WIXLIB

i. Classes A, B, C, D, and E:1. Class A: Ranges from 0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8, designed to supportextremely large networks with more than 16 million host addresses.2. Class B: Ranges from 128.0.0.0/16 to 191.255.0.0, designed to supportthe needs of moderate to large size networks with up to approximately65,000 host addresses.3. Class C: Ranges from 192.0.0.0/24 to 223.255.255.0/24, designed tosupport small networks with a maximum of 254 hosts.4. Class D: Multicast block consisting of 224.0.0.0 to 239.0.0.0.5. Class E: Class E experimental address block consisting of 240.0.0.0255.0.0.0.b. Classless:i. VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask): Allows a network space to be divided intounequal parts.ii. CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) notation (IPv4 vs. IPv6): Is a way to allowmore flexible allocation of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses than was possiblewith the original system of IP address classes.E) Address assignments:a. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Centralizes management of IP addressingin a network by allowing a server to dynamically assign IP addresses to clientsb. DHCPv6 (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Version 6): It is the IPv6 equivalent of theDynamic Host Configuration Protocol.c. Static: IP addressing is the standard in small-to-large networks when configuring clientcomputers.d. EUI64 (Extended Unique Identifier-64): The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers) standard defining 64-bit physical addresses. In the EUI-64 scheme, the OUIportion of an address is 24 bits in length. A 40-bit extension identifier makes up the restof the physical address, for a total of 64 bits.e. IP reservations: A rule on the DHCP server called a DHCP reservation can tie the client'sMAC address to a particular IP address.1.5 COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NETWORK TOPOLOGIES,TYPES AND TECHNOLOGIES.A) Wired topologies:a. Logical vs. physical:i. Logical topology refers to the operating systems and protocols used on anetwork.ii. Physical: Refers to the hardware used to create a network (cables, routers,switches, and etc.).b. Star: All devices are connected to a central device like a hub or switch. Similar to thespokes on a wheel.6

B) Wireless topologies:a. Ad hoc: Does not need pre-existing infrastructure to communicate with other devices.Devices communicate amongst themselves in this frequency.b. Infrastructure: All devices communicate through an access point. This is the mostcommon wireless communication mode.C) Technologies that facilitate the Internet of Things (IoT)a. Z-Wave: Is used with home automation networking: control lights, locks, and garagedoors. Uses wireless mesh networking. Uses the 900 MHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific, andMedical) band. Has no conflicts with 802.11.b. Ant : A proven ULP (Ultra-Low Power) wireless protocol that is responsible for sendinginformation wirelessly from one device to another device, in a robust and flexiblemanner.c. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification): Uses electromagnetic fields to automaticallyidentify and track tags attached to objects.1.6 GIVEN A SCENARIO, IMPLEMENT THE APPROPRIATE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIESAND CONFIGURATIONS.A) 802.11 standards:a. a: Came out in October 1999. Issues with range and the signal being absorbed.Frequency is 5 GHz, Speeds up to 54 Mbps.b. b: Came out in October 1999. Longer range than 802.11a and less issues withabsorption. Issues with frequency conflicts due to the common use of the frequency.Frequency is 2.4 GHz, Speeds up to 11 Mbpsc. g: Came out in June 2003. Is considered an upgrade to 802.11b. Is backwards compatiblewith 802.11b. Frequency is 2.4 GHz, Speeds up to 54 Mbpsd. n: Came out in June 2009. Is an upgrade to 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g. Is the first tosupport MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output). Frequency is 2.4 GHz and/or 5 GHz,Speeds up to 600 Mbpse. ac: Came out in January 2014. Less issues with frequency conflicts due to 5 GHz beingless common. Has greater speeds due to it having denser signaling modulation. SupportsMIMO just like 802.11n. Uses Frequency is 5GHz, Speeds up to 7 Gbps.B) Cellular:a. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications): The Global System for MobileCommunications is a standard developed by the European TelecommunicationsStandards Institute to describe the protocols for second-generation digital cellularnetworks used by mobile devices.b. TDMA (Time-division multiple access): Is a channel access method for shared-mediumnetworks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing thesignal into different time slots7

