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The VW Story and Its Impact on FutureIn-use Emissions Compliance and ControlTechnologies6th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopUniversity of California, RiversideCollege of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT)March 17 - 18, 2016Dan Carder, Marc Besch, Arvind Thiruvengadam, Hemanth Kappanna, and Gregory ThompsonCenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and EmissionsWest Virginia UniversityCAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions6th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

ICCT Light-Duty Diesel Project Initial Request by ICCT Initial Contact by Representatives from Horiba Ltd. on 11/15/2012Identify European-based Diesel Engines Sold in the United States Meeting atLeast Tier 2 Bin 5, LEV II EmissionsPropose a Plan to Evaluate the In-use Emissions from a Representative Selectionof Suggested Vehicles – Request Specified Two SCR-Equipped and One LeanNOx Trapped-Equipped VehiclesProposed Budget 193,662 with Multiple OptionsProject Award 69,387CAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions26th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

Emissions Control Typical Diesel OEM Solutions Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)And:https://www.dieselnet.com/tech/cat e/emissions.aspxCAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions36th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

Richard Dorenkamp12th Diesel Engine-Efficiency andEmissions Research (DEER) ConferenceAugust 20-24, 2006, Detroit, MichiganLNT or Urea SCR Technology:Which is the right technology forTIER 2 BIN 5 passenger vehicles?Diesel Engine Development, Volkswagen AG,Wolfsburg44

NOx EmissionsSystem ApplicabilityEmission LimitVehicle weight55

ICCT Light-Duty Diesel Project Protocol Initial Proposal Planned Work Around Morgantown, WV, andNorth FloridaVehicle Recruitment Resulted in Location Change to SouthernCaliforniaIncorporated CARB Chassis Dynamometer Test Facility toProvide Baseline DataRoutes Selected to Provide Representative In-use Operation ofCity, Suburban, and Highway DrivingPart of the 1970’s Route in Los Angeles used to Generate theUDDS IncludedGrade Included for Aftertreatment EffectsExtended Highway Driving to study PM Regeneration EventsCAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions66th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

Methodology - Test VehiclesJettaPassatPassatCAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and EmissionsBMW76th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

Methodology - Test Routes Route 1: highway driving in Los AngelesRoute 2: urban driving in downtown Los AngelesRoute 3: rural and uphill/downhill driving in LA’s foothillsRoute 4: urban driving in downtown San DiegoRoute 5: urban driving in downtown San FranciscoRoute 2: downtown LA,“Los Angeles Route Four” (FTP)Route 3: up/downhill,Ontario to Mt. BaldyCAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions86th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

Chassis Dynamometer Testing atCARB Volkswagen Jetta and Passat Tested in CARB’s El Monte Chassis DynamometerLaboratoryPassat Used to Compare PEMS to Lab – Ensure Confidence in PEMS DataIntegrated (g/mile) and Continuous (g/s) Data ComparisonThree Different Test Cycles FTP75NEDCUS06Cold, Warm, and Hot StartsCAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions96th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

PEMS vs. CARB LaboratoryEPA advertised CO2 value200150100xNO emissions [g/km]0.082CO emissions [g/km]250500Bag 1Bag 20.040.030.020.01Bag 1Bag 2CAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions10Bag 1Bag 2Bag 3 Tier2-Bin5 Standard: 2.61 g/km0.150.100.050Bag 3Tier2-Bin5 Standard: 0.04 g/km0.020.20CO emissions [g/km]THC emissions [g/km]0.0400.060Bag 3LabCVSPEMSOBSWeighted LabCVSWeighted PEMSOBSBag 1Bag 2Bag 36th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

On-Road Fuel Economy ResultsLA-Seattle: highwayRoute 6: urban (Seattle)Seattle-LA: highway (SAC - Sacramento)Route 7: urban/highway (Sacramento)Mean: highwayMean: urbanMean: total routeEPA advertised FE valuesAverage fuel economy [mpg]50Highway FE40Combined FECity City TotalAverage fuel economy of Passat over cross-multi-state driving route portions expressed as mpg;repeat test variations are presented as 1σ), ‘R’ designates segments including a DPF regenerationevent, ‘nd’ - no data available.CAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions116th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

