WIXLIB

The Six-Day War: Israel’s Strategy and the Role of Air PowerDr Michael RaskaResearch FellowMilitary Transformations Programismraska@ntu.edu.sgPonder the Improbable

Outline: Israel’s Traditional Security Concept1948 – 1967 – 1973 The Origins of the Conflict & Path to WarInternational – Regional – Domestic Context The War:June 5-10, 1967 Conclusion:Strategic Implications and Enduring LegacyPonder the Improbable

Israel’s Traditional Security Concept1948 – 1967 – 1973 תפישת הביטחון של ישראל Ponder the Improbable

Baseline Assumptions:Security Conceptions Distinct set of generally sharedorganizing ideas concerning a givenstate’s national security problems,reflected in the thinking of thecountry’s political and military elite;ThreatPerceptionsDefense StrategyPolitical and military-orientedcollection of means and endsthrough which a state definesand attempts to achieve itsnational security;Ponder the ImprobableOperationalExperienceSecurity PolicyDefense ManagementStrategies & TacticsForce StructureForce DeploymentMilitary DoctrineOperational concepts andfundamental principles bywhich military forces guide theiractions in support of objectives;

Baseline Assumptions:Israel is engaged in a struggle for its verysurvival - Israel is in a perpetual state of“dormant war” even when no activehostilities exist;“Over the years it has become clear thatIsrael’s military thought, to this day, is littlemore than a series of footnotes to thedoctrine which crystallized in the fifties.Although in the course of time changes andrefinements were made, not always for thebetter, these foundations were preserved.”Israel TalPonder the ImprobableGiven conditions of geostrategicinferiority, Israel cannot achievecomplete strategic victory neither byunilaterally imposing peace or bymilitary means alone;Israel is confronted with wars of nochoice (ein brera);Israel is standing alone; it must retainqualitative military-technological edge;

Baseline Assumptions:Conditions of Geostrategic Inferiority:Basic, permanent strategic factors that characterizedIsrael’s circumstances, defined threats and constraints,and determined the goals and aims that could beadopted within the limits of its power.Michael Handel (1977)Lack of Strategic Depth-Short early warning time;Israel cannot trade space for time;Israel cannot afford to lose a single war;All Israeli airfields are within three to five minutes flying time ofSyria and Jordan, as well as in range of surface-to-surfacemissiles capable of hitting any target in Israel.Ponder the Improbable

Baseline Assumptions:Population Inferiority“The Few Against the Many”Israel vs. direct neighbors:Israel vs. Arab world:Israel vs. Muslim world:1/151/401/200Lack of Natural Resources- Nearly complete external dependenceon critical energy sources;- Shortage of water supplies;Superpower Involvement- Direct or Indirect Involvement- Preventing strategic decision on thebattlefield;Ponder the Improbable-Limitations on the size of armed forces;Vulnerability to attrition strategies;Limitations on the duration of wars;Defense burden on economy and society;Sensitivity to casualties;-Israel cannot afford to sustain lengthywars of attrition;Concentration of effort on one front;--Israel must reach battlefield decisionquickly prior to superpower involvement;The more extensive gains, the greater thechances for involvement;

“Basic” vs. “Current” Security:“BITACHON YISODI”“BITACHON aily OperationalSecurity הביטחון Low-Intensity Conflicts,Enemy intrusion,Response to terroristattacks, border skirmishes,etc.Ponder the ImprobableMajor conventional wars(real or potential)Transcends alldifferences in ideologyand politics.

