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vkiks fg"Bk e;kHskoqLrk u ÅtZs n/kruAegs j.kk; p{klAsA1AA;ks o% f'koreks jlLrL; Hkkt;rgs u%Am'krhfjo ekrj%AA2AA(½Xons lfagrk&10-9-1&2)ty vkuna dk Ïkrs g]S ÅtkZ dk HkMakj gASdY;k.kdkjh gASAifo k djus okyk gASvkjS ek¡ dh rjg ik"skd rFkk thounkrk gASAWater is the source of happiness, energy,health and piety, and is life giving as mother!Jal Jeevan Mission - Har Ghar Jal aims to provide potable water in every home, school,anganwadi centre, health & wellness center, community sanita on complex, ca le trough, etc.Gram Panchayats have been given the responsibility to plan, implement manage, operate andmaintain the in-village water supply infrastructure.This Margdarshika has been prepared keeping in mind the role and responsibility of GramPanchayats in the mission. Further, it will also be useful for Public Health Engineers and theimplementa on support agencies.Judicious use of funds available with Gram Panchayats, MGNREGS, 15th Finance Commission Grants,SBM (G), MPLAD, MLALAD, DMDF, CSR funds, etc. is very important. Training programme for skillimprovement of the raj mistry, rani mistry, plumber, electrician, pump operator, etc. needs to beorganized in the villages. This will help unemployed youth in ge ng employed locally, which willhelpful in the implementa on, opera on, and maintenance of the village water supply scheme.This mission has provision for 50% reserva on of women members in sub-commi ees of the GramPanchayat. Women are also encouraged and trained for tes ng of water quality using field test kits.The par cipa on of women will ensure be er management of water supply and lead a be er life.This margdarshika will create awareness among the villagers on these important issues. I hope thatwe will accomplish this mission of providing 'Har Ghar Jal' fast and bring significant changes in thelives of villagers.Bharat LalAdditional Secretary & Mission DirectorNa onal Jal Jeevan MissionGovernment of Indiaviii

ContentsChapter-1Water Management51. History of Water Management1.1Initiatives taken so far for drinking water1.273 Constitutional Amendment1.3Change is possibleChapter-2Jal Jeevan Mission102. Jal Jeevan Mission resolution2.1What is Jal Jeevan Mission?2.2Water Budget2.3Village Action Plan (VAP)2.4Empowerment of PanchayatsChapter-3Water problems and quality173. Issues related to water supply3.1Aspects of water problems3.2Diseases caused by contaminated on3.3.4Salinity3.3.5Nitrate3.3.6Heavy Metal3.3.7Bacterial Infection3.3.8Parasitic Worm infection3.4Clean Water and Safe Water3.5Home remedies to clean water3.6Testing of Water3.7Field Test Kit1

Chapter-4Village Water Supply Infrastructure and Construction4. In-village water supply infrastructure4.1Gravity Scheme4.2Pumping scheme4.3Sump4.4Electricity connection4.5Rising Main Pipe4.6Purification Plant4.7Elevated Storage Reservoir4.8Distribution Pipeline4.9Household Tap connection4.10Community managed sanitation complex4.11Source Replenishment (Recharge)4.11.1 Jal Shakti Abhhiyan4.11.2 Atal Bhujal Yojna4.11.3 Rain Water Harvesting4.11.4 Rainwater Recharge4.11.5 Drinking Water for livestock4.11.6 Grey Water management4.11.7 Open Defecation Free Village4.11.8 Compost pit4.12Pre-assessment aspects of Planning4.13Pre-Implementation preparation of drinking water scheme (check list)4.14Service Level benchmarks4.15Measurement of Output and Outcomes4.16Responsibilities of Panchayat4.17Geo-tagging of Assets4.18Linking of FHTC with Aadhaar4.19Surveillance by Community4.20Responsibilities of Sarpanch4.20.1 Duties and responsibilities of Panchayat Secretary4.20.2 Constitution of Village Water & Sanitation Committee/ Paani Samiti4.20.3 Tenure of the Committee4.20.4 Responsibilities of Village Water & Sanitation Committee/ Paani Samiti4.20.5 Savings Account4.20.6 Meetings of Paani Samiti225