SKILLCERTPROC)D)E)F)G)H)I)c. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access): Is a channel access method used by various radiocommunication technologies.Frequencies:a. 2.4 GHz: The 2.4 GHz band provides coverage at a longer range but transmits data atslower speeds.b. 5.0 GHz: The 5 GHz band provides less coverage but transmits data at faster speeds. Therange is lower because higher frequencies cannot penetrate solid objects.Speed and distance requirements: 2.4 GHz is better for longer distance and 5 GHz is better forshorter distances. Ensure the frequency being used is the correct one, that nothing is blockingthe path, and that there is no interference to be able to send the data at an acceptable speedand distance.Channel bandwidth: The rate at which data is exchanged, usually measured in bits per second(bps).Channel bonding: A 802.11n feature that allows two adjacent 20-MHz channels to be combinedto make a 40-MHz channelMIMO/MU-MIMO:a. MIMO (Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output): Allows more than one antenna to be usedon clients and access points, allowing devices to transmit and receive simultaneously.b. MU-MIMO (Multiuser MIMO): Allows multiple users to use the same channel.Unidirectional/omnidirectional:a. Unidirectional: Unidirectional antennas transmit only in one general direction, allowingthe full power of the transmission to be focused on a particular area.b. Omnidirectional: Most in home and office Wi-Fi antennas are omnidirectional. Theseantennas send and receive data in 360 degrees and as a result, the signal is available inthe full circle.Site surveys: Is the process of planning and designing a wireless network, for the purpose ofproviding a wireless solution that will deliver the required wireless coverage.1.7 SUMMARIZE CLOUD CONCEPTS AND THEIR PURPOSES.A) Types of services:a. SaaS: (Software as a Service): The customer uses software that is not locally stored,instead, all of that service is being provided in the cloud. Ex. Google docs or Gmail.i. Everything is managed by the provider.b. PaaS (Platform as a Service): Also known as software as a service.i. Managed by customer: Data, applications, and making sure apps run on the OSii. Managed by Provider: Runtime, middleware, OS, virtualization, servers, storage,and networking.c. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Also known as hardware as a service.i. Managed by customer: Software (applications, data, runtime, middleware, andoperating system).8

B) Cloud delivery models:a. Private: Deployed within the organization by the organization for the organization.b. Public: Cloud is deployed by the provider within their organization for otherorganizations to use.c. Hybrid: A combination of public and private into a single cloud service.C) Connectivity methods:a. Internet: Is comparatively inexpensive and simple to use. There are issues with latencyand security.b. Remote Access: These connections offer increased security by creating secure tunnelsbut are still subject to latency issues.c. Leased Line: This option reserves a predetermined bandwidth allocation between thecustomer and the cloud service provider.d. Dedicated Connection: This is the most expensive connection method. Provides aprivate fixed bandwidth point-to-point data connection. There's no concern of sharingbandwidth.e. Security implications/considerations: Consider the cloud provider's security and thesecurity of the backups. Verify your stored data cannot be accessed by unauthorizedparties. Ensure your cloud adheres to the Government’s regulations.D) Relationship between local and cloud resources: A customer's local network is easier to secureand offer the speed benefits of their network without the possibility of third-party access. Cloudstorage offers greater scalability, user accessibility, and elasticity features when compared tolocal resources.1.8 EXPLAIN THE FUNCTIONS OF NETWORK SERVICES.A) DNS service:a. Record types:i. A, AAA: These records hold the name-to-address mapping (conversion) for agiven host.1. A: Record for IPv4.2. AAA: Record for IPv6.ii. TXT (SPF, DKIM):1. TXT (Text): is used to provide freely formatted text to networkadministrators regarding any network related issues or comments.2. SPF (The Sender Provider Framework): validates the email serversallowed to send email.3. DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail): Is an encryption-basedauthentication method that validates the domain name of emails.iii. SRV (Service): Contains hostname and port details for hosts providing specificservices.iv. MX (Mail Exchanger): Supports email traffic by identifying email servers.9

