Transcription
Principles ofEnvironmentalEngineeringand ScienceSecond EditionMacken%ie L. DavisMichigan State University-East LansingSusan J. MastenMichigan State University-East Lansing, MIMcMaster University-Hamilton, ONfB McGraw-Hilit:M Higher EducationBoston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA New York San Francisco SI. LouisBangkok Bogot8. Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico CityMilan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto
ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsAboutthe AuthorsAbout the Cover Artist11-11-2WHAT IS ENVJRONMENTAL SCIENCE?2222WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING?HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEOverviewHydrologyWater TreatmentWastewater TreatmentAir Pollution ControlSolid emd Hazardous Waste1-4HOW ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERSAND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTSWORK TOGETHER1-5INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLES OFENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERINGAND SCIENCE1-61-7ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONAND REGULATIONENVIRONMENTAL ETH[CSCase I: To Add 01' Nut 10 AddCase 2: You Can 't Do Everything At Onceiv33333448922-12-22222233101'Not tu MTBE?INTRODUCTIONBASIC CHEMICAL CONCEPTSAtoms, Elements, and the Periodie TableChemical Bonds and Intermolecular ForcesThe Mole, Molar Units, and Aetivity UnitsChemical Reaetions and StoiehiometryChemieal EquilibriumReaetion Kinetics2-32-4ORGANIC CHEMISTRY2-52-63333343637445661626363WATER CHEMISTRY64SOlL CHEMTSTRYATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY6465666975Chapter ReviewProblemsDiscussion QuestionsReferences767880818686Biology89Case Study: Poison Warer?9091Fundamentals33232Allwnes, Alkenes, and AlkynesAryl (Aromatic) CompoundsFunetional Graups and Classes of CompoundsPhysical Properties of WaterStates of Solution ImpuritiesConcentration Units in Aqueous Solutions01' SuspensionsBuffers1019[923242529ChemistryCase Study: To MTBE911Where Do We Start?11A Short Outline ofThis Book11ENVIRONMENTf\L SYSTEMS OVERVIEW 12Systems as Such12Water Resource Management System13Air Resource Managemel1/ System17[7Solid Waste ManagementMultimedia Systems19[9SustainabilityActs, La ws, ell1d Regulations1-8xvIEngineeringEnvironmental Engineering1-3XIVIntroductionNatural ScieneeEnvironmental ScienceQuamitative Environmental SeienceChapter ReviewProblemsDiscussion QuestionsReferencesxiXIII( r Gases3-1INTRODUCTION3-2CHEMTCAL COMPOSITION OF LIFECarbohydratesNuc/eie AcidsProteinsLipids9191939696
Contenl;:M)2324, -)293-4ENERGY AND METABOLlSMCells, MalIei; and Energy3-5CELLULAR REPRODUCTIONThe Cell CycleAsexual ReproduclionSexual ERSITY OF L1VING 1221253132'J'-3-63-13-83-93-103-113-12.16,95THE CELLProkaryoles and EukaryolesCell MembraneCe/! Organelles of EukaryolesCell Organelles of Plal11 CellsCe/! Organelles (!f ProkaryolesPROTISTSProtozoaAlgaeSlime Molds and Water MoldsMICROBIAL DISEASE125125125125126126127128MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONSChapter ReviewDiscussion QuestionsReferences129130131132Materials and aelor Analysis4-4541:6b4-14-2INTRODUCTION4-3MATERIALS BALANCESFundamenlaisTime os a FaClorMore Complex SyslemsEfficiencyThe S,a,e ofMixinglncluding ReaetionsUNIFYING THEORIESConservation of MaIleI'Conservalion of EnergyConservalion 01 Maller and 58158159166168169176177Ecosystems179Case Sludy: DDT-Curse 01' N INFLUENCES ONECOSYSTEMS1815-3ENERGY AND MASS FLOWBioaccumulation1821875-4NUTRIENT