's role, Pediatrics 129:394, 2012. 16.