Transcription
Chapter 1Topics in JICA Programs1Preparation for Information DisclosurePreparing for Information DisclosureIn March 2000, in preparation for information disclosure,JICA set up an information disclosure working group consisting of the representatives of the General Affairs Division ofthe General Affairs Department in charge of the secretariat, aswell as other departments, and has since broadly discussedthe procedures and issues that need to be addressed to worktowards information disclosure.In order to address preparatory work for document compilation, between July and September 2000 we selected amodel section in which specific document compilation wasimplemented. In November, based on the results of the pilotwork, an Information Disclosure and Document CompilationGuide was distributed to all divisions (offices), domesticoffices, and overseas offices, and full-scale work commenced.In August 2000, the Information Disclosure ManagementDivision was established in the General Affairs Department topromote progress management in document compilation workand favorable information services through case studies inlocal governments and administrative bodies; data collectionfrom document management consultants; and discussionswith other special public corporations. The examinations havebeen promoted with regard to the following work.1) Determination of document retention period and document classification criteria2) Development and management of the file managementlist creation system, registration of the document file management list of all JICA agencies3) Preparation of the Information Disclosure and DocumentCompilation Guide28 JICA 2002Information is available at the homepage in English.4) Issue of e-mail entitled “Information Disclosure News”5) Preparation of screening standards for information disclosure6) Preparation of the Information Disclosure ProcedureManual7) Revision of Management Regulation of CorporateDocuments and constitutions of regulations related toinformation disclosure8) Selection and training of personnel in charge of information disclosure9) Establishment of JICA Plaza in JICA headquarters anddomestic offices, which will act as contact points for document disclosure requests from the public10)Updating the top page of the headquarters homepage(including the launch of an information disclosure page)and establishing domestic agencies’ homepages.Basic Policy Concerning Information DisclosureThe Law Concerning Access to Information Held byIndependent Administrative Institutions, that is, the Freedomof Information Act for Independent AdministrativeInstitutions, came into force on October 1, 2002.In response, JICA formulated the following basic policiesfor the Law Concerning Access to Information Held byIndependent Administrative Institutions.
13. Enhancing the Information Disclosure SystemThe information disclosure system has been developedbased on information disclosure ordinances enacted and maintained by local governments, and on judicial precedents passeddown by courts of law. Although local governments differfrom JICA in terms of their significance and the programsthey each implement, both organizations are equally obliged toexplain their operations to the public and maintain transparency.JICA believes that it is necessary to actively review andenhance the system in order to create an ideal informationdisclosure system by drawing upon information disclosure4. Providing Information for EvaluationsAn active information service responds to the demandsof a rapidly changing society. Active information disclosuremeans offering adequate materials for judgement when citizens evaluate JICA programs. As a result, citizens’ opinionsare fed back into the programs so that the programs can bereviewed, improved, and made more efficient.5. Response Policy to Disclosure RequestsInformation disclosure services (receipt of informationrequests and information provision) are handled at the information disclosure counter. The information disclosure counterunder the headquarters is established at the general information center called JICA Plaza and began receiving requestsfor agency-wide information on October 1, 2002, when thelaw went into effect.At domestic offices (branches, international centres, andJapan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers Training Centres),the public relations counter of JICA Plaza was set up as aninformation disclosure counter, and began receiving requestsfor JICA information on October 1, 2002, when the law wentinto effect.6. Specific Responses to General Information Service1) Addressing information service obligationsThe information service obligations that have been institutionalized up to now are limited to the Law Concerning theFurtherance of the Preparation and Disclosure of FinancialTable 1-1 Outline of Information Service SystemBasic information of the organizationand systemLaws and regulations, organization overview, organization chart, functions, managementofficers list, locations, telephone numbers, fax numbers, program