v. CNAME (Canonical Name): Contains the alias for a host’s CNAME. This allows ahostname alias like myorganization to be recognized by its canonical namewww.myorganization.com.vi. NS (Name Server): Specifies the authoritative name server for a domain. The NSrecord is used by name servers to locate each other. This record is used todelegate subdomains. An NS record is required for each primary and secondaryname server in a domain.vii. PTR (Pointer): Is the opposite of an A record. It supports reverse lookups byproviding the IP address-to-hostname information in a reverse lookup zone file(reverse zone). This format is essentially an A record with a reversed IP addresslisted first followed by the hostname. This differs from a forward lookup zonefile (forward zone) in which the A record is used to find the host using thehostname.b. Internal vs. external DNS:i. Internal DNS: Serves the domain and is inaccessible from the Internet. Internalhosts requiring Internet communication or external resolution will have theirrequests forwarded from the internal DNS server to the external DNS server.ii. External DNS: Is placed in a DMZ and will only provide access to public serviceslike a web server or VPN.c. Third-party/cloud-hosted DNS: Third-party or cloud-based DNS offers severaladvantages over traditional DNS services. In many cases, it can be more affordable touse cloud-based DNS as it is scalable, resilient, and secure. Administration is simplified.If you opt for a large cloud provider such as Google, you will reap the benefit of reducedlatency due to the presence of multiple geographic locations which are available toresolve traffic quickly.d. Hierarchy:i. Root: The DNS root zone is the top-level DNS zone in the hierarchicalnamespace of the Domain Name System of the Internet.ii. Top-level domain: Servers are labeled as: .com, .org, .edu, etc. or by the countrycode (ccTLD) .us, .uk, or .jp.iii. Second-level Domain: are directly below their TLDs in this hierarchy. These arethe domains assignable by domain registrars.iv. Third Level Domains: Are subdomains of SLDs.e. Forward vs. reverse zone:B) DHCP service:a. MAC reservations: Since dynamic addressing does not work reliably for hosts that mustbe consistently available, such as a network printer, you can create a MAC reservationon your DHCP server to assign the same IP address to that particular device.b. Pools: A DHCP server can be configured to assign addresses from a predefined range.This is known as the DHCP scope or DHCP pool.10

c. IP exclusions: Another way to guarantee that a host is consistently available is tostatically assign an IP address to it. In order to prevent the address from being assignedin the DHCP environment, an IP exclusion can be configured on the DHCP server.d. Scope options: When configuring a DHCP server, it is also necessary to provideadditional information to the clients. In addition to the address, the client needs thedefault gateway address, a primary and secondary DNS server address, and the lengthof time the address is leased to the client. Known as lease time, this field is a variabletime value that once expired, the IP address will be returned from the client back intothe address pool for reissue.e. Lease time: The amount of time that a client can hold an IP address. Default is 8 days.f. TTL (Time to Live): Is a mechanism that limits the lifespan or lifetime of data in acomputer or network.g. DHCP relay/IP helper:i. DHCP Relay: Allows a single DHCP server to provide the necessaryconfigurations in a network of multiple LANs with different subnets.ii. IP helper: The IP helper address provides support for the rebroadcasting orforwarding of UDP packets across a router.C) NTP (Network Time Protocol): Is for clock synchronization between computer systems overpacket-switched, variable-latency data networks. Oldest internet protocol still in use, introducedin 1985.D) IPAM (IP Address Management): Tracks, plans, and manages IP addressing on networks.11

2.0 INFRASTRUCTURE2.1 GIVEN A SCENARIO, DEPLOY THE APPROPRIATE CABLING SOLUTION.A) Media types:a. Copper:i. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair): A type of copper twisted pair cabling that doesnot include shielding around its conductors.ii. STP (Shielded Twisted Pair): A type of cable containing twisted-wire pairs thatare not only individually insulated, but also surrounded by a shielding made of ametallic substance such as foil.iii. Coaxial: Insulated copper wire; used to carry high-speed data traffic andtelevision signals.b. Fiber: Type of cabling that uses light transmissions instead of electric pulses makingthreats such as EMI, crosstalk and attenuation non-issues. Well-suited for high-speeddata communications and expensive too.i. Single-mode: A type of fiber optic cable that uses a single direct beam of light,thus allowing for greater distance and increased transfer speeds.ii. Multimode: A type of fiber optic cable that carries multiple beams of lightthrough the cable, bouncing off the cable walls. This strategy actually weakensthe signal, reducing the length and speed at which the data signal can travel.B) Plenum vs. PVC:a. Plenum: Is made of Teflon or FEP which gives off much less poisonous gas than PVCwhen it burns. Also suffer from less attenuation than the PVC cabling.b. PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride): The jacket when burning or smoldering releases hydrochloricacid and dioxin which are both toxic.C) Connector types:a. Copper:i. RJ-45: An eight-position connector that uses all four pairs of wires. It is usuallyused for network connectivity.ii. RJ-11: The standard connector used with unshielded twisted pair cabling(usually Cat 3 or Level 1) to connect analog telephones.iii. BNC: A connector used with thin coaxial cable. Some BNC connectors are Tshaped and called T-connectors. One end of the T connects to the NIC, and thetwo other ends can connect to cables or end a bus formation with a terminator.iv. DB-9: A type of connector with nine pins that's commonly used in serialcommunication that conforms to the RS-232 standard.v. DB-25: A type of connector with 25 pins that's commonly used in serialcommunication that conforms to the RS-232 standard.vi. F-type: A connector used with an RG-6 coaxial cable and is used for connectionsto a TV and has a single copper wire.b. Fiber:12