4.21Community Contribution4.22Women's participation4.23Implementation Support Agencies (ISA)4.24Information, Education and Communication (IEC)4.25Skill Development and EntrepreneurshipChapter-5Phases of drinking water supply scheme375. Planning cycle5.1Planning Phase (3 - 6 Months)5.1.1Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)5.1.2Detailed Project Report (DPR)5.2Implementation phase (6 - 12)5.3Post-implementation phase (3 - 4)5.4Commissioning5.5Preparation for disasterChapter-6Operation and Maintenance456. Operation and Maintenance6.1Technician Tool Kit6.2Operation of the valve6.3Pipeline Repair6.4Repairing of PVC pipe6.5Valve repair6.6Responsibility of Pump Operator/ Plumber6.7Pumping machinery6.8Maintenance of pump (Preventive Maintenance)6.9Precautions to be taken while the pump is running6.10Water Purification Plant6.11Necessary Information6.12Register6.12.1 Contribution Register6.12.2 Income-Expenditure Register6.12.3 Goods/ Material Register6.12.4 Cash transaction voucher6.12.5 Bank Matching Sample6.12.6 Quality RegisterChapter-7Epilogue493

AbbreviationsCPHEEOCentral Public Health and EnvironmentalEngineering OrganizationNGONon - Governmental OrganizationCBOCommunity based OrganizationNJJMNational Jal Jeevan MissionNRDWPNational Rural Drinking WaterProgrammeCSOCivil Society OrganizationCWPPCommunity Water Treatment PlantO&MOperation and MaintenanceDDPDesert Development ProgramPFMSPublic Finance Management SystemDDWSDepartment of Drinking Water &SanitationPHEDPublic Health Engineering DepartmentPPPPublic Private PartnershipDMDFDistrict Mineral Development FundPRAParticipatory Rural AppraisalDPAPDrought - Prone Area ProgramPRIPanchayati Raj InstitutionDPRDetailed Project ReportRWHRain Water HarvestingDWSMDistrict Water & Sanitation MissionRWSRural Water SupplyESRElevated Storage ReservoirSBM (G)Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen)FHTCFunctional Household Tap ConnectionSHGSelf Help GroupFTKField Test KitSVSSingle Village SchemeGoIGovernment of IndiaSWSMState Water & Sanitation MissionGPGram PanchayatVAPVillage Action PlanIECInformation, Education andCommunicationVOVillage OrganizationISAImplementation Support AgencyVWSCVillage Water & Sanitation CommitteeJJMJal Jeevan MissionWASMOWater & Sanitation ManagementOrganizationLPCDLitres Per Capita Per DayMGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National RuralEmployment Guarantee ActMPLADSMember of Parliament Local AreaDevelopment SchemeMLALADS Member of Legislative Assembly LocalArea Development SchemeMVS4Multi village SchemeWQM&S Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance

Chapter-1Water management1. History of water managementPure water is the most important element required forlife, after clean air. It is a necessity for all life to survive.In ancient times, humans prospered wherever therewas adequate water supply. This remains true eventoday. In ancient India, people felt bliss and joy insharing water with travellers. There is a very importanthistory of water management in India. Mohenjo-Daro,Dholavira and Harappa were highly developed cities.These cities were well organized and their waterstorage system, drainage systemand water - wells werewell ahead of their time. There was a water storagereservoir in every village of the Sindhu - SaraswatiBasin, where these civilizations thrived. All the housesin these cities were connected to the city's centraldrainage networks. Some of these structures existeven today.The construc on of wells was considered to besacred work. During the me of Buddha, aninscrip on was wri en on a well in Varanasirequiring 'any person who has drawn water fromthis well, should also put an equivalent amountof water in a pot or small pond nearby, from whichthe disabled and animals can quench their thirst'(Mo chandra, 1962).Communities that flourished around the Indus riverand other areas of western and northern India had veryadvanced municipal water supply and drainage. Eventoday people keep water bodies clean. They worshiprivers, lakes, ponds, etc. as holy places. In fact, water isvery important for life. People have practiced watermanagement since ancient times with drains andWell built inancient India5