descriptions, etc.Information on the current state of JICAactivitiesProject plans, project information, implementation policy, achievements, progress of theproject, annual reports, audit reports, various program reports, statistical data, etc.Information on budget and settlement ofaccountsBudget, disclosure of final accounts, administrative cost statements, etc.Contractual information on equipmentand construction workAnnouncement of projects based on open tender and results of tender, eligibility forparticipation, date of tender, bidding companies, bidding prices, successful bidders,contract prices, and various tenders and contract application formsInformation on evaluationsAnnual evaluation reports, ex-post evaluation reports and ex-ante project evaluation chartsby academics and external organizationsInformation collected and accumulatedby JICA that is requested by citizensand companiesCountry-specific living information, research reports, cooperation with NGOs and localgovernments, support for development education, etc.JICA 2002 29Chapter 1 Topics in JICA Programs2. Fulfillment of Public AccountabilitySince JICA’s programs are financed by taxes collectedfrom the public, giving the utmost consideration to its publicnature and public benefit, JICA must be accountable forexplaining the programs.systems promoted not only by administrative bodies and otherindependent administrative institutions, but also by local governments.Part I1. JICA Open to the PublicAs the majority of JICA’s activities are not implementedwithin Japan, but rather in developing countries and therefore are not directly witnessed by Japanese citizens, it is difficult to attract their interest. In order to engage the public in thecourse of establishing an independent administrative agency,JICA needs to obtain their understanding and support withregard to ODA/JICA activities. It is therefore, essential topromote active disclosure and offer both organization andprogram information.The information disclosure system is constructed in thisway to offer all information related to programs in a timelymanner to the public in a system that is easy to access.Approach for Information Disclosure
Statements for Special Public Corporations (1997 Law No.103), and the scope remains in the disclosure of summarizedfinancial statements. The information service system providedin the Law Concerning Access to Information Held byIndependent Administrative Institutions is nothing more thanmandating the provision of basic information in regard toorganization, activities, financial affairs, evaluation, and auditing.Regarding information specified by law as the bottom lineof the information service, JICA will offer information ondeveloping countries collected in the course of JICA’s activities and share results of the programs and other relevant information with citizens in order to contribute to the promotion ofJapanese citizens’ understanding of the international community, including developing countries.In regard to the information service systems from the institution, which is one of two major obligations in the LawConcerning Access to Information Held by IndependentAdministrative Institutions that comes with the informationrequest system, the outline in Table 1-1 and its methods ofprovision are being examined.2) Groundwork for Information ServiceIn order to provide citizen-oriented information servicesand easy access to information that the citizens demand, in2002 JICA established JICA Plaza as a service counter thatoffers both program and organizational information in thedomestic office network, and is currently upgrading the information service environment using the Internet.When the Law Concerning Access to Information Held byIndependent Administrative Institutions went into effect, JICAPlaza began operations as an information request counter.Accordingly, JICA Plaza is equipped with a document filemanagement list related to JICA information disclosure.Various regulations on information disclosure and a document file management list with a search function is availablefor inspection at the information disclosure page at the JICAhomepage.Information in the Knowledge Management SystemSector and Issue Network System(Knowledge Management System)As part of the above-mentioned information service, aSector and Issue Network System is presently being built.30 JICA 2002This system stores knowledge on development issues andfields that has been acquired and identified in the Sector andIssue Network that JICA is constructing.The knowledge accumulated in the process of implementing JICA programs will be shared with people involvedin development issues both in and out of Japan as publicresources that can be widely utilized in Japanese societythrough the Internet.Specifically, all JICA programs are categorized into morethan 20 sectoral issues (peacebuilding, anti-poverty measures,mainstreaming genders*, social security, education, population, medical and health care, information and communicationtechnology, water resources, introduction