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Campbell-Walsh-WeinUROLOGY

Campbell-Walsh-WeinUROLOGYEditor-in-ChiefAlan W. Partin, MD, PhDThe Jakurski Family DirectorUrologist-in-ChiefChairman, Department of UrologyProfessor, Departments of Urology, Oncology and PathologyJohns Hopkins Medical InstitutionsBaltimore, MarylandEditorsRoger R. Dmochowski,Louis R. Kavoussi,Craig A. Peters,Professor, Urologic Surgery,Surgery and GynecologyProgram Director, Female PelvicMedicine and Reconstructive SurgeryVice Chair for Faculty Affairs andProfessionalismSection of Surgical SciencesAssociate Surgeon-in-ChiefVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TennesseeProfessor and ChairDepartment of UrologyZucker School of Medicineat Hofstra/NorthwellHempstead, New York;Chairman of UrologyThe Arthur SmithInstitute for UrologyLake Success, New YorkChief, Pediatric UrologyChildren’s Health System Texas;Professor of UrologyUniversity of Texas SouthwesternMedical CenterDallas, TexasMD, MMHC, FACSMD, MBAMDTWELFTH EDITION

Elsevier1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.Ste 1600Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899CAMPBELL-WALSH-WEIN UROLOGY, TWELFTH EDITIONISBN: 978-0-323-54642-3Volume I ISBN: 978-0-323-76066-9Volume II ISBN: 978-0-323-76067-6Volume III ISBN: 978-0-323-76068-3ISBN: 978-0-323-67226-9Volume I ISBN: 978-0-323-76005-8Volume II ISBN: 978-0-323-76006-5Volume III ISBN: 978-0-323-76007-2INTERNATIONAL EDITIONCopyright 2021 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic ormechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, withoutpermission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about thePublisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright ClearanceCenter and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher(other than as may be noted herein).NoticePractitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluatingand using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapidadvances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosagesshould be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors,editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of productsliability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions,or ideas contained in the material herein.Previous editions copyrighted 2016, 2012, 2007, 2002, 1998, 1992, 1986, 1978, 1970, 1963, and 1954.ISBN: 978-0-323-54642-3Senior Content Strategist: Belinda KuhnSenior Content Development Specialist: Jennifer EhlersPublishing Services Manager: Catherine JacksonSenior Project Manager: Kate MannixDesign Direction: Amy BuxtonPrinted in CanadaLast digit is the print number: 987654321

Dedicated to my wife, family, residents, and faculty, all of whom have supported me in this work invarious and important ways and helped make this edition of Campbell-Walsh-Wein possible.APFor this edition of Campbell’s I would like to thank my spouse and my children for their unbelievablesupport during my career in urology. I would also like to thank my past and present residents andfellows for all that they have taught me about the importance of listening. I would like to recognizea few mentors who have taught me a great deal about the specialty and humanity: Dr. Herb Seybold,Dr. Marty Resnick, Dr. Joe Segura, Dr. Joseph Corriere, Dr. George Benson, Dr. Gerald Jordan, andDr. Jay Smith.RDTo my mentors, whose reassuring voices forever guide me: Bill Catalona, Ralph Clayman, Alan Retik,and Pat Walsh.LKThe privilege of compiling and editing this book makes us reflect on the vast body of knowledge andexperience that makes up the field of urology, and the efforts and dedication of our predecessors andmentors, to whom I dedicate this work. Without the examples, teaching, and inspiration (with notinfrequent cajoling and correction), none of us would have been able to grow into who we are orparticipate in this textbook. For myself, these mentors have been many and varied, guiding me to thisday in areas of clinical care, teaching, research, and mentoring. Some are no longer with us but theyall continue to inspire.I also include my wife and children, who inspire, teach, and support me in so many ways. Theircommitment has meant the world to me.CP

PREFACEContinuing in a great tradition of publishers, editors, and authors,we proudly present to you, our readers, the twelfth edition of the“Bible of Urology”—Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology. Started in 1954as Campbell’s Urology and retitled Campbell-Walsh Urology in 2012,the present editors felt it was appropriate to honor Alan J. Wein,MD, PhD (Hon) for his many years of dedication to this text byadding his name to the previous chief editors. During his time aschief editor, Dr. Wein was responsible for keeping the textbook inpace with a rapidly growing field in medicine—for this diligenceand dedication we are grateful.As with previous editions, the twelfth edition presents manyexciting advances in our use and understanding of technology,physiology, pharmacology, epidemiology, and pathophysiology whilemaintaining our basic classical urological knowledge.We are dedicated to keeping the content of this textbook freshand on the cutting edge of care. CWW-12 adds 10 novel chaptersand more than 150 first-time authors, including several new authorsfrom international sites. CWW-12 has 3 volumes, 162 chapters, 3706pages, and more than 3000 illustrations.The format continues to include color images, Key Points, SuggestedReadings, boldfaced important text, and online linkable referencesto streamline the access and usefulness of the material. Additionally,as in previous editions, a companion Review book with questionsand answers for each chapter is available separately under the leadership of Drs. Alan Wein and Thomas F. Kolon.Volume I (54 chapters) covers basic urological evaluation, imagingand principles and fundamentals of surgery, endourology, and laparoscopy. Also in Volume I is a completely revamped and updatedevaluation, the exstrophy-epispadias complex, pediatric stone disease,hypospadias, disorders of sexual development, and many more topics.Volume II (50 chapters) covers infections within the urinary tract,sexually transmitted diseases, male reproduction, male infertility,erectile dysfunction, neoplasms/management of the testes and penis,medical/surgical management of urological stone disease, and manymore topics.Volume III (58 chapters) covers anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, pathophysiology, oncology, and surgery of the adrenal glands;all chapters covering diagnosis, physiology, and pathophysiology offemale and male lower urinary tract disorders; all oncologic aspects(imaging, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and outcomes) of the bladderand prostate; urinary diversion; and physiology, diagnosis, and medicaland surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.We all remain extremely proud once again to present you withthis textbook and are especially thankful for our spouses and familieswho have put up with us during the months of review, editing, andproofing. We also give special thanks to the hundreds of authorswhose time, expertise, and effort have made all of this possible. Wewould also like to thank our editorial support staff from Elsevier:Jennifer S. Ehlers (Senior Content Development Specialist) andBelinda Kuhn (Senior Content Strategist), who helped us to coordinateCWW-12.We truly hope you will enjoy reading this textbook.From the EditorsAlan W. PartinRoger R. DmochowskiLouis R. KavoussiCraig A. Petersvii

