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Birds of Illinois —continuedSwainson's hawkred-tailed hawkferruginous hawkrough-legged hawkgolden eagleFamily FalconidaeAmerican kestrelmerlingyrfalconperegrine falconprairie falconFamily Rallidaeyellow railblack railking railVirginia railsorapurple gallinulecommon moorhenAmerican cootButeo swainsoniButeo jamaicensisButeo regalisButeo lagopusAquila chrysaetosFalco sparveriusFalco columbariusFalco rusticolusFalco peregrinusFalco mexicanusCoturnicops noveboracensisLaterallus jamaicensisRallus elegansRallus limicolaPorzana carolinaPorphyrio martinicusGallinula chloropusFulica americanaFamily AramidaelimpkinAramus quaraunaFamily Gruidaesandhill cranewhooping craneAntigone canadensisGrus americanaFamily Charadriidaeblack-bellied ploverAmerican golden-ploversnowy ploversemipalmated ploverpiping ploverkilldeerFamily Recurvirostridaeblack-necked stiltAmerican avocetFamily Scolopacidaespotted sandpipersolitary sandpipergreater yellowlegswilletlesser yellowlegsupland sandpiperEskimo curlewwhimbrellong-billed curlewHudsonian godwitmarbled godwitruddy turnstonered knotsanderlingsemipalmated sandpiperwestern sandpiperleast sandpiperwhite-rumped sandpiperBaird's sandpiperpectoral sandpipersharp-tailed sandpiperpurple sandpiperdunlincurlew sandpiperstilt sandpiperbuff-breasted sandpiperruffshort-billed dowitcherlong-billed dowitcherWilson’s snipecommon snipeAmerican woodcockWilson's phalaropered-necked phalaropered phalaropePluvialis squatarolaPluvialis dominicaCharadrius nivosusCharadrius semipalmatusCharadrius melodusCharadrius vociferusHimantopus mexicanusRecurvirostra americanaActitis maculariusTringa solitariaTringa melanoleucaTringa semipalmataTringa flavipesBartramia longicaudaNumenius borealisNumenius phaeopusNumenius americanusLimosa haemasticaLimosa fedoaArenaria interpresCalidris canutusCalidris albaCalidris pusillaCalidris mauriCalidris minutillaCalidris fuscicollisCalidris bairdiiCalidris melanotosCalidris acuminataCalidris maritimaCalidris alpinaCalidris ferrugineaCalidris himantopusCalidris subruficollisCalidris pugnaxLimnodromus griseusLimnodromus scolopaceusGallinago delicataIllinois Birds, Illinois Department of Natural ResourcesFamily Laridaeblack-legged kittiwakeivory gullSabine's gullBonaparte's gullblack-headed gulllittle gullRoss's gulllaughing gullFranklin's gullmew gullring-billed gullwestern gullCalifornia gullherring gullIceland gulllesser black-backedslaty-backed gullglaucous-winged gullglaucous gullgreat black-backed gullsooty ternleast terngull-billed ternlarge-billed ternCaspian ternblack terncommon ternArctic ternForster's ternroyal ternsandwich ternblack skimmerRissa tridactylaPagophila eburneaXema sabiniChroicocephalus philadelphiaChroicocephalus ridibundusHydrocoloeus minutusRhodostethia roseaLeucophaeus atricillaLeucophaeus pipixcanLarus canusLarus delawarensisLarus occidentalisLarus californicusLarus argentatusLarus glaucoidesLarus fuscusLarus schistisagusLarus glaucescensLarus hyperboreusLarus marinusOnychoprion fuscatusSternula antillarumGelochelidon niloticaPhaetusa simplexHydroprogne caspiaChlidonias nigerSterna hirundoSterna paradisaeaSterna forsteriThalasseus maximusThalasseus sandvicensisRynchops nigerFamily Stercorariidaepomarine jaegerparasitic jaegerlong-tailed jaegerStercorarius pomarinusStercorarius parasiticusStercorarius longicaudusFamily Alcidaedovekieancient murreletFamily Columbidaerock pigeonband-tailed pigeonEurasian collared-dovewhite-winged dovemourning doveinca dovecommon ground doveFamily Psittacidaemonk parakeetFamily Cuculidaeblack-billed cuckooyellow-billed cuckoogroove-billed aniFamily Tytonidaebarn owlviGallinago gallinagoScolopax minorPhalaropus tricolorPhalaropus lobatusPhalaropus fulicariusFamily Strigidaeeastern screech-owlgreat horned owlsnowy owlnorthern hawk owlAlle alleSynthliboramphus antiquusColumba liviaPatagioenas fasciataStreptopelia decaoctoZenaida asiaticaZenaida macrouraColumbina incaColumbina passerinaMyiopsitta monachusCoccyzus erythropthalmusCoccyzus americanusCrotophaga sulcirostrisTyto albaMegascops asioBubo virginianusBubo scandiacusSurnia ulula

