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4Measurements andSymbolsused in Plu mbingIntroductionIn the previous Units, we have covered plumbing tools,material and pipes. Besides knowing the benefits andsuitability of material in various tasks, a plumber mustalso be efficient in measurement of plumbing materialwith the help of measurement tools and be able tomanage conversion of units easily. Similarly, a plumbershould also be able to understand and read the varioussymbols used in plumbing drawings.Plumbing material is needed as per the requirementof the plumbing work to be done and its plan. Plumbingfitting and fixtures are available in the market in differentsizes and types. The size of the plumbing items can varyfrom inch to feet and metre in height. Plumbing itemsare also available as per volumetric capacity like watertanks, storage and flush tank, etc. Knowledge of variousdimensions and sizes of plumbing items is crucial in theproper selection and purchasing of plumbing materialin the market.Unit 4.indd 268/7/2018 11:06:08 AM

Fig. 4.1: Measuring scaleMeasurementofLengthA plumber uses the metallic tape, cloth tape, scaleand foot rule for measuring. Metallic tape shouldbe used for accuracy in the measurement. Metreand its divisions are printed on the measuring tape.The symbol of feet is (′) and the symbol of inch is (″).For example, the meaning of 4′-9″ is four feet nineinches. Both the systems, i.e., metric system and FPS(Foot-Pound-Second) system are used in plumbingmeasurement.(a) In metric systems1 metre 10 decimetre (dm)1 metre 100 centimetre (cm)1 metre 1000 millimetre (mm)10 millimetre 1 centimetre (cm)10 centimetre 1 decimetre (dm)10 decimetre 1 metre (m)(b) In the FPS system1 feet 12 inches3 feet 1 yard(c) Inter-relation of Metric and FPS system: Bothtype of systems can be interrelated, for takinglength, in the following manner :1 inch 25.4 mm 2.54 cm1 metre 39.37 inches 1.09 yardMeasurementsUnit 4.indd 27andSymbolsused inPlumbing278/7/2018 11:06:09 AM

MeasurementofWeightConversion Tables Weight1 kilogram 10 hectograms1 kilogram 100 decagram1 kilogram 1000 gram100 kilogram 1 quintal1000 kilogram 1 metric ton1 kilogram 2.2046 poundsLength ConversionLength conversion is depicted in the following.1millimetre (mm) 0.03937079 in, or about1/25 in10 millimetre 1 centimetre (cm) 0.3937079 in10 centimetres 1 decimetre (dm) 0.3937079 in10 decimetres 1 metre (m) 39.37079 in, 3.2808992 ft,or 1.09361 yd10 metres 1 decametre 32.808992 ft10 decametres 1 hectometres 19.927817 rods10 hectometres 1 kilometre (km) 1093.61 yd, or 0.621377mile10 kilometres 1 myriametre 6.21377 mile1 inch 2.54 cm1 foot 0.3048 m1 yard 0.9144 m1 rod 0.5029 decametre1 mile 1.6093 kmMeasurementofLengthLength conversion is depicted in the following.1 millimetre (mm)10 millimetre10 centimetres10 decimetres10 metres10 decametres10 hectometres28Unit 4.indd 28 0.03937079 in, or about 1/25 in1 centimetre (cm) 0.3937079 in1 decimetre (dm) 3.937079 in1 metre (m) 39.37079 in, 3.2808992 ft, or 1.09361 yd1 decametre 32.808992 ft1 hectometres 19.927817 rods1 kilometre 1093.61 yd, or 0.621377 metrePlumber (General) – Class IX8/7/2018 11:06:09 AM

1 inch1 rod1 mile 2.54cm, 1 foot 0.3048 m, 1 yard 0.9144 metre 0.5029 decametre 1.6093 kilometreMeasurementofVolumeConversion Table for VolumeVolume conversion is depicted in the following.10 litres 1 decilitre (dl) 2.6417 gal, or 1.135 pk10 decilitres 1 hectolitre (Hl) 2.8375 bu10 hectolitres 1 kilolitre (kl) 61027.0515 cubicinch or 28.375 bu1 cubic foot 28.3171 gallon (American) 3.785 l1 gallon (British) 4.543 l1 gallon 4.546 litreMeasurementofDensityDensity conversion is depicted below.1 lb/ft3 16.018 kg/m31 kg/m3 0.0624 lb. /ft31 lb/in3 27.68 g/cm3MeasurementofPressurePressure conversion is depicted below.1 lb/ft2 4.8824 kg/m3 1lb/metre2 6.895 KgN/m21 lb/inch2 0.0703 kg/cm3Comprehensive Conversion TableMillimetres 25.400 inchesMetres 3.2809 feetMeasurementsUnit 4.indd 29andSymbolsused inPlumbing298/7/2018 11:06:09 AM

