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Equine DentistryAnatomy and PhysiologyDr. Chris BlevinsEquine Field ServiceKSU-VHC
Outline What diseases/abnormalities can be preventedwith good dentistry?What abnormalities can arise from a bit?Know the aspects of hypsodontal teeth(eruption/yr ect.)What is hardest most dense tissue of body?Know the nerves of the teeth/mouthKnow TMJ movement
Outline Know the Triadan teeth numbering systemKnow the aging aspect of horse incisorsKnow cheek teeth eruption order (mainly firstand last)Know effect of modern day feedingmanagementKnow angle of cheek teeth!!!Know physiology of mastication
References
Importance of Dentistry AAEP Equine DentistryCampaign The HorseEquusWestern Horseman Purina Mills
Importance of Dentistry Medical/preventativecare Geriatric populationProcessed feeds:problemConfinement andfeeding practicesAthlete vs. modelFeed cost
Importance of Dentistry Client education Help the horsePractice builder Offering serviceOther services providedPreventative medicine
Importance of Dentistry Prevention Impaction ColicEsophageal obstructionWeight lossOral ulcersOral abscesses/inflammationBit problems
Importance of Dentistry Bridle/bit problems Proper use Communication(Rider/Driver to horse)Western vs. EnglishDrive (carrage/cart .com/
Importance of Dentistry Bridle/bit problems Cut tongueMandibular periostitis (bars)Trauma-pinched/cut tissue
Importance of Dentistry Sore Gapmouth Pin ears Toss head Push into pain Mistaken for lameness(fails to travel straight)www.bitlessbridle.com
Anatomy Hypsodont teeth Erupt 2-4 mm/yearReserve Crown 100mm25 to 30 years oldSuzanne Redford 2003www.equinedentalservices.co.uk
Macro-anatomy Enamel Hardest, most dense substance of the bodybrittle exposed occlusal surface Covered by cementumDentin Softer calcified tissue vs. Enamelcrack stopper irregular occlusal surface
Macro-anatomy Pulp Connective tissueBlood vesselsNervesPredentin odontoblast---dental tubulesCementum Similar to boneAnchor for periodontal ligamentProtect the underlying dentinBulk of clinical crownProtect coronal enamel
ldentinpulp
Anatomy Nerves of the teeth Trigeminal nerve (5th cranial nerve) Mental nerve (mandibular) Mandibular foramenMental foramenInfra-orbital nerve (maxillary) Infraorbital foramen
Anatomy TMJ and muscles of mastication TMJ wide range of lateral movementsSide to side Rostro-caudle Elevate head---mandible moves caudle Sternocephalicus muscles tension on mandible whenelevatedLower head---mandible moves rostralHorses-transverse power stroke (medial)Masseter m. medial pterygoidius m.
Anatomywww.dkimages.com
Anatomywww.hast.net/dentalAnisognathic Jaw
Anatomy508 507 506503 502 501 601 602 603111 110 109 108 107 106 105104 103 102 101 201 202 203 204606 607 608205 206 207 208 209 210 211411 410 409 408 407 406 405404 403 402 401301 302 303 304305 306 307 308 309 310 311808 807 806803 802 801 701 702 703Deciduous TeethTriadan System706 707 708
Anatomy Deciduous Teeth (Di 3/3, Dc 0/0, Dm 3/3)2 24 teethPermanent Teeth (I 3/3, C 1/1 or 0/0, PM 3/3 or 4/4, M 3/3)2 36 to 44
Anatomy Aging Shedding (Incisors)01: 2.5-3 years 02: 3.5-4 years 03: 4.5-5 years Shedding caps (-06, -07, -08) Done at 4.5-5 years
Dental Exam
Anatomy Aging Canines ( 04)Mostly males Erupt 4.5-5 years Wolf Teeth ( 05)Simple brachydont teeth 40-80% of horses (upper: 105, 205) Erupt 6-18 months
Anatomy Aging (incisors) Occlusal surface Dental starCupsShape Occlusal surfaceDirectionLength
AnatomyCheek Tooth # Equuscaballus(100, 200, 300, 400)060708091011346125Youngest Cheek teethOldest Cheek teethBaker and Easley, 2005
Physiology Mastication ChewingPreparing ingesta for digestion
Physiology Modern day equids 14-18 hours/day feedingFood type influences chewing patternsLush feed---more lateral excursion Drier feed---less lateral excursion Baker and Easley, 2005
Physiology Mandibular condyles 15 angle in 2 planesCorrelates 15 angle of teethCorrelates with palatine ridges
Physiology Lophs basinsIntradental oral cavityAuger movement Palatine ridgesTongue
Physiology Chewing cycle Opening stroke (1-4)Closing stroke (5-6)Power stroke (7-10)
Summary Importance of Dentistry Education/Public knowledgeBits/bridlesAnatomy Hypsodontal teethAgingNerve location/enervation
Summary Physiology MasticationFeed stuffs Head position Chewing Cycle
Next Apply Anatomy and PhysiologyDental ExamTreatmentsRecords/client education
Scenario 20 year old, QH, Grey, GeldingDropping food BCS 2/9 Owner: Current on vaccines (5 way in spring) Owner: Dewormed 1 yr ago with Strongid Paste What do you want to do?
Macro-anatomy Pulp Connective tissue Blood vessels Nerves Predentin odontoblast---dental tubules Cementum Similar to bone Anchor for periodontal ligament Protect the underl