Birds of Illinois —continuedburrowing owlbarred owllong-eared owlshort-eared owlboreal owlnorthern saw-whet owlFamily Caprimulgidaecommon nighthawkChuck-will's-widoweastern whip-poor-willFamily Apodidaechimney swiftFamily Trochilidaeruby-throated hummingbirdbroad-tailed hummingbirdrufous hummingbirdAllen’s hummingbirdFamily Alcedinidaebelted kingfisherFamily Picidaered-headed woodpeckerred-bellied woodpeckerWilliamson's sapsuckeryellow-bellied sapsuckerdowny woodpeckerhairy woodpeckerred-cockaded woodpeckerblack-backed woodpeckernorthern flickerpileated woodpeckerFamily Tyrannidaeolive-sided flycatchereastern wood-peweeyellow-bellied flycatcherAcadian flycatcheralder flycatcherwillow flycatcherleast flycatchereastern phoebeSay's phoebevermilion flycatcherash-throated flycatchergreat crested flycatcherwestern kingbirdeastern kingbirdscissor-tailed flycatcherfork-tailed flycatcherFamily Laniidaeloggerhead shrikenorthern shrikeFamily Vireonidaewhite-eyed vireoBell's vireoyellow-throated vireoblue-headed vireowarbling vireoPhiladelphia vireored-eyed vireoFamily CorvidaeStellar’s jayblue jayCalifornia scrub-jayClark's nutcrackerblack-billed magpieAmerican crowfish crowFamily Alaudidaehorned larkAthene cuniculariaStrix variaAsio otusAsio flammeusAegolius funereusAegolius acadicusFamily Hirundinidaepurple martintree swallowviolet-green swallownorthern rough-winged swallowbank swallowcliff swallowbarn swallowChordeiles minorAntrostomus carolinensisAntrostomus vociferusFamily ParidaeCarolina chickadeeblack-capped chickadeeboreal chickadeetufted titmouseChaetura pelagicaArchilochus colubrisSelasphorus platycercusSelasphorus rufusSelasphorus sasinFamily Sittidaered-breasted nuthatchwhite-breasted nuthatchbrown-headed nuthatchMegaceryle alcyonFamily Certhiidaebrown creeperMelanerpes erythrocephalusMelanerpes carolinusSphyrapicus thyroidedusSphyrapicus variusDryobates pubescensDryobates villosusDryobates borealisPicoides arcticusColaptes auratusDryocopus pileatusContopus cooperiContopus virensEmpidonax flaviventrisEmpidonax virescensEmpidonax alnorumEmpidonax trailliiEmpidonax minimusSayornis phoebeSayornis sayaPyrocephalus rubinusMyiarchus cinerascensMyiarchus crinitusTyrannus verticalisTyrannus tyrannusTyrannus forficatusTyrannus savanaProgne subisTachycineta bicolorTachycineta thalassinaStelgidopteryx serripennisRiparia ripariaPetrochelidon pyrrhonotaHirundo rusticaPoecile carolinensisPoecile atricapillusPoecile hudsonicusBaeolophus bicolorSitta canadensisSitta carolinensisSitta pusillaCerthia americanaFamily Troglodytidaerock wrenCarolina wrenBewick's wrenhouse wrenwinter wrensedge wrenmarsh wrenSalpinctes obsoletusThryothorus ludovicianusThryomanes bewickiiTroglodytes aedonTroglodytes hiemalisCistothorus platensisCistothorus palustrisFamily Regulidaegolden-crowned kingletruby-crowned kingletRegulus satrapaRegulus calendulaFamily MuscicapidaeLanius ludovicianusLanius borealisVireo griseusVireo belliiVireo flavifronsVireo solitariusVireo gilvusVireo philadelphicusVireo olivaceusCyanocitta stelleriCyanocitta cristataAphelocoma californicaNucifraga columbianaPica hudsoniaCorvus brachyrhynchosCorvus ossifragusEremophila alpestrisnorthern wheatearOenanthe oenantheFamily Polioptilidaeblue-gray gnatcatcherPolioptila caeruleaFamily Turdidaeeastern bluebirdmountain bluebirdTownsend's solitaireveerygray-cheeked thrushSwainson's thrushhermit thrushwood thrushAmerican robinvaried thrushSialia sialisSialia currucoidesMyadestes townsendiCatharus fuscescensCatharus minimusCatharus ustulatusCatharus guttatusHylocichla mustelinaTurdus migratoriusIxoreus naeviusFamily Mimidaegray catbirdsage thrashernorthern mockingbirdbrown thrashercurve-billed thrasherDumetella carolinensisOreoscoptes montanusMimus polyglottosToxostoma rufumToxostoma curvirostreFamily SturnidaeEuropean starlingFamily MotacillidaeAmerican pipitSprague's pipitviiFamily BombycillidaeBohemian waxwingcedar waxwingSturnus vulgarisAnthus rubescensAnthus spragueiiBombycilla garrulusBombycilla cedrorumIllinois Birds, Illinois Department of Natural Resources

