Transcription
ST/ESA/STAT/SER.F/76Department of Economic and Social Affairs1-: :Statistics DivisionStudies in MethodsHandbook of National AccountingSeries FNo. 76Links betweenBusiness Accounting andNational Accounting({- d§ United NationsNew York, 2000
NOTESymbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined withfigures.The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do notimply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the UnitedNations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.Where the designation "country or area" appears, it covers countries, territories orareas.Abbreviations:BEA:FC:FIFO:FIS IM:PV:SNA:SUT:UNSD:Bureau of Economic Analysis (United States of America)Financial corporationFirst in, first outl'inancial intermediation services indirectly measuredFederal Reserve Board (United States of America)Gross capital formationGross capital stockGross fixed capital formationInstitut national de la statistique et des etudes economiques (France)International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic ActivitiesLast in, first outNet capital stockNon-financial corporationNational income and product accounts (United States of America)Perpetual inventory methodPresent valueSystem of National AccountsSupply and use tablesUnited Nations Statistics DivisionST/ESNSTAT/SER.F/76UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATIONSales No. E.00.XVII.13ISBN 92-1-161427-9Copyright United Nations, 2000All rights reserved
1-:CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3CHAPTER I:COMPILATION OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS FROM BUSINESS ACCOUNTS: NON-FINANCIALCORPORATIONSVu Quang Viet, United Nations Statistics DivisionA.B.Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Statement of incomes and expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151.Description of the income and expenditure statement . . . . . . . 15(a)Net sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17(b)Cost of goods sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Trading companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Manufacturing corporations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19(c)Gross profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19(d)Operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19(e)Operating income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20(f)Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20(g)Other expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20(i)Income from continuing operations . . . . . . . . . . . 21(k)Taxes on income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21(m)Discontinued operations of segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22(n)Extraordinary gains and loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22(o)Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle . . . . . 22Note on accounting income and taxable income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Notes on depreciation and depletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Note on valuation of inventories in output calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242.Relationship between the income statement and SNA accounts . . . . . . 263.Intermediate production and income account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294.Adjustment of intermediate accounts to obtain SNA production and income accounts . 30(a)Inclusion of output for intermediate consumption and capitalized outputfor own final use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30(b)Adjustment of interest receivable and interest payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31(c)Adjustment for insurance premiums . . . . . . . . . 32(d)Adjustment for consumption of fixed capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32(e)Adjustment for property income attributed to insurance holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33(f)Adjustment for taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33(g)Comments of final SNA accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335.OCAM: A case of income statement mandated to serve national account compilation . . . . . . 346.Strategies for compilation of production and income accounts . . . 34(a)Option 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34(b)Option 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35(c)Option 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36C. Changes in financial position and balance sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46111
1.Description of a business balance sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46(a).Current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49(b).Property, plant and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50(c)Land and natural resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51(d)Other long-term assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51(e).Current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53(t)Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54(h)Shareholders' equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542.Description of statement of changes in financial position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55(a)Recording of fixed assets and depreciation in business balance sheets . . 56(b)Recording of bonds in business balance sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583.SNA capital and financial accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Adjustment of capital and financial accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594.SNA balance sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62D. Revaluation in business and national accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Appendix 1:Appendix 2:Revaluation of bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68OCAM income statement and balance sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70CHAPTERDUSE OF BUSINESS COST ACCOUNTING TO DETERMINE THE COST OF A PARTICULAR PRODUCTIN A MULTI-PRODUCT ENTERPRISEFrancis Rousse, Consultant, and Vu Quang Viet, United Nation Statistics DivisionA.B.C.D.General accounting and cost accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Enterprise and establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741.Cost accounting in the general framework of business accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752.Cost accounting in the SNA framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77General methodology used in cost accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771.Direct costing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772.Full costing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783.Allocation techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Implication of cost accounting for SNA data collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Appendix 1:Appendix 2:An example of micro costing decision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Example of an allocation process to production departments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83CHAPTER illRECORDING OF CHANGE IN INVENTORIES IN THE SNA AND IN THE BUSINESS ACCOUNTS - ACASE STUDY OF CANADIAN PRACTICESKishori Lal, Statistics CanadaA.B.Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Canadian practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.Farm inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.X-11-ARIMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.Inventories for manufacturing, wholesale and retail industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.The calculation at Statistics Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.Deflators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.Revaluers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv858687878889898990