“Circles of Defense”:Ponder the ier (Israel/West Bank/Gaza)Remote Commitments (Iraq/Iran)

“The Concept”:Deterrence Current DeterrenceSpecific DeterrenceStrategic DeterrenceCumulative DeterrenceDenialPunishment“The Concept”Early Warning Strategic/Tactical Intelligence; First Line of Defense; Not a “warning of intentions” butformation of a threat as anobjective reality;Ponder the ImprobableMilitary DecisionDecisive Operational Victory (hachra‘a) Negating the enemy’s combat capability(“Reverse Asymmetry”) Restoring the credibility of deterrence; The concept of “military rounds”;

Operational Conduct:OffensePreemption*Rapid Maneuver Transfer war into enemyterritory; Seize operational controland initiative; Disrupt or deny enemy’splans; Concentrate forces atchosen points; Shorten the duration ofconflict; minimize casualties;reduce war costs; Striking first in the face of amajor imminent threat; Improve the probability ofdesicive operationalvictory; Achieve strategic surprise; Deny the enemy’s plans; Mitigate the risk ofsuperpower intervention; Reinforce the credibility ofIsrael’s deterrence; Combination of forcemovement and fires to gainadvantage over the enemy; Speed , Mobility,Maneuverability; Surprise – Indirect Approach Flexibility – command, plans,and operations;“An offensive ethos of a pre-emptive attack executed by a combination of armor-heavy andair striking forces deep into enemy territory, that would bring the destruction of its militaryforce and thus remove the immediate strategic threat to Israel.” Naveh [1996]Ponder the Improbable

The Origins of the Conflict & Path to WarInternational – Regional – Domestic ContextPonder the Improbable

Conditioning Factors:International LevelRegional LevelDomestic Level Escalating Cold War tensionsbetween the U.S. and USSR:- Vietnam War – U.S. Air Strikes- Brezhnev anxious to relievethe pressure on NorthVietnam by fomenting minorcrises elsewhere;- U.S. preoccupied withVietnam, had fewerresources to handleupheavals in the Middle East; Fragmentation of the Arabworld:- Conservative monarchies ofJordan, Saudi Arabia,Morocco vs. sheikhdoms ofthe Persian Gulf vs. radicalregimes of Egypt, Syria, andIraq;- Common factor: oppositionto Israel integral to Arabidentity; Political and Socialinstability in all Arabcountries;- Weak political institutions,Arab rulers forced to provetheir legitimacy vis-à-visrivals both in the regionand at home;- Opposition to Israelamplifies their legitimacy; All these factors converged, creating the “Context of Conflict” – highlyunpredictable, unstable, and potentially explosive security environment;Ponder the Improbable

The Path to War:No single event can be said to have sparked the Six-Day War;Confluence of factors;Nov. 1966: Tensions between Israel and Syria escalate;Syria launches a series of aggressive actions against Israel:- attempts to divert the Jordan River;- efforts to support Palestinian guerrillas of the al-Fatah;- armed clashes along Israel-Syria border;Israel’s response:- IDF CoS Yizhak Rabin proposes a major retaliation raid against Syria;- Levi Eshkol, Israel’s PM and DM opposes – fearing that such attack would provokeSoviet intervention against Israel; Decision to strike back at a Palestinian stronghold in the West Bank village of Samu’a; Nov. 13. IDF carries out the op - unexpected bloodshed with Jordanian soldiers KIAs;Ponder the Improbable

The Path to War:Arab Reactions:King Hussein of Jordan embarrassed; blames Egyptian President Nasserfor failing to defend the West Bank and for hiding behind UNEF;Nasser insulted; searching for a means to evict the UNEF;May 12, 1967:Soviet Union, still interested in igniting low-level crises in the Middle East,informs Egypt that it had uncovered a secret Israeli plan to invade Syria;Nasser knows the Soviet intel is wrong, sees it as opportunity to evict the UNEF;- Issues orders for mobilization and concentrate the force in Gaza and at Sharm al Sheikh;- Aims to win a bloodless political victory over Israel – no war;Field Marshal Abd Hakim Amr revises Nasser’s orders:- instructing the UNEF to exit the region entirely within 48hrs;- sends paratroopers and occupy Sharm al Sheikh;- close the Straits of Tiran – May 22;Ponder the Improbable

The Path to War:Egypt-Jordanian Defense Treaty:As public opinion in the Arab World ragesagainst Israel, and support for Nasser sours,King Hussein can no longer stay out of theconflict;Nasser could defeat Israel and then turn his forcesagainst Hussein, or Nasser could lose and blameHussein for his failure – either way the King woulddie;May 31, 1967: Hussein signs a defense pactwith Egypt, placing his army under directEgyptian command;Arab leaders proclaim to “meet in Tel-Aviv”and to “drive the Jews into the sea.”Ponder the Improbable