Results - Routes NOX EmissionsR - DPF regeneration eventRoute 1: highwayRoute 2: urban (LA)Route 3: rural-up/downhillRoute 4: urban (San Diego)Route 5: urban (San Francisco)FTP-75 (Chassis Dynamometer)Tier2-Bin5 Standard: 0.04 [g/km]Average NOx emissions [g/km]1.81.61.41.21.0FTP-750.8FTP-750.60.40.20.0R RRR RVehicle AVehicle BVehicle C(LNT)(SCR)(SCR)Chassis dynamometer test results for NOxVehicleNOx over FTP-75[g/km]Rel. to Tier2-Bin5[%]Vehicle AVehicle BVehicle C0.022 0.0060.016 0.002(no data)50.464.1(no data)NOx standard EPA Tier2-Bin5, CARB LEV-IIULEV over FTP-75: 0.044 g/kmCAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions Highest NOx emissions during rural/up-downhilland lowest NOx during highway driving LNT shows deficiencies in NOx reduction overurea-SCR system Increase in NOx emissions during tests withDPF regeneration event especiallypronounced for Vehicle A (LNT) Route 1, Vehicle A contains rush-hour and nonrush-hour traffic conditions50Average NOx emissions as deviation ratio2.04035302520FTP-75FTP-7515105012Route 1: highwayRoute 2: urban (LA)Route 3: rural-up/downhillRoute 4: urban (San Diego)Route 5: urban (San Francisco)FTP-75 (Chassis Dynamometer)Tier2-Bin5 Standard45Vehicle AVehicle BVehicle C6th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

EPA's notice of violation of theClean Air Act to Volkswagen [pressstatement]Investigation into "defeat device" allegedly used to circumventemissions tests began with ICCT-sponsored research on in-useemissions from diesel passenger carsHighlights the global need for vigilant enforcement of air pollutionlaws by regulatory agencies in all vehicle marketsVolkswagen Shares PlungeOn Emissions ScandalCAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and EmissionsVW CEO Issues Statement on EPA EmissionsViolations, Apologizes for Wrongdoing6th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

CAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions146th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

TimelineIncreased onMarch – Mayroad (i.e. off2013cycle) NOxTesting ofMay 15th 2014emissionsthree vehicles Submission ofmeasured in Nov. 7th 2012 (on-road and final report toRFP by ICCT laboratory)EUICCTICCT wants totest DieselLDVs sold in USto demonstrateEU legislator thefeasibility of lowNOx emissionsNov. 22th 2012 March 30th 2014Submission of Presentation ofproposaldata at 24thCRC RealWorldEmissionsWorkshopCAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions15Sept. 3rd 2015VW Engineersadmit to CARBof use of“defeat device”Sep. 25th 2015CEOWinterkornresigns,VW namesMüller C.E.O.Dec. 2014 Sept. 18th 2015Notification First Notice ofViolation byof voluntaryrecall by VW U.S. EPA andCARB6th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

Timeline .cont’dJan.2016DOJ files complaint on behalfof EPA against VolkswagenGroup for alleged violations ofthe Clean Air Act. Finesestimated up to 46 BillionMar. 24th 2016U.S. District JudgeCharles Breyerrequests definitiveanswer on thestatus of a fixHistory in themakingNov. 2nd 2015Second Noticeof Violation byU.S. EPA andCARB4thJan. 22nd 2016ElizabethCabraserappointed solelead class counselin MDL againstVolkswagenDec. 10th 2015Internal VWinquiry reportsdecision tocheat was mademore than adecade agoJan. 12th 2016EPA & CARBrejected WV’sproposed fixCAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and EmissionsMar. 9th 2016Horn steps down aspresident and CEO ofVolkswagen Group ofAmerica. Woebckennamed president andCEO on an interimbasis.166th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

Can Diesels be “Clean”? “Clean-diesel” Technology is REAL and AVAILABLEVolkswagen is the problem, NOT the diesel engineWVU has a long history – We are “diesel guys”Some history 1974: Volkswagen was sued by US EPA for emissions defeat devices on four MY1973vehicles. Settled for 120,000. 2005: Failure to promptly notify EPA and to correct a defective oxygen sensor Atleast 329,000 of 1999, 2000, 2001 Golfs, Jettas, and New Beetles. 1.1 Million fine.Ref: ng-on-emissions-in-1974Ref: mlhttp://clean-green-cars.blogspot.com/2010 01 01 archive.htmlCAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions176th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

Development and le-test-track.aspxCAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions186th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

Regulatory Action? Increased Certification Procedures to Identify Off-Cycle Emissions On-Road Emissions Measurements Similar to HDD Requirements Expand Certification Test Ambient Conditions Low/High Temperature, Humidity, Elevation Real-world Certification/Compliance Geofencing Incentivize Future Reductions Drive Cycles More Representative of “Real-World” Driving “Surprise” Cycles or “Periodically Refreshed” NTE and ?-Based Windows OBD .I/M .?CAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions196th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

Technology Acceleration? Aftertreatment DevelopmentSensor DevelopmentAdvanced Combustion TechniquesAdvanced Driveline StrategiesFuel AlternativesConnected VehicleEnhanced IntegrationRef: www.dieselnet.comCAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions206th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016

You Like Us You Really LikeUs Advanced Combustion Laboratory Engine and Emissions ResearchLaboratory Vehicle and Engine Testing LaboratoryCAFEECenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions216th International PEMS Conference & WorkshopCenter for Environmental Research & TechnologyUniversity of California - RiversideMarch 17-18, 2016