C.D.E.Statistics Canada calculation versus the 1993 SNA calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901.Rebasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912.Annual input-output tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913.Data detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914.Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Change in inventories under conditions of high inflation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Comment on results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96CHAPTER IVUSING BUSINESS ACCOUNTS TO COMPILE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS: THE FRENCH EXPERIENCEPatrick Augeraud, Institut national de la statistique et des etudes economiques, France, and Jean-Etienne Chapron,United Nations Statistics DivisionA.B.C.D.From standardized tax statistics to the intermediate system of enterprises: some remarks1.Origins (1947-1967) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972.The intermediate system of enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983.The intermediate system of enterprises in national accounts today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99(a)Production approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99(b)Expenditure approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99(c)Income approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99(d)Data production schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004.Purposes of the intermediate system of enterprises for national accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100(a)Ensuring an exhaustive coverage, by kind of economic activity,of non-financial enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101(b)Making individual data cohere, with a view to further aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . 101(c)Building a preliminary framework for economic analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Input to the intermediate system of enterprises: collection andprocessing of individual accounting data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021.Main sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102(a)Data collected by the tax administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102(b)Data from surveys of enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103(c)Comparison of sources for large enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042.Individual data processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104(a)In search of coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104(b)A selective processing of anomalies and discrepancies at the micro-level . 105(c)Control of data coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Building the intermediate system of enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051.Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105(a)Main features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105(b)The conceptual framework of the intermediate system of enterprises . . . . . . . . . 106(c)The four intermediate systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072.Intermediate system of enterprises - Industrial and commercial profits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108(a)Enterprises with 20 or more employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108(b)Enterprises with fewer than 20 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103.Intermediate system of enterprises - Non-commercial profits1114.Intermediate system of enterprises - Agricultural profits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1125.Intermediate system of enterprises - Other non-financial entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112From intermediate system to national accounts' central framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113l.Basic principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1132.Concrete adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114v
E.(a)(b)(c)(d)3.BeforeConclusion . .Adjustments estimated from enterprises' individual accounts . . . . . . .Adjustments estimated from detailed supply and use accounts . . . . . . . .Adjustments estimated from distributive transactions accounts . . . . . . . . . .Adjustment for under-reporting: the underground economy . . . . . . . . . . .the final synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114114115116117117118Bibliography .CHAPTER VUSE OF BUSINESS ACCOUNTS IN THE COMPILATION OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL ECONOMICACCOUNTSRobert P. Parker, Bureau of Economic Analysis, United States Department of Commerce·A.B.C.D.E.Business accounts in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.Tax return information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.Financial accounting information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Preparation of the national income and product accounts (NIPA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Use of business accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.NIPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.Balance sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Issues in using business accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Improving the use of business accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121121122122123123124124126United States national income and product accounts (NIPA): Summary methodologies .Source data used in the flow of funds balance sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Classifications of production in the national income and product accounts (NIPA) . . . . . . .Relation of corporate profits in the national income and product accounts (NIPA)to corresponding measure as published by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) . . . . . . . . .128145148Appendix 1:Appendix 2:Appendix 3:Appendix 4:152CHAPTER VILINK BETWEEN BUSINESS ACCOUNTS AND NATIONAL ACCOUNTS FOR THE NON-FINANCIALSECTORChing Hea Choo, Department of Statistics of MalaysiaA.B.Introduction to the compilation of the SNA institutional sector accounts in Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . 1531.Overall framework of the Malaysian institutional sector accounts1542.Non-financial sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1543.Financial sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1554.General government sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555.Household sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1556.Rest of the world sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Compilation of the accounts for the non-financial sector . . . . . . . . . . . . 1561.Sources of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156(a)Common Questionnaire (CQ) survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156(b)Financial survey (FS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158(c)Estate survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158(d)Business accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1582.Use of the Common Questionnaire survey and the estate survey data for the compilation of theinstitutional accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159(a)Production account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159vi