The Path to War:Israel’s Dilemmas:Egyptian forces in the south – 100,000 men, 1,000 tanks, 400 warplanes:- requires prolonged mobilization of IDF reserves;- IDF commanders also fear potential Egyptian surprise attack on Dimona;Closing of the Strait of Tiran:- danger of blockade; oil supplies;- weakening Israel’s deterrence;Egypt-Jordanian Treaty Egypt-Syrian Treaty Egypt-Iraqi Pact:- Israel is effectively surrounded on all sides by massing, hostile armies;UN or U.S. unwilling to act; France leaning to Arabs;Potential Soviet intervention? Internal debates within Israel; June 4, 1967: Decision to go to WAR;Ponder the Improbable

The WarJune 5-10, 1967Ponder the Improbable

June 5, 1967Operation "MoKehd" (Focus)8:45 am First Wave:206 IAF fighters attack 11 Eg. airbases- superior intelligence- timing and preparation- strategic and operational surprise09:35 am Second Wave of attacks (16 airbases)- sortie turnaround time: 8 minutes- 500 sorties11:35 am Moti Hod: "The Egyptian Air Forcehas ceased to exist."IAF destroys over 300 of Egypt’s 450combat aircraft runways, C2s, SAMspm: Third and Fourth Wave: IAF- strikes airbases in Syria; half the SAF gone;- destroys Jordanian AF;- attacks Iraq’s H-3 Al-Walid airbase,destroying Iraqi planes;Ponder the Improbable

June 5, 1967Fighter and interceptorNo.MiG-21 'Fishbed'148Est. Aircraft LossesMiG-19 'Farmer'29CountryNumberMiG-17 n1Approx TotalArab452Israel46Su-7 'Fitter'Hawker HunterBomberTu-16 'Badger 'Il-28 'Beagle'TransportIl-14 'Crate'An-12 'Cub'MiscellaneousOperation "MoKehd" (Focus)Ponder the Improbable3284Transport helicoptersMi-6 'Hook'Mi-4 'Hound'video3131106

The Sinai Campaign:June 5-8IDF Strategy:Phase 1:Open the northern and central axes bydestroying the fortified forward Egyptianunits in the Sinai;Phase 2:Penetrate into the depths of the Sinai;Destroy Egyptian reserve formations;Phase 3:Take the two mountain passes leading to theSuez Canal and cut off the Egyptian Army fromre-crossing the Canal;3 IDF divisional task forces - ugdot(70,000 troops, 700 tanks – 6 armored brg.,inf. brg., mech. inf. brg., 3 paratroop brg.)Ponder the Improbable

The Sinai Campaign:June 5-8 Egyptian High Command in a state of shock; Eg. Army disorganized, confused: sporadic defense; unable to maneuver; lack of cohesion; After 36 hours, Nasser and Gen. Amr issue orders for a general retreat; no plan! Disorganized evacuation of thousands of soldiers results in chaos:- many are stranded / lost in the desert;- columns of massive traffic jams;- Israeli jets decimate the retreating Egyptian forces:15,000 casualties in four days; 20,000 POWs; 80% military hardware captured by the IDF;- IDF ground forces advance rapidly beyond their maximum objectives By the evening of June 8, Nasser accepts cease fire;IDF controls of all of Sinai;Ponder the Improbable

The War with Jordan:June 5:- Radio Cairo announces that victory isimminent! Israel: radio silence – delaysuperpower intervention;- Israel sends message to King Hussein,urging him to refrain from fighting;- King Hussein hesitates; Nasser assures himthat Egyptian forces are pushing across theNegev to join with the Jordanian forces inthe Hebron Hills; 10:00 amHussein orders his Arab Legion toattack Israeli targets (Tel-Aviv, RamatDavid, Jewish Jerusalem)45,000 troops, 270 tanks, 200 artilleryJune 5 -7:Battle of JerusalemPonder the Improbable