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- 22-other classificationsclassifications onon cable logginglogging systems,systems, inin this Manual theWhile there are otherthe world,world, becausebecause thetheclassification depends on cable logging machines currently used in theManual isis designed for forestersforesters who firstfirst have to decidedecide what kind ofof machine shouldshould beusedin theirtheir forests.forests.used inclassifications havehave beenbeen used:used:The following classificationsIndependent Bunching WinchesIndependentMachine-mounted Winches- Yarders- Yarding Trailers for Continuous Mainline System- Mobile Tower Yarders- Running Skyline Swing YardersIn addition,be, and are used for moreaddition, since many carriages for the above systems can be,than one cable logging system classification,classification, the various types ofof carriagescarriages have beendescribeddescribed under:- Carriages andand Accessoriespages.The aboveabove categories are described on the following pages.2.12.1Independent BunchingBunching WinchesIndependentlogs inin orderorder to improveimproveIndependent Bunching Winches can be used to collect small logsefficiency andand economyeconoffilf ofof transporttransport tot o thethe roadsider oads ide byby otherother equipmentequipment suchsuch asas tractors,tractors,the efficiencyskidderein gentle terrain oror skylineskyline cranescranes inin steepsteep terrain.In otherskidders and forwarders inwords, thesethese winches cancan be usedused toto shortenshorten thethe laterallateral skiddingskidding oror yardingyarding distancedistance onon thethewords,main equipment and theythey areare sometimessometimes usedused asas thethe mainmain equipmentequipment toto transporttransport toto thethe road,roadside,or logslogs can be loadedloaded onon toto trucks oror trailers.trailers.side, wherewhere the extracted trees orFigure 11 - IndependentIndependent BunchingWinch,Bunching Winch,c ontrolledRadio controlledPhoto:Photo: Courtesy Kolpe-Patent AB

- 3 -Independent bunching winches usually have no haulback line soso that the line must bepulled back to thethe logslogs manually.manually.If thethe winch isis radio-controlled,radio-controlled, this system needslogs, followsonly one operator who pulls the line to the logs to be extracted, hooks up the logs,logs intointo the bunchingbunching location,location, unhooksunhooks themthem andand thenthen pullspulls thethe lineline backback forfor thethe nextnextthe logsturn,turn, while constantlyconstantly retainingretaining controlcontrol ofof thethe winchwinch withwith thethe radioradio (Figure(Figure 1).1).If thetheIfsystem isis notit usually needs two men, i.e.i.e. a winch operatoroperator and anot radio-controlled itchokerman (choker(choker setter-cum-linesetter-cum-line puller).puller).Figure 22 -- SkiddingSkidding ConesConesStandardStandard coneconePhoto: Courtesy Kolpe-Patent ABPhoto:shaped coneconePan shapedPhoto: Courtesy Kblpe-PatentKOlpe-Patent ABABPhoto:

- 4 -SinceSince therethere is often no lift with this system it is necessary to m1nlmlZeminimize hang-upsother means suchsuch asas cuttingcutting lowlow stumpsstumps andand usingusing skiddingskidding cones,cones, panspans oror sledgessledgesthrough other(Figure 2).2).itself along with itsits winchingwinching line.The winch is moved by pulling itselfchanging from oneone yarding stripstrip toto anan adjacentadjacent yardingyarding strip,strip, itit isis usuallyusuallyfaster to use blocks to relocate the lineslines andand thus changechange thethe directiondirection ofofthan to move the winch itselfitself (Figure(Figure 3).3).However,However, whenwheneasier andandeasierpull, ratherpull,In theoperation, thethe treestrees mustmust bebe directeddirected inin aa mannermanner thatthat willwill makemake thethethe felling operation,winching operation as efficient as possible.possible.ThisThis normallynormally requiresrequires fellingfelling thethe treestrees inthewinched.the direction in which they will be winched.Figure 33 -- ChangingChanging YardingYarding StripsStrips with BlocksBlocks----- Tractor, Skidder, Forwarder/ ororSkylineSkyline Crane"Road"Crane II'Road 1/IfCourtesy Nordfor Teknik ABThis equipment isis designeddesigned forfor bunchingbunching smallsmall wood.wood.It isis ideallyideally suitedsuited forfor useuseItin a firstfirst thinning inin smallsmall dimensiondimension wood.wood.Should itit bebe necessarynecessary toto movemove anan occasionalocca.sionalShouldlarger log,increased byby usingUBing aa blockblock forfor mechanicalmechanical advantagelog, thethe pulling power can be increased(Figure 4).