Birds of Illinois —continuedFamily CalcariidaeLapland longspurSmith's longspurchestnut-collared longspursnow buntingFamily Parulidaeblue-winged warblergolden-winged warblerTennessee warblerorange-crowned warblerNashville warblernorthern parulayellow warblerchestnut-sided warblermagnolia warblerCape May warblerblack-throated blue warbleryellow-rumped warblerblack-throated gray warblerblack-throated green warblerTownsend's warblerhermit warblerBlackburnian warbleryellow-throated warblerpine warblerKirtland's warblerprairie warblerpalm warblerbay-breasted warblerblackpoll warblercerulean warblerblack-and-white warblerAmerican redstartprothonotary warblerworm-eating warblerSwainson's warblerovenbirdnorthern waterthrushLouisiana waterthrushKentucky warblerConnecticut warblermourning warblerMacGillivray's warblercommon yellowthroathooded warblerWilson's warblerCanada warblerFamily Icteriidaeyellow-breasted chatFamily Passerellidaegreen-tailed towheespotted towheeeastern towheeCassin's sparrowBachman's sparrowAmerican tree sparrowchipping sparrowclay-colored sparrowBrewer's sparrowfield sparrowvesper sparrowlark sparrowblack-throated sparrowlark buntingsavannah sparrowgrasshopper sparrowHenslow's sparrowLe Conte's sparrowNelson's sparrowfox sparrowsong sparrowLincoln's sparrowswamp sparrowwhite-throated sparrowHarris's sparrowwhite-crowned sparrowgolden-crowned sparrowdark-eyed juncoCalcarius lapponicusCalcarius pictusCalcarius ornatusPlectrophenax nivalisVermivora cyanopteraVermivora chrysopteraLeiothlypis peregrinaLeiothlypis celataLeiothlypis ruficapillaSetophaga americanaSetophaga petechiaSetophaga pensylvanicaSetophaga magnoliaSetophaga tigrinaSetophaga caerulescensSetophaga coronataSetophaga nigrescensSetophaga virensSetophaga townsendiSetophaga occidentalisSetophaga fuscaSetophaga dominicaSetophaga pinusSetophaga kirtlandiiSetophaga discolorSetophaga palmarumSetophaga castaneaSetophaga striataSetophaga ceruleaMniotilta variaSetophaga ruticillaProtonotaria citreaHelmitheros vermivorumLimnothlypis swainsoniiSeiurus aurocapillaParkesia noveboracensisParkesia motacillaGeothlypis formosusOporornis agilisGeothlypis philadelphiaGeothlypis tolmieiGeothlypis trichasSetophaga citrinaWilsonia pusillaCardellina canadensisFamily Cardinalidaehepatic tanagersummer tanagerscarlet tanagerwestern tanagernorthern cardinalrose-breasted grosbeakblack-headed grosbeakblue grosbeaklazuli buntingindigo buntingpainted buntingdickcisselFamily Icteridaebobolinkred-winged blackbirdeastern meadowlarkwestern meadowlarkyellow-headed blackbirdrusty blackbirdBrewer's blackbirdcommon gracklegreat-tailed gracklebrown-headed cowbirdorchard orioleBaltimore orioleScott’s orioleFamily Fringillidaegray-crowned rosy-finchpine grosbeakpurple finchhouse finchred crossbillwhite-winged crossbillcommon redpollhoary redpollpine siskinAmerican goldfinchevening grosbeakIcteria virensPipilo chlorurusPipilo maculatusPipilo erythrophthalmusPeucaea cassiniiPeucaea aestivalisSpizelloides arboreaSpizella passerinaSpizella pallidaSpizella breweriSpizella pusillaPooecetes gramineusChondestes grammacusAmphispiza bilineataCalamospiza melanocorysIllinois Birds, Illinois Department of Natural ResourcesFamily PasseridaeEurasian tree sparrowhouse sparrowPasserculus sandwichensisAmmodramus savannarumCentronyx