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AUTOMOTIVEELECTRONICSHANDBOOKRonald K. JürgenEditor in ChiefMcGraw-Hill, Inc.New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland BogotaCaracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City MilanMontreal New Delhi San Juan SingaporeSydney Tokyo Toronto

CONTENTSContributorsPrefacexviiPart 1xvIntroductionChapter 1. IntroductionRonald K. Jürgen1.31.1 The Dawn ot' a New Era / 1.31.2 The Microcomputer Takes Center Stage / 1.41.3 Looking to the Future / 1.5References / 1.6Part 2Sensors and ActuatorsChapter 2. Pressure Sensors2.12.22.32.4Randy FrankAutomotive Pressure Measurements / 2.3Automotive Applications for Pressure Sensors / 2.5Technologies for Sensing Pressure / 2.15Future Pressure-Sensing Developments / 2.23Glossary / 2.24Bibliography / 2.24Chapter 3. Linear and Angle Position Sensors3.13.23.33.4Paul Nickson3.1Introduction / 3.1Classification of Sensors / 3.1Position Sensor Technologies / 3.2Interfacing Sensors to Control Systems / 3.16Glossary / 3.17References / 3.17Chapter 4. Flow Sensors4.14.24.34.42.3Robert E. Bicking4.1Introduction / 4.1Automotive Applications of Flow Sensors / 4.1Basic Classification of Flow Sensors / 4.3Applicable Flow Measurement Technologies / 4.4Glossary / 4.8Bibliography / 4.9vii

VÜiCONTENTSChapter 5. Temperature, Heat, and Humidity Sensors5.15.25.35.45.55.6Randy Frank5.1Temperature, Heat, and Humidity / 5.1Automotive Temperature Measurements / 5.5Humidity Sensing and Vehicle Performance / 5.12Sensors for Temperature / 5.14Humidity Sensors / 5.21Conclusions / 5.22Glossary / 5.23Bibliography / 5.23Chapter 6. Exhaust Gas Sensors Hans-Martin Wiedenmann,Gerhard Hötzel, Harald Neumann, Johann Riegel, and Helmut Weyl6.16.26.36.46.56.6Basic Concepts / 6.1Principles of Exhaust Gas Sensors for Lambda Control / 6.5Technology of Ceramic Exhaust Gas Sensors / 6.11Factors Affecting the Control Characteristics of Lambda 1 Sensors / 6.14Applications / 6.18Sensor Principles for Other Exhaust Gas Components / 6.20Bibliography / 6.22Chapter 7. Speed and Acceleration Sensors7.17.27.37.47.57.67.77.87.1William G. Wolber8.1Introduction / 8.1The Knock Phenomenon / 8.2Technologies for Sensing Knock / 8.4Summary / 8.9Glossary / 8.9References / 8.9Chapter 9. Engine Torque Sensors9.19.29.39.49.5William C. DünnIntroduction / 7.1Speed-Sensing Devices / 7.2Automotive Applications for Speed Sensing / 7.6Acceleration Sensing Devices / 7.8Automotive Applications for Accelerometers / 7.18New Sensing Devices / 7.22Future Applications / 7.24Summary / 7.26Glossary / 7.27References / 7.28Chapter 8. Engine Knock Sensors8.18.28.38.46.1William G. WolberIntroduction / 9.1Automotive Applications of Torque Measurement / 9.3Direct Torque Sensors / 9.6Inferred Torque Measurement / 9.8Summary / 9.13Glossary / 9.13References / 9.149.1

CONTENTSChapter 10. Actuators10.110.210.310.4Klaus MüllerIX10.1Preface / 10.1Types of Electromechanical Actuators / 10.2Automotive Actuators / 10.19Technology for Future Application / 10.27Acknowledgments / 10.30Glossary / 10.30Bibliography / 10.31Part 3 Control SystemsChapter 11. Automotive id S. Boehmer11.3Microcontroller Architecture and Performance Characteristics / 11.3Memory / 11.24Low-Speed Input/Output Ports / 11.31High-Speed I/O Ports / 11.36Serial Communications / 11.41Analog-to-Digital Converter / 11.45Failsafe Methodologies / 11.49Future Trends / 11.51Glossary / 11.54Bibliography / 11.55Chapter 12. Engine Controland Shari StottlerGary C. Hirschlieb, Gottfried Schiller,12.112.1 Obj ectives of Electronic Engine Control Systems / 12.112.2 Spark Ignition Engines / 12.512.3 Compression Ignition Engines / 12.32Chapter 13. Transmission Controland Werner Brehm13.113.213.313.413.513.613.1Introduction / 13.1System Components / 13.2System Functions / 13.7Communications with Other Electronic Control Units / 13.17Optimization of the Drivetrain / 13.18Future Developments / 13.19Glossary / 13.20References / 13.20Chapter 14. Cruise Control14.114.214.3IAA14.5Kurt Neuffer, Wolfgang Bullmer,Richard ValentineCruise Control System / 14.1Microcontroller Requirements for Cruise Control / 14.3Cruise Control Software / 14.4Cruise Control Design / 14.6Future Cruise Concepts / 14.7Glossary / 14.8Bibliography / 14.814.1