of market economy,private sector development, agricultural and rural development, fishery development, natural environment conservation, etc.) through which knowledge is categorized and stored.The following information is to be made public.1) Project name, outline, objective, etc. (project outline list)2) Training course name, outline, objective, etc. (trainingcourse outline list)3) Project goal, achievement, input, etc. (project designmatrix* [PDM])4) Agreement with the partner country concerning projectimplementation (record of discussion, scope of work, etc.)5) Compiling documents on the project (project document)6) Compiling documents on evaluation results prior to theproject (ex-ante project evaluation sheet [presently accessible at the JICA homepage])7) Compiling documents on the evaluation results upon theproject’s completion (terminal evaluation results summary charts)8) Compiling documents on the evaluation results severalyears after completion of the project (ex-post evaluationresults summary charts)9) Compiling documents on the implementation policy ofJICA projects by issue (guideline by issue)10)Basic knowledge of international cooperation by sectorand issue (cooperation history, international declarations,bibliography, glossary, basic statistics, and internationalaid trends)11)Project case for future lessons (good practice of aid)12)Introduction of JICA program topics (news [topics])13)FAQ (frequently asked questions and their answers) (hints& tips)
Opening ceremony for a group training course using J-Net at the TokyoInternational CentreDistance Learning Slowly Becoming WidespreadAs the needs of developing countries become more variedand advanced and the international focus of technical cooperation shifts towards non-material aspects such as support forpolicies and systems, JICA is required to review its operational methods and address the needs of developing countriesmore properly and flexibly.Rapidly evolving information technology (IT) is expectedto play an exceedingly important role as the driving forcebehind global economic growth in the 21st century. IT applications have spread especially in the field of education andtraining. As opposed to the conventional face-to-face learningmethod, the so-called “distance learning method” is becomingmore widespread. The World Bank and other donors* havebegun applying IT to technical cooperation on a full-scalebasis, which involves human resources in developing countries located far away.In this context, Japan announced its commitment to bridgethe digital divide* and improve the efficiency of its ODAwith IT such as the distance learning method. In theComprehensive Cooperation Package to Address theInternational Digital Divide at the Kyushu-Okinawa Summitin Japan, Japan also committed to establishing 30 IT centers.Distance Technical CooperationDefinition of Distance Technical CooperationTechnical cooperation that employs distance learningmethods is defined as distance technical cooperation, which isexpected to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of conventional technical cooperation based on the face-to-facemethod.Purpose of Introducing Distance TechnicalCooperationBased on the purport of the Comprehensive CooperationPackage to Address the International Digital Divide, JICApromotes applying distance technical cooperation to JICA’soverall technical cooperation with the following objectives.1) Address the digital divide issue in developing countriesIT utilization in aid implementation creates more opportunities for people in developing countries to use IT andencourages network development.2) Improve the effectiveness and efficiency of conventionaltechnical cooperationConventional face-to-face technical cooperation, such asdispatch of experts and training in Japan, will be supplemented in effectiveness and efficiency.3) Fulfill needs that conventional technical cooperation cannot accommodateEven in cases where experts cannot be dispatched, ITenables distance cooperation that leads to increased opportunities for people in developing countries to learn. Thus, needsthat cannot be addressed by conventional technical cooperation are satisfied.4) Sharing cooperation materialsDigitization and systematization of materials consolidatesJICA’s know-how and expertise and promotes knowledgesharing beyond the framework of individual programs. Thiswill result in qualitative improvements in the entire technicalcooperation.Implementation Types and Methods of DistanceTechnical CooperationDistance technical cooperation is implemented as a combination of four types, as shown in Table 1-2, or individually.JICA 2002 31Chapter 1 Topics in JICA ProgramsChanges Accompanying IT DevelopmentPart I2