Notes30Unit 4.indd 30Metres 0.3048 feetKilometres 0.621377 milesKilometres 1.6093 milesSquare centimetres 0.15500 square inchesSquare centimetres 6.4515 square inchesSquare metres 10.76410 square feetSquare metres 0.09290 square feetSquare kilometres 247.1098 acresSquare kilometres 0.00405 acresHectares 2.471 acresHectares0.4047 acresCubic centimetre 0.061025 cubic inchesCubic centimetre 16.3266 cubic inchesCubic metre 35.3156 cubic feetCubic metre 0.02832 cubic feetCubic metre 1.308 cubic yardCubic metre 0.765 cubic yardLitres 61.023 cubic inchesLitres 0.01639 cubic inchesLitres 0.26418 U.S. gallonsLitres 3.7854 U.S. gallonsGrams 15.4324 grainsGrams 0.0648 grainsGrams 0.03527Grams 28.3495Kilograms 2.2046 poundsKilograms 0.4536 pounds Ounces,avoirdupois Ounces,avoirdupoisPlumber (General) – Class IX8/7/2018 11:06:09 AM

Kilogram per squarecentimetre 14.2231 lb.per sqinKilogram per squarecentimetre 0.0703 lbper sqinKilograms percubic metre 0.06243 lbper cuftKilograms percubic metre 16.01890 lbper cuftMetric tons(1000 kilograms) 1.1023 tons (2000 lb)Metric tons(1000 kilograms) 0.9072 tons (2000 lb)Kilowatts 1.3405 horse powerKilowatts 0.746 horse powerCalories 3.9683 B.t.uCalories 0.2520 B.t.uFrancs 0.193 dollarsFrancs 5.18 dollarsNotesTips(a) To know the circumference of a circle, multiplyits diameter by 3.1416.(b) To calculate the diameter of a circle, multiply thecircumference by 0.31831.(c) To calculate the area of circle, multiply the squareof the diameter by 0.7854.(d) To calculate the circumference, multiply theradius of a circle by 6.283185.(e) To calculate the area, multiply the square of thecircumference of a circle by 0.07958.(f) To calculate the area, multiply the half thecircumference of a circle with half its diameter.(g) To calculate the radius, multiply thecircumference of circle with 0.159155.(h) To calculate the radius, multiply the square rootof the area of circle with 0.56419.MeasurementsUnit 4.indd 31andSymbolsused inPlumbing318/7/2018 11:06:09 AM

Notes32Unit 4.indd 32(i) To calculate the diameter, multiply the squareroot of the area of circle with 1.12838.(j) To calculate the diameter of a circle equal in areato a given square, multiply a side of the squareby 1.12838.(k) To calculate the side of a square equal in area toa given circle, multiply the diameter by 0.8862.(l) To calculate the side of a square inside a circle,multiply the diameter by 0.7071.(m) To calculate the side of a hexagon inside in acircle, multiply the diameter ofthe circle by0.500.(n) To calculate the diameter of a circle inside ina hexagon, multiply the side of the hexagon by1.7321.(o) To calculate the side of an equilateral triangleinside in a circle, multiply the diameter of a circleby 0.866.(p) To calculate the diameter of a circle inside in anequilateral triangle, multiply a side of the triangleby 0.57735.(q) To calculate the area of the surface of a ball(sphere), multiply the square of the diameter by3.1416.(r) To calculate the volume of a ball (sphere), multiplythe cube of the diameter by 0.5236.(s) Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases itscapacity four times.(t) To calculate the pressure in pounds per squareinch at the base of a column of water, multiplythe height of the column in feet by 0.433.(u) A gallon of water (U.S. standard) weighs 8.336pounds and contains 231 cube inches. Acubic foot of water contains 7½ gallons, 1,728cubic inches and weighs 62.425 pounds ata temperature of about 39 F. These weightschange slightly and below this temperature.Plumber (General) – Class IX8/7/2018 11:06:09 AM