*XCONTENTSChapter 15. Braking Control15.115.215.315.4Armin Czinczel16.1Introduction / 16.1Forces Affecting Wheel Traction: Fundamental Concepts / 16.3Controlled Variables / 16.5Control Modes / 16.6Traction Control Components / 16.11Applications on Heavy Commercial Vehicles / 16.13Future Trends / 16.14Glossary / 16.14Bibliography / 16.15Chapter 17. Suspension Control17.117.217.317.417.515.1Introduction / 15.1Vehicle Braking Fundamentals / 15.1Antilock Systems / 15.8Future Vehicle Braking Systems / 15.14Glossary / 15.15References / 15.16Chapter 16. Traction su Yohsuke17.1Shock Absorber Control System / 17.1Hydropneumatic Suspension Control System / 17.4Electronic Leveling Control System / 17.5Active Suspension / 17.8Conclusion / 17.17Glossary / 17.18Nomenclature / 17.18Bibliography / 17.18Chapter 18. Steering ControlMakoto Sato18.118.1 Variable-Assist Steering / 18.118.2 Four-Wheel Steering Systems (4WS) / 18.15Glossary / 18.33References / 18.33Chapter 19. Lighting, Wipers, Air Conditioning/HeatingRichard Valentine19.119.219.319.419.5Lighting Controls / 19.1Windshield Wiper Control / 19.9Air Conditioner/Heater Control / 19.15Miscellaneous Load Control Reference / 19.20Future Load Control Concepts / 19.25Glossary / 19.26Bibliography / 19.2719.1

CONTENTSxiPart 4 Displays and Information SystemsChapter 20. Instrument Panel Displays20.120.220.320.420.520.620.7Ronald K. Jürgen20.3The Evolution to Electronic Displays / 20.3Vacuum Fluorescent Displays / 20.3Liquid Crystal Displays / 20.4Cathode-Ray Tube Displays / 20.6Head-up Displays / 20.6Electronic Analog Displays / 20.8Reconfigurable Displays / 20.9References / 20.9Chapter 21. Trip ComputersRonald K. Jürgen21.121.1 Trip Computer Basics / 21.121.2 Specific Trip Computer Designs / 21.221.3 Conclusion / 21.4References / 21.6Chapter 22. On- and Off-Board DiagnosticsFrieder Heintz, and Robert Hügel22.122.222.322.422.5Wolfgang Bremer,22.1Why Diagnostics? / 22.1On-Board Diagnostics / 22.6Off-Board Diagnostics / 22.7Legislation and Standardization / 22.8Future Diagnostic Concepts / 22.15Glossary / 22.18References / 22.19Part 5 Safety, Convenience, Entertainment,and Other SystemsChapter 23. Passenger Safety and ConvenienceBernhard K. Mattes23.323.1 Passenger Safety Systems / 23.323.2 Passenger Convenience Systems / 23.11Glossary / 23.13Bibliography / 23.13Chapter 24. Antitheft SystemsShinichi Kato24.1 Vehicle Theft Circumstances / 24.124.2 Overview of Antitheft Regulations / 24.224.3 A Basic Antitheft System / 24.324.1

XÜCONTENTSChapter 25. Entertainment Products25.125.225.325 A25.1Fundamentals of Audio Systems / 25.1A Brief History of Automotive Entertainment / 25.4Contemporary Audio Systems / 25.5Future Trends / 25.12Glossary / 25.17References / 25.18Chapter 26. Multiplex Wiring Systems26.126.226.326.4Tom ChrapkiewiczFred Miesterfeld26.1Vehicle Multiplexing / 26.1Encoding Techniques / 26.9Protocols / 26.23Summary and Conclusions / 26.53Glossary / 26.56References / 26.64Part 6 Electromagnetic Interference and CompatibilityChapter 27. Electromagnetic Standards and InterferenceJames P. Muccioli21.Z27.1 SAE Automotive EMC Standards / 27.327.2 IEEE Standards Related to EMC / 27.1127.3 The Electromagnetic Environment of an Automobile Electronic System / 27.13Bibliography / 27.18Chapter 28. Electromagnetic Compatibility28.128.228.328.428.528.6James P. Muccioli28.1Noise Propagation Modes / 28.1Cabling / 28.2Components / 28.4Printed Circuit Board EMC Checklist / 28.9Integrated Circuit Decoupling—A Key Automotive EMI Concern / 28.10ICProcessSizeAffectsEMC / 28.14Bibliography / 28.19Part 7 Emerging TechnologiesChapter 29. Navigation Aids and Intelligent Vehicie-Highway SystemsFrench29.129.229.329.4Background / 29.3Automobile Navigation Technologies / 29.4Examples of Navigation Systems / 29.10Other IVHS Systems and Services / 29.15References / 29.18Robert L.29.3

CONTENTSChapter 30. Electric and Hybrid VehiciesRaymond S. Hobbs, and Donald B. Karner30.130.230.330.430.530.630.730.8XÜiGeorge G. Karady, Tracy Blake,30.1Introduction / 30.1System Description / 30.5Charger and Protection System / 30.6Motor Drive System / 30.8Battery / 30.17Vehicie Control and Auxiliary Systems / 30.19Infrastructure / 30.21Hybrid Vehicies / 30.23Glossary / 30.24References / 30.25Chapter 3 1 . Noise Cancellation SystemsJeffrey N. Denenberg31.131.1 Noise Sources / 31.131.2 Applications / 31.5Glossary / 31.10Bibliography / 31.10Chapter 32. Future Vehicie Electronics32.132.232.332.432.532.6Randy Frank and Salim MominRetrospective / 32.1IC Technology / 32.1Other Semiconductor Technologies / 32.5Enabling the Future / 32.11Impact on Future Automotive Electronics / 32.15Conclusions / 32.20Glossary / 32.21Bibliography / 32.23Index / Li32.1

Chapter 32. Future Vehicie Electronics Randy Frank and Salim Momin 32.1 32.1 Retrospective / 32.1 32.2 IC Technology / 32.1 32.3 Other Semiconductor Technologies / 32.5 32.4 Enabling the Future / 32.11 32.5 Impact on Future Automotive Electronics / 32.15 32.6 Conclusions