Table 1-2 Four Types of Distance Technical Cooperation ImplementationType nameFeaturesApplicable existing programsIntroduction planShort term Medium term Long termDiscussion type Provides advice and guidance by effectively mobilizedhuman resources. Possible to appoint human resources that better matchthe partner’s needs.Training in Japan or developing countries,follow-up for graduates of training, development study/grant aid, Japan OverseasCooperation Volunteers, developmenteducation support, promotion of participatory cooperation, promotion of aid efficiency, etc. Training andlecture type Offers training opportunities for government officialsand other personnel who are unable to travel to Japanfor training. Improves quality and increases quantity of trainees.Training in Japan or developing countries,follow-up for graduates of training, JapanOverseas Cooperation Volunteers, development education support Forum type Can be established on the WEB at any time. Videoconference can be employed as well. New policies, systems, and technologies are created bya wide range of participants. Promotes south-south cooperation.Training in Japan or developing countries,follow-up for graduates of training, development study/grant aid, Japan OverseasCooperation Volunteers, promotion ofparticipatory cooperation, promotion ofaid efficiency, etc. WBT type Personal computers (or computers installed at affiliatedorganizations, etc.) are used for study over the Internet. The J-Net intranet can be used as well. Is intended for a wide range of pre-registered individualsrelated to the programs or unspecified learners (numberof users can be limited by the use of a password). Opportunities for study and training can be maximized.Training in Japan or developing countries,follow-up for graduates of training, JapanOverseas Cooperation Volunteers, development education support Notes: 1. indicates “ready to implement” status.2. indicates “scheduled to implement” status.The distance technical cooperation shown in Table 1-2mainly utilizes a designated distance learning facility as a center. Forum and WBT types (web-based training), which arestill in the planning stage, will be implemented over theInternet. The distance learning network connected by a communication line is called J-Net (tentative name).Structure and Function of J-NetJ-Net consists of core centers established in JICA’s domestic offices and the satellite centers established in JICA’s majorcooperation recipient countries in Asia (Figure 1-3).The core centers and the satellite centers are equipped tooffer live and interactive distance learning and self-study formore than 30 people at each center. J-Net is technically compatible with the World Bank’s GDLN (Global DevelopmentLearning Network), which enables interconnection of the network. In other words, J-Net connected with GDLN can deliver distance technical cooperation programs even for countriesnot equipped with a satellite center.32 JICA 2002Introduction Policy of Distance TechnicalCooperationJ-Net will focus on the Asian region for now and extendsatellite centers in Asia. In fiscal 2001, core centers wereestablished in Tokyo and Okinawa domestically, and threesatellite centers were established in Indonesia, Malaysia, andthe Philippines. Distance technical cooperation using theInternet has been upgraded to supplement the physical constraints of J-Net in parallel with J-Net. Since the centerapproach, which can incorporate face-to-face training, willbecome a key function in distance technical cooperation inthe future, continuous expansion to countries where satellitecenters will be established is under cosideration.Introduction PolicyJICA introduces distance technical cooperation for thefollowing programs.
2Distance Technical Cooperation Enabled by ITFigure 1-3 Core Centers and Satellite CentersPart IChapter 1 Topics in JICA ProgramsImproving working environmentSuccession anddevelopment of skillsTraining human resourcesCreation and stabilizationof employmentSecuring human resourcesDeveloping new businessRegional employment policies corresponding toreduced employment opportunitiesSupport for regional activities1. Overseas Technical Cooperation1) Cordial accommodation of needsDistance technical cooperation is actively utilized toaddress the diversifying needs of developing countriespromptly. By specifically utilizing academics and othersworking at the cutting edge of their fields, people who cannotMeeting between the division in charge of an Indonesian project and the partner at the J-Net studio at JICA headquarterseasily be dispatched overseas, and managing forums throughthe Internet, cooperation that makes the most of distance technical cooperation will be provided.2) Cooperation projectDistance training is actively employed for cooperationprojects that require the training of a large number of humanresources in a short period. It is also utilized for technologyexchange among projects and south-south cooperation*.3) Training with common themesNot limited to the countries where satellite centers areestablished, training is also offered to project counterparts*through the Internet with regard to common themes such asevaluation methods.4) Project coordination and consultationsDistance technical cooperation is employed in projectplanning and monitoring, coordination at each stage of theevaluation, and consultations carried out prior to dispatch ofstudy teams and experts.JICA 2002 33