Measuring InstrumentsMeasuring toolsThese are important tools in a workshop, which helpthe plumber to measure size and dimensions of variouscomponents of plumbing. Measuring tools are commonlyused. A plumber should know the use and handling ofthese tools. The important measuring tools are steelrule, calliper, screw gauge, pressure gauge, etc.Steel rulerIt is used to measure lengths and to drawstraight lines (Fig. 4.2).CalliperFig. 4.2: Steel rulerIt is a tool used to determine the shorter lengthsbetween two sides of an item. The tips of the calliper areFig. 4.4: Inside callipersFig. 4.3: Outside calliperskept to the distance to be measured; the calliper is thenremoved and the distance is measured between the tipswith the ruler (Fig. 4.3 and Fig. 4.4).Screw gauge (Micro metre)It is a device incorporating acalibrated screw used widely forprecise measurement of smalllengths. Proper handling of thistool is important in measuring anydimension (Fig. 4.5).MeasurementsUnit 4.indd 33andSymbolsused inPlumbingAnvilSpindleSleeveThimbleRatchet0.462 cmFrameFig. 4.5: Screw gauge338/7/2018 11:06:09 AM

Measuring tapeIt is used for measuringthe dimension of plumbingitems. Tapes are availablein various lengths like 10metres, 20 metres, etc.(Fig. 4.6)Fig. 4.6: Measuring tapePressure gaugeIt is the instrument usedfor measuring the pressurein the unit (Fig. 4.7).27Fig. 4.7: Pressure gauge53168412345678: used to take external measures of objects outside jaws: used to take internal measures of objects inside jaws: used to measure the depth of objects depth probe: (cm) Main scale: (inch) Main scale: (cm) Vernier: (inch) Vernier: used to block movable part retainerFig. 4.8: Vernier calliper and its partsVernier calliperFig. 4.9: Vernier callipers34Unit 4.indd 34The metre scale is used tomeasure the length to thenearest millimetre only. Formeasuring smaller lengthsprecisely, Vernier calliper isused. Vernier calliper is aprecision instrument usedto measure the internal andexternal lengths. It is usuallya manual calliper, as shownin Fig. 4.8 and Fig. 4.9.Plumber (General) – Class IX8/7/2018 11:06:10 AM

Plumbing SymbolsImportance of plumbing symbolsA well-trained plumber does the installation of the fittingsand fixtures as per the drawing given in the assemblysheet of the plumbing fixtures in the manufacturer’scatalogue. These drawings consist of symbols, assemblyof fixture and installation method. Identification ofthe symbols given in the drawings of fixtures makesthe installation work easy for the plumber. Plumbingsymbols are given in this Unit. The students shouldidentify and learn the symbols so that it will be helpfulin future.MeasurementsUnit 4.indd 35andSymbolsused inPlumbing358/7/2018 11:06:10 AM

36Unit 4.indd 36Plumber (General) – Class IX8/7/2018 11:06:13 AM

MeasurementsUnit 4.indd 37andSymbolsused inPlumbing378/7/2018 11:06:15 AM

Activity 1Measure the length, width and height of a room.Material Required1.2.3.Measuring tapeCopyPencilProcedure1.2.3.4.5.Collect the measuring tapes and scale.Identify a room in which measurement can be made.With the use of a measuring tape and scale,measure the length, breadth and height ofthe room.Draw a rough drawing of the room and note down thedimensions.Measure the dimensions in metres and convert into feet.Activity 2Measure the weight of a brick and cement bagMaterial Required1.2.3.4.5.Weighing unitBrickCement bagNotebookPencilProcedure1.2.3.4.Collect the brick and cement bag.Check and calibrate the weighing unit.Measure the weight of the brick and the cement bagseparately.Note down the weight of items in the copy.Activity 3Draw the plumbing symbolsMaterial Required1.2.3.38Unit 4.indd 38Plumbing symbolsCopyPenPlumber (General) – Class IX8/7/2018 11:06:16 AM