CYCLESCarbon Cyc/eNilrogen Cyc/ePhosphorus Cyc/eSulfur Cyc/e1891891901931945-5POPULATION DYNAMICSBaClerial Population GrowlhAnimal Populalion DynamicsHuman Populalion Dynan,ies1951951972025-6LAKES: AN EXAMPLE OF MASS ANDENERGY CYCLING IN AN ECOSYSTEMSlratifieatio/1 anel Tumover i/1 Deep LakesBiologieal ZonesLake NTAL LAWS TOPROTECT ECOSYSTEMSChapter ReviewProblemsDiscussion QuestionsReferences2J42152162192196()ENERGY BALANCESFirSI Law ofThermodynamicsFundamentalsSecond Law ofThermodynamicsChapter ReviewProblemsDiscussion QuestionsReferencesI5-166-16-2Risk Perception, Assessment,and Management221Case Sludy: No Swimming!222INTRODUCTION222RISK PERCEPTION222
viIContents6-3RISK ASSESSMENTData Collection and EvaluationToxicity Assessmen/Exposure Assessl11en/Risk Characlerization225225231237RISK MANAGEMENTChapter ReviewProblemsDiscussion QuestionsReferences238238239241241Hydrology243Case Study: The Dying ofa Sea2447-1FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROLOGYThe Hydrological Cycle2462467-2MEASUREMENT OF PRECIPITATION,EVAPORATION, INFILTRATION, treamfiow2542542572602627-3GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGYAquifers2642657-47-5GROUNDWATER FLOW269WELL HYDRAULICSDefinition ofTermsCone of Depression273273275SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATERAS A WATER SUPPLY280DEPLETION OF GROUNDWATERAND SURFACE WATERWater UseLand SubsidenceChapter ReviewProblemsDiscussion e Energy,Mineral and Soil Resources289Case Study: A New Precious Metal-Copper!2908-1INTRODUCTIONSustainable Development2902908-2ENERGY RESOURCESCoal FonnationPetroleum FormationFossil Fuel ReservesNuclear tsTerrain Effec/sSuslainable Energy SourcesEnergy Conservo/ion3068-3MINERAL RESOURCESRese,-vesEnvironmentalll11pactsResource COl1serva/ion3103103J J3128-4SOlL RESOURCESEl1.ergy StoragePlant Production3J53153158-5PARAMETERS OF SOlL SUSTAINABILITYNutrient CyclingSoil Acidit)'Soil SalinityTex/ure and Structure3 I63163183183198-6SOlL CONSERVATIONSoU Man.agementSoU ErosionChapter ReviewProblemsDiscussion QuestionsReferences3\93193203263263283289Water QualityManagement3312249-19-29-32902992 )9Case Swdy: There She Slows!332INTRODUCTION334WATER POLLUTANTSAND THEIR SOURCESPoint SourcesNonpoint SourcesOxygen-Demanding MaterialNutrientsPathogenic OrganismsSuspended SolidsSaltsPesticidesPharl11aceuticals and Personal Care Produc/sEnducrin.e-Disrupting Chel11icalsOther Organic ChemicalsArsenicToxic 41342343343344345346WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENTIN RIVERSEffect of Oxygen-Demanding H0steson RiversBiochemical Oxygen Demand346347347
Contents91';Laboratory Measurement of BiochemicalOxygen DemandAdditional Notes on BiochemicalOxygen DenwndNitrogen OxidationDOSag Cun1eEffect ofNutrients Oll Water Qualit)'in Riverstl99961010I1129'-45)5WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENTIN LAKESControl of Phosphorus in LakeslliAcidification of Lakes:1:'352355356357373()GROUNDWATER QUALITYContaminant Migration in GroundwatersChapter ReviewProblemsDiscussion 399Water Treatment403Case Study: Walkerton-The Town WhereKids Died jrom E. coli404169-589-69-79()9WATER QUALITY IN ESTUARIESWATER QUALITY IN OCEANS1 )-7.610-810-1INTRODUCTIONWater QualiryPhysical CharoueristicsChemical CharacteristicsMicrohiological CharacteristicsRadiological CharaeteristicsU.S. Water Quality StandardsWater Classification and Treatment Systems10-2RAPID MIXING. FLOCCULATION.AND COAGULATIONCol/oid Stability and DestabilizationCoagulantsMixing and Floeculation10-310-4SOFTENINGHardnessLime-Soda