2. Technical Training1) Pre- and post-course trainingIn order to improve the effects of training, pre- and postcourse training are conducted in combination with face-toface training. It is also possible to select participants eligiblefor training in Japan in the pre-course training.2) Group trainingIn group training, some lectures can be offered long-distance at the same time. Follow-up training is also possiblethrough the Internet.3. Development Studies and Grant AidIn addition to training for counterparts and joint research, itis used in project planning, advisory activities, and coordination with counterparts when working domestically to improveprogram efficiency.4. Dispatch of Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers1) Technical backupFor projects that require technical backup such as groupdispatch in the Japan Overseas Cooperation VolunteersProgram, it is utilized for advising by technical experts.2) Enhancement of the preparatory phaseJoint briefings and consultations prior to dispatch in theSenior Volunteers Program will employ videoconferencing toprepare the volunteers for the program.5. Promotion of Participatory Cooperation1) Development education supportDevelopment education support activities use the programs delivered by developing countries at the domestic corecenters.2) Offer access to citizen groupsA place where information is exchanged with local NGOswill be offered to citizen groups willing to participate in international cooperation.Linkage with Other OrganizationsJICA actively responds to requests for IT use from otheraid agencies, educational research organizations, and publicorganizations in Japan.Also, JICA aggressively promotes linkages with otherdonors (donor countries and agencies) who are engaged inthe introduction of distance technical cooperation with respectto network interconnection, shared facilities, joint development of content, joint study, and research in relation to distance technical cooperation methods.A remote lecture is offered to group training participants at the Tokyo International Centre.34 JICA 2002
Part I3National Rehabilitation Center for the Disabled in IndonesiaIt is reported that there are 300 million persons with disabilities (PWDs), one out of every ten persons in the AsiaPacific region, and it is speculated that most of them havelimited opportunities to participate in society in the form ofreceiving education, employment, and necessary services. Inorder to improve this situation, the United Nations adopted theDecade of Disabled Persons (1983-1992), and then, the Asianand Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons (1993-2002) in 1992.The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific (ESCAP) has enacted 12 Agenda for Action, as well.As a co-sponsoring country of this resolution, Japan isrequired to play the leading role in international cooperation insupporting PWDs, and in fiscal 1998, JICA conducted theThailand-Indonesian Disabled Persons Welfare ControlProject Formulation Study.Under these circumstances, in October 2000, the Thailandgovernment made a request to the Japanese government forproject-type technical cooperation to encourage the social participation and equality for PWDs living in the Asia Pacificregion through their empowerment*.With the help of three studies that began in 2001, JICAheld workshops focusing on PWDs and at the same time promoted consultations with Thai government institutions andneighboring nations, NGOs, and international agencies. As aresult, the goal of the project became “promoting empowerment of PWDs and a barrier-free society in developing countries in the Asia Pacific Region,” and specific activities beganin August 2002 based on three main ideas.1) Human resources developmentIndependent lives of PWDs, management and enhancement of organizations of PWDs, Community BasedRehabilitation (CBR), non-handicapping/barrier-free environment, etc.2) Information supportInformation accumulation in the field of disabilities, homepaging, transmission program using mailing lists, etc.3) Networking and coordination among related agenciesMoreover, construction of a center through grant aid isbeing planned. The following three points are the features ofthis project.a. This is the first project in which PWDs take the initiativein project identification, planning, management, and evaluation. It is a PWDs project by PWDs for PWDs.b. NGOs, which are organizations set up by PWDs ineach country, are utilized as the domestic support committee in Japan and as affiliates in Thailand.c. This project is a region-wide project intended forPWDs living in the Asia Pacific region.Activities in the Medical Care FieldSupport for Organization and Systems:Physically Disabled Rehabilitation Project in ChileIn Chile, it is a prime task to make improvements in thewelfare system for persons with physical disabilities, and primary focus is placed on social welfare to support vulnerablepeople. JICA provides technical cooperation at the InstitutoNacional de Rehabilitación Pedro Aguirre Cerda (INRPAC),the only rehabilitation hospital for children with physical disabilities in Chile, for the purpose of improving its functions asa national center and its management in terms of medical careand administration. Through this cooperation, a medical information system will be established, the rehabilitation programwill be expanded, and medical research will be advanced. It isalso expected that rehabilitation treatment technologies will beimproved, and the technical standards of rehabilitation professionals will be improved.JICA 2002 35Chapter 1 Topics in JICA ProgramsActivities in the Asia Pacific Region