henslowiiAmmospiza leconteiiAmmospiza nelsoniPasserella iliacaMelospiza melodiaMelospiza lincolniiMelospiza georgianaZonotrichia albicollisZonotrichia querulaZonotrichia leucophrysZonotrichia atricapillaJunco hyemalisPiranga flavaPiranga rubraPiranga olivaceaPiranga ludoviciana Cardinaliscardinalis Pheucticus ludovicianusPheucticus melanocephalusPasserina caeruleaPasserina amoenaPasserina cyaneaPasserina cirisSpiza americanaDolichonyx oryzivorus Agelaiusphoeniceus Sturnella magnaSturnella neglecta XanthocephalusxanthocephalusEuphaguscarolinus Euphaguscyanocephalus Quiscalus quisculaQuiscalus mexicanusMolothrus aterIcterus spuriusIcterus galbulaIcterus parisorumLeucosticte tephrocotisPinicola enucleatorHaemorhous purpureusHaemorhous mexicanusLoxia curvirostraLoxia leucopteraAcanthis flammeaAcanthis hornemanniSpinus pinusSpinus tristisCoccothraustes vespertinusPasser montanusPasser domesticusSources:American Ornithological Society. 2020. Checklist of North and MiddleAmerican birds. ois Natural History Survey. 2010. Birds of /viii

SUGGESTED GRADE LEVEL: 4NEXT GENERATION SCIENCE STANDARDS: 4-LS1-1SKILLS/PROCESSES: observation, classificationOBJECTIVE: Students will be able to identify the threecharacteristics by which birds are defined.TEACHER’SGUIDEUNIT 1 LESSON 1What Makes a Bird a Bird?BACKGROUNDbarbules (see diagram on page 2). The contour featherson the tail and wings have been modified for flight. Downfeathers are small and lie under the contour feathers. Thepurpose of these feathers is to insulate the bird from thecold and protect against sunburn.There are more than 9,000 species of birds in theworld, with about 800 found in North America. More than400 species have been recorded in Illinois, and morethan 200 bird species have been recorded as nesting inthe state.Birds must take care of their feathers so they can continue to fly and remain warm. Preening feathersspreads oils over the feathers and "re-hooks" the barbules. Even though they are kept clean, feathersbecome worn and are usually replaced at least once ayear. This process is called molting.Birds evolved from small reptiles more than 160 millionyears ago. They still share some characteristics withreptiles, such as laying eggs and having scales on theirlegs and feet. Development of the ability to fly requirednot only feathers and wings but good eyesight, a senseof balance and fine muscle coordination.HARD-SHELLED EGGS: Birds lay hard-shelled eggsmade mostly of calcium carbonate. The hard shellkeeps an egg from dehydrating and allows parents tosit on the eggs during incubation. Even though birdeggs are hard-shelled, they possess microscopic poreswhich allow oxygen to pass into and carbon dioxide toexit the shell.Like mammals, birds are warm-blooded vertebrates,meaning their internal body temperature is maintainedat a constant level regardless of external conditions.This characteristic allows birds to maintain high levels ofenergy and a metabolic rate necessary for flight. Bycomparison, reptiles and amphibians are cold-blooded,meaning they rely on the temperature of the air and/orwater to regulate their body temperature.Eggs come in a variety of colors and patterns. Coloredand speckled eggs are laid in areas where they need tobe camouflaged. Blue or green eggs are laid by birdsthat nest in shady places such as trees or shrubs(American robin). Eggs in these locations are less visible in the dappled sunlight. White eggs are laid by birdsnesting in cavities (owls, wood duck). Patterned eggsblend in with grass or small stones and are laid by birdsthat nest on the ground (gulls, sandpipers).Birds have three characteristics that distinguish themfrom other animals: feathers; hard-shelled eggs; andhollow bones.FEATHERS: Feathers are an adaptation of reptilianscales. They range in size from 0.05 inch on a bird eyelidto the