SofteningIon-Exchange SofteningSEDIMENTATIONOverviewDetermination of Sel/ling Velociry (v s)Determination of Overflow Rate (vo)10-5FILTRATION10-6DISINFECTIONDisinfection KinetiesDisinfectants and Disinfection 419425428430430431433434437438438Chlorine Reactions in WaterChlorine DioxideOzonationVltroviolet Radiation440441441442OTHER TREATMENT PROCESSESFOR DRINKING WATERMembrane ProcessesAdvanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)Carbon AdsorptionAeration442442443443443WATER PLANT RESIDUALSMANAGEMENTMass-Balance AnalysisSludge TreatmentVltimate DisposalChapter ReviewReferences444445446451451452454455Wastewater Treatment457Case Study: Cuyahoga River BurningProblemsDiscussion Questions1110I vii11-1INTRODUCTIONWastewater Treatment Perspective45845945911-2CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTICWASTEWATERPhysical CharacteristicsChemical CharacteristicsCharacteristics of lndustrial Wastewater46046046046111-3WASTEWATER TREATMENTSTANDARDSPretreatment of lndustrial Wastes11-4ON-SITE DISPOSAL SYSTEMSAlternative On-Site Treatmentanel Disposal Systems with WaterOn-Site Treatment Clnd Disposal Systemsfor Vnfavorable Site ConditionsOther On-Site Treatmentand Disposal OptionsAlternative On-Site Treatment-DispusalSystems Without Water11-5MUNICIPAL WASTEWATERTREATMENT SYSTEMS11-6UNIT OPERATIONSOF PRETREATM ENTBar RocksGrit 1473474474474476476
viiiIContents11-711-8PRIMARY TREATMENTUNIT PROCESSES OF SECONDARYTREATMENTOverviewRole ofMicroorganismsPopulation DynamicsAClivated SludgeTrickling FiltersOxidation PondsRotating Biological Contactors11-911-10DISINFECTIONADVANCED WASTEWATERTREATMENTFiltrationCarbon AdsorptionPhosphorus RemovalNitrogen Control11-11LAND TREATMENT FORSUSTAINABILITYSlow RateOverland FlowRapid Injiltration11-12SLUDGE TREATMENTSources and Characteristiesof Various SludgesSolids CompwationsSludge Treatment EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTSEffects on MaterialsEffects on VegetationEffeets on Health12-5ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIRPOLLUTANTSCarbon MonoxideHazardous Air Pol/utants (HA Ps)LeadNitrogen DioxidePhotoehemieal OxidantsSulfur OxidesPartieulates12-6MICRO AND MACRO AIR POLLUTIONIndoor Air Pol/utionAcid RainOzone DepletionGlobal Warming12-7AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGYThe Atnwspherie EngineTurbulenceStabilityTerrain Effeets12-8ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSIONFaetors Affecting DispersionofAir Pol/ulantsDispersion 544546547555555556557559561Ultinwte DisposalLand SpreadingLandjillingDedicated Land Disposal (DLD)UtilizationSludge Disposal RegulationsChapter ReviewProblemsDiscussion QuestionsRel'erencesAir Pollution523WASTE MINIMIZATIONFOR SUSTAINABILITYCase Study: The Fog524525525525Chapter ReviewProblemsDiscussion QuestionsReferences582583584585586Solid Waste Engineering589Case Study: Too Mueh. Waste, Tao Lillle Spaee590591592SLUDGE DISPOSALINTRODUCTIONFUNDAMENTALSPressure Relationshipsand Units of MeasureRelativityAdiabatic Expansion and 065085155155155155155155155165]7521521Air Pollution Perspective12-2480AIR POLLUTION STANDARDS12-912-10AIR POLLUTION CONTROLOF STATIONARY SOURCESGaseous Pol/utantsFlue Gas DesulfurizationControl Technologiesfor Nitrogen OxidesParticulale PollutanlsControl Teehnologies for Mercury12-11AIR POLLUTION CONTROLOF MOBILE SOURCESEngine FundamentalsControl ofAutomobile Emissions12-12525525525526INDOOR AIR QUALITY MODEL1313-1INTRODUCTIONMagnitude of the Problem56156256857157157457557657957957958!