Chapter-1Step well,Gujaratgutters being made to drain dirty water. This can befound in many cities of western India even today.Many studies have revealed that the use of clean watercan significantly reduce disease and mortality,especially in cases of cholera and typhoid. An exampleof this is the cholera epidemic of 1892 Hamburg,Germany. The city suffered during this epidemic, with17,000 people falling ill, and a total of 8,500 people(13% of the population) dying. The water from riverElbe was used for drinking in the city and the onlymethod employed to clean the water was to allow thesilt to settle in the three reservoirs. Furtherdownstream, the city of Altona used the same riverwater (which by now also had the sewage fromHamburg), but treated the water through a slow speedsand filter. This led to far fewer cases of cholera in thecity of Altona. It would be appropriate to mention herethat drinking contaminated water carries the risk ofmany diseases, some of which can turn deadly.Therefore, checking the quality of water and usingwater after treatment is an effective way to avoid waterborne diseases.The practice of water harvesting and management instepwells is centuries old. There were ancient means ofsaving water and transporting it from one place toanother, which still exist even today. Some of thesesystems are - Rani Ki Vaw (Stepwell) in Gujarat; Khadin,Kund and Nadi in Rajasthan; Bandhara and Tal inMaharashtra; Bandhi in Madhya Pradesh and UttarPradesh; Aahar and Pein in Bihar; Kuhal in HimachalPradesh; Eris in Tamil Nadu; Surangam in Kerala;6Pokhar in Kandi area of Jammu region; and Katta inKarnataka. The doctrine of water harvesting involvedstoring adequate water based on local requirementsand geological conditions. Ground water reservoirswere also filled based on this concept. Traditionalwater harvesting methods have long been used tomeet the requirements of households and irrigation.Without singing paeans to the ancient traditionalsystem for the supply of water, we must recognize thatthey are still relevant.1.1 Initiatives taken so far for drinking waterIn the first Five - Year Plan (1951 - 56) afterIndependence, the Environment Sanitation Committeewas formed to supply safe water to the villages. Till theThird Five Year Plan (1961 - 66), drinking water supplywas a part of community development programmes inrural areas. In the year 1972 - 73, to complement theefforts of the State Governments, the 'AcceleratedRural Water Supply Programme' was initiated. Duringthe Fifth Five Year Plan (1974 - 79), this programmereceived further impetus. Against the background ofthe drought in western India, the 'State Drinking WaterMission' was established in 1986. In the Eighth FiveYear Plan (1992 - 97), focus came on the quality ofwater, lack of water sources, etc.In the process of decentralization after the 73Amendment to the Constitution of India, moreemphasis was laid on drinking water. The 'EleventhSchedule' associated with the 73 Amendmentincluded drinking water and sanitation, and the

Water managementEvery year, 22 Marchis celebrated asWorld Water Day.India has more than18% of the globalpopula on, but only4% of renewablewater resources and2.4% of land mass.Panchayat was given a significant role in drinking water.During 1999 - 2000, in line with the 73 Amendment,decentralized, demand-based, community-managed,sector reform programme was started in which thePanchayat/ local communities were included in theplanning, implementation and management ofdrinking water schemes. Community-led managementhas been adopted by WASMO, Gujarat and the SwajalWomen have towork hard fordrinking water.pilot in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, etc. A numberof externally assisted programmes have also focusedon this decentralized approach.In 2002, decentralized, demand - based, community managed sector reform programme was implementedin the entire country as a part of the Swajaldhara whichgave communities the right to participate in theplanning, implementation, operation and maintenanceof the drinking water supply scheme. This would enablethem set up and operate a permanent scheme based onthe requirement of the village such that every individualreceives 40 litres of clean water per day (lpcd).In the year 2009 - 10, this scheme was amended andrenamed as the National Rural Drinking WaterProgramme (NRDWP). In 2013, the National RuralDrinking Water Programme further proposed toincrease the availability of clean water to a minimum of55 lpcd. In 2017, the programme was reformulated tomake it more effective, giving the States more rightsand creating a provision for making potable tap wateravailable to all villagers.Tap waterIt was observed that from 1951 to 2017, safe drinkingwater was supplied to the rural population throughhand pumps, protected wells or piped water throughpublic stand post. The Mark II hand pump played a veryimportant role in this endeavour. It was used in Indiafrom the 1970s to the 1990s and the Government ofIndia promoted their use to supply of water at thevillage level, as underground water is usually cleanexcept for a few areas. However, some areas haveArsenic, iron, nitrate, metal, heavy metal and salinitythat contaminate the water. In the year 2017,emphasis was on the provision of water from public7