- 5 -FigureFigure 44 -UsingUsL aa BlockBlock toto IncreaseIncrease PullingPulling PowerPower/. \ .c::;j. ,\ \ , . .I----.,.-,,. .--,J.:.\""i:AIII\. . . . '"", ',-. . . '" ";.!I(I'I ,-I. , ;.· I\\!'.:.bunching winches cancan also.bealso .be usedused forfor otherother purposespurposes suchsuch asas pullingpullingIndependent bunchingskidding lineline (mainline)(mainline) outout laterallylaterally fromfrom aa skylineskyline crane.crane.A recent development,development,the skiddingAis old,old, isis toto use thethe winchwinch forfor mechanicallymechanically delimbingdelimbing smallsmall treestreesalthough the principle isby pulling themthem through aa smallsmall limbinglimbing device.device.'lb.e general specifications for independentindependent bunchingbunching wincheswinches are given inin TableTable 1.1.TheSome selected examplese:mmples are givengiven inin AppendixAppendix 1.1.Independent BunchingWinches -- GeneralGeneral SpecificationsSpecificat ionsTable 1 -- IndependentBunching WinchesMaximum pulling powerMaximum line speed2.2to 4545 kNIdl'55 to(500 toto 4 500(500500 kp)kp)0.4 toto 1.5 m/sMaximum drum capacityto 250250 mm50 toEngine powerto 37 kWkW4 tohp)50 hpj(5 to 50Weight40 to 750 kgMachine-mounted WinchesMachine-mounted(Figure 5) on tractors,tractors, skidders,skidders, forwarders etc.,etc . , are usedMachine-mounted winches (Figurelogs which areare thenthen transportedtransported byby thethe machinemachine toto thethe roadside.roadside.In manymanyto collect the logsInis the most commoncommon meansmeans ofof collectingcollecting andand transportingtransporting wood.wood.Such winchesregions this isare advantageous inin brokenbroken terrainterrain inin whichwhich aa machinemachine withwith onlyonly aa grapplegrapple oror cranecrane cannotcannotreach all the logslogs without wastingwasting timetime inin gettinggetting toto thethe logslogs andand disturbingdisturbing thethe soilsoil'WUlecessarily.unnecessarily.

-- 6 -These winches varyva:ry in number ofof drums andand whether theythey are mountedmounted with or withouttowers.considerable differencesdifferences inin the capacities ofof the various winches.There are also considerableThis is primarily due to differences inin the sizesize and weight ofof thethe logslogs to be moved,moved, thewinching distances required and the sizesize and weight ofof the base machinesmachines for which theequipment isis designed.The task performedperformed withwith thesethese wincheswinches isiscalledcalled"winchinig"."winching".In winching,winching, thethe cablecableand chokerschokers are pulledpulled outout manuallymanually fromfrom thethe machinemachine andand fastenedfastened toto thethe logs.logs.The logsandwinched toto thethe machinemachine andand transportedtransported toto thethe rGadside.roadside.Pre-set chokers cancan bebeare then winchedused to advantage inin manymany situations.situations.TheThe winch is mostmost often manually controlled althoughalthoughradio-controlled unitsunits areare usedused inin someBorne regions.regions.Bunching usually requiresrequires twotwo men;men; onechokerman and one machinemachine operator.operator.However,it is notHowever, itnot unusual for thethe machinemachine operator toalso set chokers.chokers.Figure 55 -- Machine-mounted WinchesSingle drum winchSingleCourtesy Caterpillardrum winchDouble drumCourtesy SepsonFourFour drumdrum winchwinchFabrik A/SCourtesy Per Iglands Fabrik