CONTRIBUTORSRobert Abouassaly, MD, MSAssistant Professor, UrologyUniversity Hospitals Case Medical CenterCleveland, OhioÖmer Acar, MDDepartment of UrologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IllinoisMark C. Adams, MD, FAAPProfessor of Urology and PediatricsVanderbilt UniversityNashville, TennesseeRiyad Taher Al-Mousa, MBBS, SSCU,FEBU, MSHAConsultant Urologist/Neuro-urologistUrology DepartmentKing Fahad Specialist Hospital–DammamDammam, Saudi ArabiaMohamad E. Allaf, MDVice Chairman and Professor of Urology,Oncology, and Biomedical EngineeringDirector of Minimally Invasive andRobotic SurgeryDepartment of UrologyBrady Urological InstituteJohns Hopkins University School ofMedicineBaltimore, MarylandChristopher L. Amling, MD, FACSJohn Barry Professor and ChairDepartment of UrologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortland, OregonChristopher B. Anderson, MD, MPHAssistant Professor, UrologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew York, New YorkKarl-Erik Andersson, MD, PhDProfessorAarhus Institute for Advanced StudiesAarhus UniversityAarhus, Jutland, Denmark;ProfessorWake Forest Institute for RegenerativeMedicineWake Forest University School ofMedicineWinston-Salem, North CarolinaSero Andonian, MD, MSc, FRCS(C),FACSAssociate ProfessorDepartment of UrologyMcGill UniversityMontreal, CanadaEmmanuel S. Antonarakis, MDProfessor of Oncology and UrologyJohns Hopkins Sidney KimmelComprehensive Cancer CenterBaltimore, MarylandJodi A. Antonelli, MDAssistant ProfessorDepartment of UrologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern MedicalCenterDallas, TexasJoshua Augustine, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineCleveland Clinic Lerner College ofMedicineCleveland ClinicCleveland, OhioPaul F. Austin, MDProfessorDivision of Urologic SurgeryWashington University School ofMedicineSt. Louis, MissouriTimothy D. Averch, MDProfessor and Vice Chair for QualityUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburgh, PennsylvaniaLaurence S. Baskin, MDChief of Pediatric UrologyUniversity of California–San FranciscoBenioff Children’s HospitalSan Francisco, CaliforniaStuart B. Bauer, MDProfessor of Surgery (Urology)Harvard Medical School;Senior Associate in UrologyDepartment of UrologyBoston Children’s HospitalBoston, MassachusettsMitchell C. Benson, MDHerbert and Florence Irving Professor andChairman EmeritusDepartment of UrologyColumbia University;Attending PhysicianDepartment of UrologyNew York Presbyterian Hospital–ColumbiaNew York, New YorkSara L. Best, MDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of UrologyUniversity of Wisconsin School ofMedicine and Public HealthMadison, WisconsinLori A. Birder, PhDProfessor of Medicine and PharmacologyMedicine–Renal Electrolyte DivisionUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicinePittsburgh, PennsylvaniaGina M. Badalato, MDAssistant Professor, UrologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew York, New YorkJay T. Bishoff, MDDirector, Intermountain UrologicalInstituteIntermountain Health CareSalt Lake City, UtahDaniel A. Barocas, MD, MPH, FACSAssociate Professor, Urologic SurgeryVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TennesseeTrinity J. Bivalacqua, MD, PhDR. Christian Evenson Professor of UrologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MarylandJulia Spencer Barthold, MDPrincipal Research ScientistNemours Biomedical Research/Divisionof UrologyAlfred I. duPont Hospital for ChildrenWilmington, Delaware;ProfessorUrology and PediatricsThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PennsylvaniaMarc A. Bjurlin, DO, MScAssistant Professor, UrologyNew York UniversityNew York, New YorkBrian G. Blackburn, MDClinical Associate ProfessorInternal Medicine/Infectious Diseases andGeographic MedicineStanford University School of MedicineStanford, Californiaix