Chapter-1stand posts through pipes under the National RuralDrinking Water Programme.rd1.2 73 Amendment to the ConstitutionIn the year 1992, with the 73 Amendment of theConstitution, a new part named Panchayat was addedto the Constitution. This included the new 'EleventhSchedule” which contains 29 subjects on thefunctioning of Panchayats. Under this Schedule, thesubject of drinking water and sanitation was allocatedto Panchayati Raj Institutions. Along with this, thePanchayat was given the right to collect tax at theappropriate level and use it for certain works. It couldalso receive grants and assistance for the completion ofthe said works. As part of their obligations, thePanchayat/ local community had to play a role inOverhead water tank8recharging of water sources, and in the planning,implementation, management, operation andmaintenance of the village water supply schemes.1.3 Change is possibleIn 2002, the Water and Sanitation ManagementOrganisation (WASMO) was established in Gujarat, toprovide water at the village level and to involve the localcommunity as partners in the process. WASMO workedalongside the Panchayat, the village community andthe Public Health Engineering Department to providesafe drinking water. The role of WASMO was, in reality,that of a facilitator. Through WASMO, the work ofproviding drinking water to all of Gujarat was done andthe results have been very encouraging. In a Statewhere earlier water was supplied through trains andtankers, now almost every household has piped water.The biggest achievement is that the people of thevillages could make committees themselves and withthe help of voluntary organizations (VOs), executebetter water management, provide drinking water, andmanage disposal of waste water. This programme hasbeen lauded nationally, being the recipient of the PrimeMinister's Civil Service Award, and internationallythrough the United Nations Public Service Award andCommonwealth Association for Public Administrationand Management Award. An example of the work donecan be seen in village Kanakpur, Taluka Abdasa, of Kutchdistrict. This village is just one of the 18,500 villages inGujarat where it does not rain for years at a time.Constant drought and lack of water was the reality.Many people had never seen clean water. Summerinevitably meant the supply of water through tankers.The Kanakpur Gram Panchayat and communitytogether created a Water Committee. The members ofthe Committee were women. They informed WASMOon how to provide water to the village. Taps wereinstalled in all 137 households in the village. Thevillagers used their own resources to dig a pond to storerainwater. The residents of Kanakpar did not just stophere. They decided to install a water meter in everylhousehold and provide 24 hour water supply. Noweveryone is billed for the water consumed based on thewater meter reading on a monthly basis and paymentsare made on the basis of the tariff fixed by the GramSabha. Clearly, the journey to provide every householdwith clean and continuous tap water was difficult, butnot impossible.

Water managementCheck dam constructed for rain water harvesting - GujaratConfidence in themselves, the help of WASMO, thevision of the sarpanch and the participation of womenled to the success of the initiative. The people of thevillage were consulted, and keeping in mind the localsituation, the villagers identified a suitable place forthe boring. Subsequently, the officials got togetherwith the people of the village and went to the site,checked the local hydrology and marked the site of theboreholes. While boring, they found a large quantity ofwater and the drinking water scheme was prepared. Asa result, water is always available in the village.There is a new twist in the story of Kanakpar. Due toexcess use of water in agriculture, the water becamebrackish after some years and the supply started todecrease. The villagers, through the Water Committee,then constructed a check dam to increase the source ofdrinking water using water harvesting. Another checkdam was constructed, three ponds were dug and 30wells and borewells were augmented with waterrecharging structures. The villagers also built smallindividual ponds. All these efforts increased the waterstorage capacity by 1.70 lakh cubic meters in addition toincreasing the water recharging capacity. Two hundredand forty acres of pasture land was scientificallydeveloped to grow fodder. Livestock of the village areallowed to graze on the fodder from 8 AM to 5 PM indesignated areas where facilities have also been createdto take care of the animals. The villagers displayedcommunity strength and further embraced agricultureand horticulture by using drip irrigation.Today, the villagers of Kanakpur have been able toresolve their water problem and Kanakpur has becomea prosperous village with all requisite facilities. Asewage treatment plant as well as provision for solidwaste management was set up in Kanakpur in 2006with the help of WASMO. Women have displayedexemplary leadership. Other people too have becomeengaged in the initiative, some due to their knowledgeand others due to their desire to unite and fulfil theirduties. The extraordinary ability of the people ofKankapur village has made this village water rich. Thereare many other villages in the country that share similarwater problems as Kanakpur did. They all need to followthe example of Kanakpur to solve their water problempermanently. With the help of WASMO, such work hasbeen done in every village of Gujarat. The Panchayat orits sub-committee i.e. Village Water & SanitationCommittee undertakes all the responsibility for waterrelated issues. Today, there is no need to deliver waterby trains or tankers in Gujarat. Women and children getsafe water from the taps in their homes and, as a result,their lives have become much better.9

Chapter-2Jal Jeevan Mission2. The Pledge of Jal Jeevan MissionFor the first time in the history of drinking water in India,on August 15, 2019, from the ramparts of Red Fort,Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi announced thatevery rural household will receive regular water supplythrough tap water connection under the Jal JeevanMission (JJM). A provision of Rs. 3.60 lakh Crore hasbeen earmarked for the programme, and in partnershipwith the State Governments, it is to be completed by2024. As of August 15, 2019, there were about 18.93Crore rural households in the country, of which onlyabout 3.23 Crore rural households have access to tapwater connections. Therefore, 15.70 Crore householdsare to be provided with tap connections for drinkingwater under this Mission. So far, about 40 lpcd is beingmade available in rural areas through public stand po

Source: JJM - IMIS. Government of India Ministry of Jal Shakti Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation National Jal Jeevan Mission 2020 Jal Jeevan Mission . healthcare, insurance, social security, etc. Similarly, access to safe drinking water in household is a basic need. For this, last year on Independence Day, Jal Jeevan Mission - Har