Educational Support:Rehabilitation Professionals Training Project in ChinaIn China, due to the increase in industrial facilities andvehicles in parallel with the country’s recent rapid economicdevelopment, industrial and traffic accidents have increasedgreatly. As a result, the number of persons with physical disabilities has reached about 60 million, causing a serious shortage in people engaged in rehabilitation. JICA is cooperatingwith the China Rehabilitation Research Center to upgrade theeducation of medical rehabilitation professionals from thelevel of technical school to the level of four-year universitybased on international standards. Through support in curriculum development, teacher training, educational skills, educational management, and teaching material development, highly qualified teaching medical rehabilitation professionals willbe trained. Also China’s first university with a degree program in occupational therapy and physiotherapy based oninternational standards will be established in the center.Human Development:Leprosy Control and Basic Health Service ImprovementProject in MyanmarMyanmar is among top five countries in the world in termsof the number of leprosy patients. JICA implements cooperation with the aim of eliminating leprosy, improving rehabilitation, and strengthening infectious disease control and basichealth services with a focus on leprosy. Ongoing activitiesinclude the development of human resources such as physicians, nurses, physiotherapists, and prostheses engineers, aswell as improvement in prevention of disabilities (POD) andPhysiotherapy guidance in the Rehabilitation Professionals Training Programin China36 JICA 2002Reconstructive surgery guidance in the Leprosy Control Project in Myanmarprevention of worsening disabilities (POWD). Also improvement in rehabilitation technology and environment are beingpromoted.Activities of Japan Overseas Cooperation VolunteersDispatch of Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers(JOCV) to support PWDs began in 1975 and presently about130 volunteers are conducting activities.Region-involved Activity in MexicoAlthough the population of Mexico is about 98 millionand statistically about 7% are PWDs, the mentally disabled arenot included in these numbers. It is therefore assumed thatthe real number of PWDs is much larger.The education of PWDs in Mexico has a short history.There is a shortage of teachers in schools for the disabled,and there are no training schools for professionals who cancarry out their education.Comprehensive education for children with mild disabilities and physical disabilities are implemented by regularschools designated for children with physical disabilities calledUSAER (Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo a la EducaitonRegular). Children who find it difficult to participate inUSAER classes go to support schools designated for childrenwith overlapping disabilities called CAM (Centro de AtencionMultiple), which offers education for the purpose of helpingthe child get accepted into USAER. At CAM, two teachersteach one class, which consists of children with hearing disabilities, speech disabilities, and physical disabilities, with nodistinction in degree of disability.The Society Integrated Education Center in Huichapan
3Support for Children with DisabilitiesCosta Rica Find out Needs through Individual Consultations Social worker in a bindThe only public school for the disabled in Cartago Province, the CarlosLuis Bage Mathis School for the disabled, was established in 1975 and currently about 360 children with mentaland physical disabilities are enrolled.There are few social workers in schoolsfor the disabled in Costa Rica.Therefore, a volunteer “social worker”who was dispatched there did not knowwhat to do.The volunteer was introduced to afatherless family who did not receiveany support, despite their serious economic situation. As the child was mentally impaired, the volunteer recognizedthe necessity of assisting them toreceive public assistance, such
tion, medical and health care, information and communication technology, water resources, introduction of market economy, private sector development, agricultural and rural develop-ment, fishery development, natural environment conserva-tion, etc.) through which knowledge is categorized and stored. The following information is to be made public.