- 7-Some variationsvariations areare Shownshown inin FigureFigure 6.6.When a winch isis equippedequipped withwith twotwo oror moremoredrumsit can be used inin various sablec,§l.ble configurations suchsuch as those described under Yarders.drums,t itit isis alsoalso equippedequipped withwith aa tower,tower, itit cancan bebe usedused inin variousvarious ways, as showninshownin Figure 7.When itThe configurations Shownshown inin FiguresFigures 7b,Th, 7c and 7d are describeddescribed under Yarders,Yarders, Mobile TowerYarders and Running SkylineSkyl ine SwingSwing Yarders.Yarders.interlocked double drum winch whichAn interlockedoperates onon the interlockinterlock principlesprinciples describeddescribed underunder RunningRunning SkylineSkyline SwingSwing YardersYarders hashasrecently beenbeen developeddeveloped inin Norway.Norway.illustrate theThese examples illustratethe greatgreat flexibility ofwinching andand cablecable logginglogging systems.systems.winchingoperation, the trees must be directeddirected inin aa mannermanner that will makemake thetheIn the felling operation,winching operationoperation asas efficientefficient asas possible.possible.the treeswinchingThis normally requires felling thetoward or away from the direction inin which theythey willwill bebe winched.winched.Figure 66 -- Variations Using-aUsing: a SingleSingle DrumDrum Winch\'/incha.a. Mounted onon skidderskidder withwith archarchCourtesy EatonEaton YaleYale Ltdb.b. Mounted onon skidderskidder withwith tiltabletil table cranecranepost (with(with oror without haulbackhaulback drum)drum)Courtesy Nordfor Teknik AB;;,/.". .- . . . . . C&'\w"'\.J .'" :.r--,-. .oc. Mounted on forwarderforwarder cranecrane armc.ABCourtesy Ostbergs Fabriks AB

--88 -Figure 77 -- Someusinga iations usingD. Standard WinchingWinchinga.,.,mo.,.000.001"''----01. V.-OIL.: .4lipb. SiandingStanding Skyline.lati1.-14,k,.4,i010,00.- .,illkimI 4,1e0V.-.00.c.Running Skylinec,Running4 likA4g;.:J--." .sIill2),ttir ".PIL :IL./.-\ --\------i:5 .:. ,.fr:ii,o-3v4,i.dd LiveLive SkykneSkyi"me ( (GraviiylGravity).4.11k\sZ.:',.7.7---::::,. -.'i'it :t.-. y: Per IglandsIglands FabrikFabrikA/SA/SCourtesy:-4./.Afip4,t,.-SZ

