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NAVSEATraining ManualAPPLIED ENGINEERINGPRINCIPLES MANUALNAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMANDNAVY DEPARTMENTWASHINGTON, D.C.

NAVSEATraining ManualAPPLIED ENGINEERINGPRINCIPLES MANUALNAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMANDNAVY DEPARTMENTREV. 1, ACN-1, MAY 2003

Record of RevisionsRecord of RevisionsRevision 1 (IETM issue only)June 2001Rev. 1, ACN-1, May 2003i

APPLIED ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES MANUALRecord of Advance Change NoticesACN-1iiMay 2003Rev. 1, ACN-1, May 2003

List of Effective UnitsList of Effective UnitsTextRevision in EffectTitle PageithroughxivRevision DateRevision 1, ACN-1May 2003Revision 1, ACN-1May 20031-1through1-106Revision 1, ACN-1May 20032-1through2-94Revision 1, ACN-1May 20033-1through3-100Revision 1, ACN-1May 20034-1through4-58Revision 1, ACN-1May 20035-1through5-30Revision 1, ACN-1May 20036-1through6-34Revision 1, ACN-1May 20037-1through7-14Revision 1, ACN-1May 2003Rev. 1, ACN-1, May 2003iii

APPLIED ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES MANUALTable of ContentsTextPage NumberChapter 1ELECTRICAL REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1Fundamentals Of Electricity . . . .1.1.1Definitions . . . . . .1.1.2Simple Circuits . . . .1.1.3Circuit Laws . . . . . .1.1.4D-C Power . . . . . .1.1.5Basic Magnetic Principles1.1.6Electrical Machinery . .1.1.7The Linear Machine . . 1-1. 1-1. 1-2. 1-5. 1-6. 1-6. 1-8. 1-111.2Alternating Current Theory . . . . . . . .1.2.1Alternating Current . . . . . . .1.2.2Measurements . . . . . . . . .1.2.3Aspects of A-C Quantities . . . .1.2.4Power Factor . . . . . . . . .1.2.5Apparent Power . . . . . . . .1.2.6Reactive Power (Q) . . . . . . .1.2.7Summary of A-C Circuit Phase Systems And Transformers1.3.1Three-Phase Systems . . .1.3.2The Delta Connection . .1.3.3The Wye Connection . . .1.3.4Power In Three-Phase Loads1.3.5Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-251-251-271-301-321-331.4Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.4.1A-C Generators . . . . . . . . . . .1.4.2Armature Reaction . . . . . . . . . .1.4.3A-C Generator Operating Characteristics1.4.4Parallel Operation Of A-C Generators .1.4.5D-C Generators . . . . . . . . . . .5.4.1-551-571-611-631-641.6Motor Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-731.6.1LVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-73iv. . . . . . . . . . .Induction Motors . .Synchronous MotorsReluctance Motors .D-C Motor OperationRev. 1, ACN-1, May 2003.1-1.

Table of ContentsTable of ContentsTextPage Number1.6.21.6.3LVR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-73LVRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-741.7Electrical Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7.1First Aid For Electrical Shock . . . . . . . . .1.7.2Fuse Replacement And Electrical Troubleshooting1.7.3Shipboard Ungrounded Electrical Systems . . .1-751-751-781-811.8Storage Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.8.1Lead-Acid Batteries . . . . . .1.8.2Typical Submarine Storage Battery1.8.3Battery Charging . . . . . . . .1-861-861-891-901.9Electrical Measuring Instruments . .1.9.1Meter Movements . . .1.9.2D-C Ammeters . . . . .1.9.3D-C Voltmeters . . . .1.9.4Ohmmeters . . . . . .1.9.5Meggers . . . . . . . .1.9.6A-C Measurements . . .1.9.7Multimeter . . . . . .1.9.8Wattmeters . . . . . .1.9.9Instrument 011-104. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1Chapter 2.ELECTRONICS REVIEW.2.1Solid State Devices . . . . . . .2.1.1Semiconductors . . .2.1.2P-N Junction . . . . .2.1.3Diodes . . . . . . .2.1.4Transistors . . . . .2.1.5Operational Amplifiers. 2-1. 2-1. 2-1. 2-3. 2-7. 2-172.2Magnetic Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2.2Review Of Magnetic Principles . . .2.2.3Properties Of Magnetic Materials . .2.2.4The Double-Core SRMA . . . . . .2.2.5Transfer Characteristics And Gain . .2.2.6Bias And Feedback . . . . . . . . .2.2.7Self-Saturation Magnetic Amplifiers .2.2.8Classification Of Magnetic Amplifiers.Rev. 1, ACN-1, May 20032-192-192-202-232-252-282-292-322-38v