C.(b)Generation of income account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(c)Primary income account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(d)Secondary distribution of income account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(e)Capital account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.Use of the business accounts data for the compilation of income-outlay accounts . . . . . . .(a)Example of a business account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(b)Linking business accounts to SNA accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.Allocation of financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM)for the non-financial sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(a)Finding the FISIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(b)Pure interest receivable/payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.Allocation of insurance service charges as intermediate consumption tothe non-financial sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Appendix 1:Appendix 2:Appendix 3:.160161161161164164164. 165. 165. 166i. : f: li::::. 167. 167Profit and loss account and balance sheet of a transport company over a calendar year . . . . 168Linking profit and loss account to SNA accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Reorganization of the business accounts into SNA accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 ::CHAPTER VIICOMPILATION OF SECTOR ACCOUNTS OF NON-FINANCIAL CORPORATIONS: LATIN AMERICANPRACTICESMagda Ascues, Consultant and Jan W. van Tongeren, United Nations Statistics DivisionA.B.Business accounting and national accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Data sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.Financial statements of enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.Enterprise - establishment surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(a)The enterprise module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(b)The establishment module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C.Conversion of the financial statements to non-financial corporate sector accounts of the SNA .l.General format of links between business and national accounts standards . . . . . . . . . . . .2.Conversion to SNA format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(a)Production, income and use of income accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(b)Capital accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(c)Financial accounts and balance sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(d)Final reconciliation of net lending between the capital and financial accounts . . .D.Integration of data between industries and non-financial corporations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.Integration of industry and sector accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(a)Changes in inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(b)Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.Integration with the accounts of other sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E.Country practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.Dominican Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Appendix 1:Non-financial corporations, profit and loss accounts and balance sheets, intermediate data:example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Appendix 2:Non-financial corporate sector accounts in the SNA format: example . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Appendix 3:Compilation of non-financial corporate sector accounts: experiences in Peru . . . . . . . . . .Appendix 4:Spanish equivalents of terms used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95195196197197197198200204210211:
CHAPTER VIIlMEASUREMENT OF FIXED CAPITAL STOCK AND CONSUMPTION OF FIXED CAPITALVu Quang Viet, United Nations Statistics DivisionA.B.C.Theoretical foundation of valuing fixed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Perpetual inventory method as an approximation for the present value method of wealth capital stock1.Tracing over time the value of one fixed asset put in place from a specific time period . . . .2.Tracing over time the value of a group of assets of the same kind put in place ina specific time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.The perpetual inventory method (PIM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.Problems with PIM in measuring wealth capital stock and alternatives . . . . .Productive capital stock for productivity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Appendix l:Appendix 2:Appendix 3:Appendix 4:Depreciation schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Retirement (or mortality) and survival functions .Review of country practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Average service life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213216218218221223224227228231232CHAPTER IXBALANCE SHEET VALUATION: PRODUCED INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND NON-PRODUCED ASSETSMarcel Pomme and Willem Baris, Statistics NetherlandsA.B.C.D.E.Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Balance sheets: conceptual issues . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.Asset boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.Institutional sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.Flows and stocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.Categories of non-financial assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.Principles of valuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Produced assets: intangible fixed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.Mineral exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.Computer software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.Entertainment, literary or artistic originals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Produced assets: valuables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Non-produced assets : tangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.Land. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.F.G.Subsoil assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(a)Natural gas and oil reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(b)Non-metallic mineral reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.Non-cultivated biological resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.Water resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Non-produced assets: intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.Patented entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.Leases and other transferable contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.Purchased goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Summary and concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58259259260260263263264References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266viii
1ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis handbook is the result of the international cooperation between the United Nations StatisticsDivision (UNSD), national statistical agencies and individual experts who have contributed papers to it. Somecountries and institutions also funded the participation of their experts in the Expert Group Meeting held inNew York between I 8 and 22 August I 997. The national statistical agencies of Canada, France, Malaysia,the Netherlands and the United States of America, volunteered their experts' time in preparing papers. TheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and World Bank sent their experts toparticipate in the discussions on the papers presented at the meeting . In addition, comments on contributedpapers were received from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The handbook includes papers revisedafter the meeting.The experts who contributed papers to the meeting were Ms. Magda Ascues (Consultant to UNSD,Peru), Mr. Patrick Augeraud (INSEE, France), Mr. Willem Baris (Statistics Netherlands), Mr. JeanEtienne Chapron (UNSD), Ms. Ching Hea Choo (Department of Statistics of Malaysia), Mr. Kishori Lal(Statistics Canada), Mr. Robert P. Parker (Bureau of Economic Analysis, United States), Mr. MarcelPomme (Statistics Netherlands), Mr. Francis Rousse (Consultant to UNSD, France), Mr. Jan van Tongeren(UNSD) and Mr. Vu Quang Viet (UNSD). Experts participating and commenting on contributed papersincluded Mr. Wilhelm van den Andel (Consultant to UNSD, the Netherlands), Mr. A. C. Kulshreshtha(Central Statistical Organisation of India), Mr.
Handbook of National Accounting Links between No. 76 Business Accounting and National Accounting ({- d§ United Nations New York, 2000 ST/ESA/STAT/SER.F/76 1-: : NOTE Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures.