i. LC (Lucent Connector): Used with fiber cables. It was developed by LucentTechnologies and is a miniaturized version of the SC connector. Is commonlyfound on MMF and SMF optic cables.ii. ST (Straight Tip): A connector used with single-mode or multimode fiber-opticcable.iii. SC (Standard Connector): A square connector with a floating ferrule thatcontains the fiber-optic cable.1. APC (Angled Physical Connector): A connector that has an eight degreeangle. Lower return loss, generally higher insertion loss than UPC.2. UPC (Ultra Polished Connector): A connector with its end face polishedflat. High return loss.3. MTRJ (Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack): A type of connectorpopular for duplex multimode connections.D) Transceivers:a. SFP (Small Form Factor Pluggable): A transceiver commonly used to provide 1 Gbit/sfiber. Similar to a GBIC, but is smaller in size.b. GBIC (Gigabit Interface): Converts electric currents to optical signals, and optical signalsto currents. The GBIC is typically employed in fiber optic and Ethernet systems as aninterface for high-speed networking.c. SFP (Small Form-Factor Pluggable) : Newer version of SFP, is the same size as SFP,supports data rates as high as 16 Gbit/s, and is commonly used with 10 Gigabit Ethernet.d. QSFP (Quad Small Factor Pluggable): A compact hot-pluggable transceiver that is alsoused for data communication applications.e. Characteristics of fiber transceivers:i. Bidirectional: Can transmit and receive data through a single optical fiber.ii. Duplex: Uses two fibers, one transmits data and the other receives it.E) Termination points:a. 66 block: A patch panel for analog voice. Left side is patched to the right. Replaced by110 blocks but still seen in many installations. Is used primarily for telephoneapplications.b. 110 block: A wire-to-wire patch panel that replaces the 66 block and is able to patch cat5e and cat6 cables. Connecting block is on top. Wires are "punched" into the block topto bottom.c. Patch panel: A wall-mounted panel of data receptors into which cross-connect patchcables from the punch-down block are inserted. Provides a connection point betweennetwork equipment such as switches and hubs.d. Fiber distribution panel: A cabinet intended to provide space for termination, storage,and splicing fiber connections. Similar to a patch panel. Often includes a service loopwhich is extra fiber for future changes and serves as inexpensive insurance.F) Copper cable standards:a. Cat 3: Maximum speed is 10 Mbps, maximum distance is 100 meters, and certifiedfrequency is 16 MHz.13

b. Cat 5: Maximum speed is 100 Mbps, maximum distance is 100 meters, and certifiedfrequency is 100 MHz.c. Cat 5e: Maximum speed is 1 Gbps, maximum distance is 100 meters, and certifiedfrequency is 250 MHz.d. Cat 6: Maximum speed is 10 Gbps, maximum distance is 100 meters, and certifiedfrequency is 500 MHz.e. Cat 6a: Maximum speed is 10 Gbps, maximum distance is 100 meters, and certifiedfrequency is 500 MHz.f. Cat 7: Maximum speed is 10 Gbps, maximum distance is 100 meters, and certifiedfrequency is 600 MHz.g. RG-6: Uses F-type screw-on connectors. Used for television, satellite, and broadbandcable connections.h. RG-59: Typically used for short distance applications, such as carrying composite videobetween two nearby devices.G) Copper termination standards:a. TIA (Telecommunication Industries Association)/ EIA (Electronic Industries Alliance)568a:i. Green/Whiteii. Greeniii. White/Orangeiv. Bluev. White/Bluevi. Orangevii. Brown/Whiteviii. Brownb. TIA/EIA 568b:i. Orange/Whiteii. Orangeiii. Green/Whiteiv. Bluev.

COMPTIA NETWORK N10-007 MASTER CHEAT SHEET TEST DETAILS Required exam: CompTIA Network N10-007 Number of questions: Maximum of 90 Types of questions: Multiple choice and performance-based . 1.0 Networking Concepts 23% 2.0 Infrastructure 18% 3.0 Network Operations 17% 4.0 Net