tail feathers of a male peacock (Pavo cristatus)which may be five feet long. In number they range from1,000 on a hummingbird to 25,000 on a swan, and generally comprise 15-20 percent of the entire weight of thebird. Feathers perform a variety of functions, such asflight, regulation of body temperature (thermoregulation), protection of the body and skin, attraction of matesand differentiation of species.The feathers most commonly observed are contour anddown feathers. Contour feathers cover the body of a birdand have a strong, hollow shaft and network of hooks or1The shape of the egg is related to where the bird nests.The most common shape for eggs is oval. Birds that laytheir eggs on ledges need eggs with a pointed end sothey will not roll off the ledge (vultures). Round eggs aregenerally laid by birds nesting in a protected area, suchas a cavity (owls). Birds that lay many eggs typicallyhave eggs that are pointed, allowing incubation of several eggs in a small area (northern bobwhite). The number of eggs laid varies by species from as few as onefor a seabird to nearly 30 for the northern bobwhite.Illinois Birds, Illinois Department of Natural Resources

graphs of feathers and ask them to identify varioustypes of feathers. Compare an owl feather, whichhas a filled shaft and fringed edges to cushionsound, with a rock pigeon feather, which is hollow.The texture of an egg may vary from smooth (smallerbirds) to coarse (chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus). Thesmallest eggs (one-half inch) are laid by a hummingbird,the largest (eight inches) by an ostrich (Struthio camelus).HOLLOW BONES: Simply having feathers does notpermit birds to be creatures of the sky. Extremely lightweight bones are also necessary for flight. Bird bonesare strong and hollow, with internal braces (see diagramin Student’s Guide). Many bird bones are fused togetherwhich increases the strength of the bones.Parts of a Feather3. Examine cleaned chicken or turkey bones whichhave been cracked or cut open. Discuss why mostbones are hollow (aids flight).EVALUATION1. Ask students to make educated guesses and support their ideas about the purposes and usefulnessof specific types of feathers.feather tip2. Have students list and discuss in a paragraph thethree characteristics of birds.notchdown-curved edge3. Bring a down jacket to school. Have students compare the warmth of a down jacket to another type ofcoat or no coat. Birds have adapted to remain warmin winter by fluffing their feathers and to not overheat in summer by compressing their feathers.innervaneEXTENSIONSshaft or rachisoutervanen Invite students to attempt to crush a raw chickenegg in their hands. They'll discover it is not possiblebecause the shape of the egg distributes the pressure points.parallel barbsn Research and conduct an experiment on how natural and artificial oils and soaps affect feathers.Discuss oiled birds and how they are cleaned.up-curved edgequillbarbbarbuleSuper Close!n Reconstruct a chicken or turkey skeleton and labelthe parts.n Research the uses of feathers by humans throughhistory. Include such uses as feather pens, headdresses, pillow/mattress stuffing, clothes, art andmore.hookcatchn Research and discuss the theory of evolution ofbirds and how birds are related to reptiles.PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIESState and federal laws prohibit possession of migratorybird feathers. You can purchase feathers legally to usein this activity at a craft supply store or in the craft section of other stores.1. By displaying a fe

Arnie Bock, Lake-Cook Illinois Audubon Society Nan Buckardt, Lake County Forest Preserve District Marilyn F. Campbell, Forest Glen Preserve Anita Descourouez, The Grove, Glenview Park District Peter Dring, Cook County Forest Preserve District Larry Dunham, IDNR Jan Haake,