- 9-Themachine-mounted winches are given inin Appendix 1.The generalgeneral specifications for machine-mounted1.Table 2 -- Machine-mounted Winches for Ground Machines !achines -Generali onsGeneral SpecificatSpecificationsof drumsdrumsNumber ofMaximumMaxirm.un pullingpull ing powerpowerMRximumline speedspeed !axirm.un lineMaximumMaxirm.un drum capacity"Tower" height1 toto 4110 to 735 kN(1kp)(1 000000 to 75 000 kp)mlsto 2.50.4 to2.5 m/s3030 to 800 mm0 to 5·55.5 mmEngine power ofof base machine11 to 336 kWto 450(15 to450 hP)hpj(15We ight of winchWeight100 to 2 000000 kg2.32.3 YardersYarders are thethe mostmost commonlycommonly usedused cablecable logginglogging machines.machines.The equipmentequipment isis used ininThea manner similarsimilar toto thethe mobilemobile towertower yarders,yarders, discusseddiscussedininSectilonSec on 2.5.2.5.A major differenceAis thatcan bebe greaterl/greaterll thanthan for thethe smallsmall mobilemobileisthat thethe yarding distance for this equipment cantower yarders used inin Europe (Section(Section 2.5.1).2.5.1).Yarders cancan be transferredtransferred byby trucks,trucks, trailerstrailers oror tractors.tractors.Central EuropeanCentralyarders are mountedmounted onon sleds,sleds, asas areare thethe high-leadhigh-lead yardersyarders (donkeys)(donkeys) stillstill usedused inin Asia,Asia,and thesethese can movemove overover thethe terrainterrain underunder theirtheir ownown power.power.Some yarders areare operatedbeing unloadedunloaded fromfrom trucks,trucks, trailerstrailers oror tractorstractors andand areare usedused inin aa mannermanner similarsimilarwithout beingto the mobile yarders.t?rrain theythey areare sometimes transferred ininIn extremely difficult terrainpieces.The yarder generally consists ofTheof 11 toto 33 singlesingle drums,drums, whichwhich areare sometimessometimes groovedgrooved(Figure8), or endless pulleys, with an engine(Figure 8),engine asas aa sourcesource ofof power.power.Theand typetypeThe numbernumber andof drums in a yarder shouldshould be selectedselected carefullycarefully becausebecause thesethese limitlimit thethe variationvariation ofof thethecablecable configurations which can be used.A setset ofof groovedgrooved drumsdrums oror anan endlessendless pulleypulley areareAusedused to powerpower the circulatingcirculating lineline inin thethe so-calledso-called "continuousItcontinuous line"line" oror "endlessHendless line"line"system.prebuilt towertower thesethese systemssystems useuse elevatedelevated blocksblocks andand intermediateintermediateInstead of using aa prebuiltsupportsobtain thethe desireddesired heightheight andand thusthus keepkeep thethe loadloadsupports suspended from trees and poles to obtainfrom draggingdragging onon thethe ground.ground.Examples ofof such supportssupports are shownshown inin Figure 99 andand Figures16 to 22.1622.VBecause thethe drumdrum capacitycapacity ofof yardersyarders isis generallygenerally greatergreater andand bec usebecpse ofBecausethe greater stabilitystability ofof aa sled-mountedsled-mounted yarderyarder andand itsits guyingguying system.system.

- 10 -Figure 8 -- Example of Grooved DrumsDrumsCourtesy Kolpe-PatentKDlpe-Patent ABIn general,in skyline systems mainly iningeneral, itit can be said that yarders are used inand Japan,Japan, andand thethe highleadhighlead systemsystem whichwhich isis stillstill inin useuse inin itsits originaloriginal form,form,Europe andespecially inin SoutheastSoutheast Asia,ASia, asasshownshown inin FigureFigure 16.16.TheThehighleadhighleadsystemsystemis isalsoalsostillstillincovered inin Section 2.5.in useuse in NorthNorth America,America, butbut generally with mobile towers which are coveredThe skyline systems with oror without intermediateintermediate supportssupports areare classifiedclassified asas follows:follows:- Single-span Skyline SystemSystemMulti-SpanSystemMulti-span Skyline SystemThese twotwa systems have no fundamental mechanicalmechanical difference.difference.isis consideredconsidered to.to bebe aa series of single-span skyline systems.A multi-spanmulti-span skylineskyline systemsystemAIntermediate supports are time-consumingtime-consuming andand oftenoften expensiveexpensive toto rigrig upup andand toto build.IntermediateConstruction of intermediateintermediate gupportssupports isis normallynormally donedone withwith aa three-manthree-man crewcrew andand requiresrequiresabout half a dayThe multi-spanday oror moremore perper gupport,support, dependingdepending uponupon itsits complexity.complexity.nulti-spanskyline system is generally used for longlong transportationtransportation where nono otherother methodsmethods arearesuitable.suitable.When intermediateintermediate supportssupports areare notnot enoughenough toto r;ntainobtain the desireddesired heightheight oror liftlif.t totoWhenkeep thethe load from dragging on thethe ground becausebecause ofof unevenuneven terrain,terrain, aa setset ofof twotwo orormore yarders isis sometimessometimes used, somesome forfor yardingyarding andand somesome forfor swiaging,swinging, insteadinstead ofof thetheskyline system.system.However, thisthis useuse ofof moremore thanthan oneone yarderyarder isis moremore timetime-multi-span skylineconsuming not only inin moving, setting-upsetting'-up andand takingtaking down,down, butbut alsoalso inin thethe loggingloggingoperationitself.operation itself.In Japan,Japan, thethe multi-spanmulti-span skylineskyline system,system, oror thethe systemssystems withwith aa setset ofof twotwo oror moremoreyarders, were onceonce employedemployed becausebecause ofo thethe steepsteep andand undulatingundulating terrainterrain andand thethe lowlow densitydensityof roads.roads.of moremore roadsroads intointo. forestforest areas,areas, however,however, thesethese systemssystemsWith the development ofofseldom usedused now.now.are seldomIn the general operation ofof thesethese systems,systems, aa crewcrew consistsconsists ofof aa minimummm mum ofof threethreemen:least oneone chokermanchokerman andand atat leastleast oneone landinglanding manman (chaser).(chaser).men: one machine operator, at leastbetween thethe crew isCommunication betweenis usually performedperformed byby handhand oror flagflag signalssignals inin shortshort(visible) distances or by radio transmitter, or(visible)or electricelectric whistleswhistles overover longerlonger distances.distances.