APPLIED ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES MANUALTable of ContentsTextPage Number2.3Thermocouples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.1Thermocouple Effect . . . . . . .2.3.2Thermocouple Measurement Circuits2.3.3Thermocouple Design Considerations2.3.4Installation Of Thermocouples . . .2.3.5Thermocouple Calibration . . . . .2-382-382-392-402-402-412.4Resistance Thermometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.2Design Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.3Resistance Thermometer Measuring Circuits . . . . . . . . . .2.4.4Some Advantages And Disadvantages Of Resistance Thermometers.2-412-412-412-432-432.5Nuclear Radiation Detectors . . . . . .2.5.1Ionization Detectors . . . .2.5.2Scintillation Counters . . . .2.5.3Counting Rate Meters . . .2-442-442-462-482.6Nuclear Instrumentation Circuits .2.6.1D-C Amplifiers . . .2.6.2Differentiating Circuits2.6.3Integrating Circuits . .2-502-502-512-532.7Differential Transformers2.8D-C Power Supplies . . . . . . .2.8.1Introduction . . . . . .2.8.2Rectifiers . . . . . . .2.8.3Filter Circuits . . . . .2.8.4Voltage Regulator Circuits.2-572-572-572-582-592.9Digital Integrated Circuit Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.9.1Binary Number System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.9.2Logic Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.9.3Conversions Between Boolean Expressions And Logic Circuits2.9.4Flip-Flops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.9.5Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.9.6Multivibrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.9.7Counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.9.8Shift Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.9.9Comparators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.9.10Arithmetic Logic Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, ACN-1, May 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-55.

Table of ContentsTable of ContentsTextPage Number2.9.112.9.122.10Digital-To-Analog Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-78Analog-To-Digital Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-80Microprocessor-Based Computer Systems . . . . . . . . .2.10.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.10.2Information Processing . . . . . . . . . . . .2.10.3Parts Of A Microprocessor-Based System . . . .2.10.4Programming A Microprocessor-Based System .2.10.5Microprocessor Hardware . . . . . . . . . . .2.10.6Troubleshooting A Microprocessor-Based System2.10.7Digital Data Transmission . . . . . . . . . . .Chapter 3.2-812-812-812-822-852-862-902-91REACTOR THEORY REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-13.1Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1.1The Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1.2Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1.3Energy Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1.4Nuclear And Atomic Terminology . . . . .3.1.5Formulae, Constants, And Conversion Factors.3-13-13-23-23-33-53.2Stability Of The Nucleus . . . . . . . . . .3.2.1Neutron-to-Proton Ratio . . . . .3.2.2Line Of Stability . . . . . . . . .3.2.3Mass Defect . . . . . . . . . . .3.2.4Binding Energy . . . . . . . . .3.2.5Binding Energy Per Nucleon (BE/A)3.2.6Radioactive Decay . . . . . . . .3.2.7Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2.8Alpha Decay . . . . . . . . . . .3.2.9Beta Decay . . . . . . . . . . .3.2.10Beta-Minus (β ) Decay . . . . . .3.2.11Beta-Plus (β ) Decay . . . . . . .3.2.12Electron Capture (EC) Decay . . .3.2.13Gamma Decay . . . . . . . . . 53-163.3Reactions3.3.13.3.23.3.33.3.43.3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The General Reaction Equation . . . . . .The Compound Nucleus . . . . . . . . .Classification Of Induced Nuclear ReactionsElastic Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . .Inelastic Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . .3-163-163-173-183-183-19.Rev. 1, ACN-1, May 2003vii