405445465476813-213-313-413-5CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE593SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT596SOLID WASTE COLLECTION596WASTE AS RESOURCEBackground and PerspectiveGreen Chemistry and Green EngineeringRecyclingCompostingSource Reduction59759759859860260313-6SOLID WASTE REDUCTIONCombustion ProcessesTypes of lncineratorsPublic Health and EnvironmentallssuesOther Thermal Treatment Processes60460460660860913-7DISPOSAL BY SANITARY LANDFILLSite SelectionOperationEnvironmental COllsiderationsLeachateMethalle ami Other Gas ProductionLalldfill DesignLandfill CIosureChapter ReviewProblemsDiscussion 24624Hazardous WasteManagement627II1471717456Case Study: Not a Good Time atthe Beach62814-1INTRODUCTIONDioxins and PCBs62862814-2EPA'S HAZARDOUS WASTEDESIGNATION SYSTEM14-3RCRA AND HSWACongressional Actions 011 Hazardous WasteCradle-to-Grave COl!ceptGenerator RequiremelltsTransporter RegulationsTreatment, Storage, ond DisposalRequiremel1lsUnderground Siorage Tanks631631631633634CERCLA AND SARAThe Supe/fund LawThe National Priority ListThe Hazard Ranking SystemThe National COl1lingency PlanLiabilitySupe/fund Amendmentsand Reauthorization Act6386386386386396409"99I;314-414-5HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENTWaste MinimizationWaste ExchangeRecycling64164164464414-6TREATMENT TECHNOLOG IESBiological TreatmentChemical TreatmentPhysical/Chemical 64564564765065566214-7LAND DISPOSALDeep Weil InjeClionLand TreatmentThe Secure Landfill66266266366314-8GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATIONAND REMEDIATIONThe Process of ContaminationEPA 's Groul1dwater Remediation ProcedureMitigation and TreatmenlChapter ReviewProblemsDiscussion QuestionsReferences667667667669676677682682Noise Pollution68515-1INTRODUCTIONProperties ofSound WavesSound Power and IlltensityLevels and Ihe DecihelCharacterization of Noise68668768868969115-2EFFECTS OF NOISE ON PEOPLEThe Hearing MechanismNormal HearingHearing ImpairmentDamage-Risk CriteriaSpeech Inte1erenceAnnoyanceSieep InterferenceEffecis on Pe10rmanceAcoustic Privacy69569569870070270270370470570515-3RATING SYSTEMSGoals of a Noise-Rating SystemThe LN ConceptThe Leq ConceptThe Ldn Concept70670670670770815-4COMMUNITY NOISE SOURCESAND CRITER1ATransportation NoiseOther Internal Combustion EnginesConstruction Noise70870870971015630635637640I ix
XIContentsZoning and Siring ConsiderarionsLevels ro Proreet Healrh and Welfare15-5TRANSMISSION OF SOUNDOUTDOORSInverse Square lLlwRadiarion Fields ofaSound SoureeDireCliviryAirborne Transmission71171215-6TRAFFIC NOISE PREDICTIONLcq PredictionLdn Predieriol115-7NOISE CONTROLSouree-Parh-Reeeiver ConeeprConrra! 0/ Noise Souree by DesignNoise Conrral in rhe Transmission PathConrral ofNoise Souree by RedressPrareer rhe ReceiverChapter ReviewProblemsDiscussion 17719721721722723726727lonizing Radiation729FUNDAMENTALSAromic SrruetureRadioaerivily and RadiarionRadioacrive DecayRadioimropesFissionThe Produerion of X-RaysRadiarion Dose730730731733736737738740BIOLOGlCAL EFFECTS OFIONIZING RADIATIONSequenria! Pallern of Bi%gical EffeersDererminanrs of Biologieat
Environmental Engineering and Science Second Edition Macken%ie L. Davis . Michigan State University-East Lansing . Susan J. Masten Michigan State University-East Lansing, MI McMaster University-Hamilton, ON fB McGraw-Hili . t:M . Higher Education . Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA New York San Francisco SI. Louis Bangkok Bogot8. Caracas Kuala .