- 1111 -Figure 99 -- Examples ofof IntermediateIntermediate Ms-srlineSkyline SupportsSupportsTail Spar.CarriageTailSpar-Carriage cancanpass overover withoutwithoutpassloadloadCourtes KollerCourtesy:Koller SeilbahnenSeilbahnen

-- 1122 --must be directeddirected inm aa mannermamler thatthat will makemake thetheIn the felling operation the trees mustyarding as efficient as possible.especially importantimportant inm thinnings and partialThis is especiallyIndependent bunching wmchesmcuts.Independentwinches are sometimes used for pre-bunching the wood inthinnings.Inis notm thinnmgsIn clearcutsclearcuts thethe fellingfelling direction isnot asas criticalcritical asas inthinnings andcuts, but felling ifif at all possiblepossible Shouldshould be toto lead.lead.should be as lowpartial cuts,Stumps shouldas possible to minimize hang-ups.plannmg and layoutlaycut of skylinessl ;ylmes isis basedbased upon the principlesprmciples ofof skylinesl ;yline tensionThe planningand deflection design.design.Long spans of over 1 000 metres inm length are used inm theEuropean Alps when the deflection isis good.In multi-span sl ;ylmeskyline systems,systems, yardingdistances of over 4 000 metres are possiblepossible andand thethe layoutlayout isis calculatedcalculated forfor eacheach spanspanusing thethe principlesprmciples ofof skylinesl ;yline tensiontension andand deflection.deflection.sl ;ylineThese systems often employ skylinecranes,i.e. carriages that can yardyard laterallylaterally toto thethe skyline.sl ;yline.Emmplescranes, i.e.Examples of these carriages40, 41 andare shown inin Figures 39,39, 40,and 42.The number andand type ofof drumsdrums onon yardersyarders enableenable oror limitlimit thethe typetype ofof yardingyarding operationoperationwhich maymay be carriedcarried out,out, forfor instanceinstance thethe interactioninteraction betweenbetween aa mainlinemainline andand aa haulbackhaulbackallow for thesystem (Figure(Figure 20),20), whereas a singlesingle drumdrum winchwinch wouldwould not.the useuse of aa North Bend systemThe major cable configurationsconfigurations areare alsoalso givengiven inin thethe sectionsection onon largelarge mobilemobile towertoweryarders.can be placedplaced inin twotwo mainmain categories:categor

2.5.5 Live Skyline 39 2.5.6 Standing Skyline 41 2.6 Running Skyline Swing Yarders 42 CARRIAGES AND ACCESSORIES 48 3.1 Single-span Skyline Carriage 48 3.2 Multispan Skyline Carriage 49 3.3 Carriage Stop 49 3.4 Load Beam 50 3.5 Clamping Carriage 50 3.6 Operating Lines 52 3.7 Gravity Carriage 52 3.8 Non-gravity Carriage 53 3.9 Butt Rigging 54 - v .