APPLIED ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES MANUALTable of ContentsTextPage Number3.3.63.3.73.3.8Radiative Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19Fission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20Particle Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -223-233-233-243-273-273.5Nuclear Reaction Cross Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.1Microscopic Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.2Energy Dependence Of Microscopic Cross Sections3.5.3Macroscopic Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.4Mean Free Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.5Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-283-283-303-323-333-343.6Neutron Slowing Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6.1Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6.2Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6.3The Probability Density Function For The EnergyNeutrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6.4Average Logarithmic Energy Decrement . . . .3.6.5Slowing Down Power And Moderating Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Of Scattered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-35. . . . . . . . . 3-35. . . . . . . . . 3-353.7Thermal Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . .3.7.1Neutron Energy Equilibrium . . .3.7.2Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution .3.7.3Deviation From Maxwell-Boltzmann.3-393-393-393-403.8Neutron Density, Flux, Reaction Rates, And Power3.8.1Neutron Density . . . . . . . . . .3.8.2Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.8.3Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . .3.8.4Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-423-423-433-443-453.9Slowing Down, Diffusion, And Migration Lengths3.9.1Slowing Down Length . . . . . . .3.9.2Diffusion Length . . . . . . . . . .3.9.3Density Changes . . . . . . . . . .3-463-463-503-52viii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Introduction . . . . . . . .Liquid Drop Characteristics .Fission Fragment Yield CurveCritical Energy . . . . . . .Neutrons From Fission . . .Energy From Fission . . . .Rev. 1, ACN-1, May 2003. . . . . . . . . 3-36. . . . . . . . . 3-37. . . . . . . . . 3-38

Table of ContentsTable of ContentsTextPage Number3.9.4Migration Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-533.10Neutron Life Cycle And The Six-Factor Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-533.10.1Neutron Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-533.10.2Six-Factor Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-553.11Buckling, Leakage, And Flux Shapes3.11.1Buckling . . . . . . .3.11.2Leakage . . . . . . . .3.11.3Flux Shapes . . . . . .3-593-593-603-613.12Multiplication Factor . . . . . . . . . .3.12.1Criticality . . . . . . . . . .3.12.2Reactivity . . . . . . . . . .3.12.3Definitions Utilizing Reactivity.3-643-643-653-673.13Temperature Coefficient Of Reactivity . . . . .3.13.1Core Reactivity And αT . . . . . . .3.13.2Importance Of αT . . . . . . . . .3.13.3Equation For αT . . . . . . . . . .3.13.4Behavior With Increasing Temperature3.13.5Behavior With Lifetime . . . . . . .3.13.6Behavior With NMod/NU235 . . . . .3-683-683-693-703-713-723-733.14Fission Products . . . . . . . .3.14.1Xenon – 135 . . . . .3.14.2Samarium – 149 . . .3.14.3Other Fission Products.3-733-733-783-813.15General Reactor Kinetics Equations . . . . .3.15.1The First Kinetics Equation . . . .3.15.2The Second Kinetics Equation . . .3.15.3Reactor Period And Startup Time .3.15.4Prompt Criticality . . . . . . . .3.15.5The Transient Startup Rate Equation3.15.6Power Turning . . . . . . . . . .3.15.7Time To Power Turning . . . . . .3-823-823-843-853-863-873-873-893.16Subcritical Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-903.17Gamma Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-923.17.1Photon Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-92.Rev. 1, ACN-1, May 2003ix