Setting And Achieving Water-Related Sustainable .

Transcription

ON TARGET FORPEOPLE AND PLANETSetting and Achieving Water–relatedSustainable Development GoalsEdited byJulie van der BliekPeter McCornickJames Clarke

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¿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ÀRRGLQJ GURXJKW IDUPHUV HFRQRPLF JURZWK VRFLDO DVSHFWV ZRPHQ ULYHU EDVLQV IULFD 6RXWK RI 6DKDUD ,6%1 &RS\ULJKW E\ ,:0, OO ULJKWV UHVHUYHG ,:0, HQFRXUDJHV WKH XVH RI LWV PDWHULDO SURYLGHG WKDW WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ LV DFNQRZOHGJHG DQG NHSW LQIRUPHG LQ DOO VXFK LQVWDQFHV IUHH FRS\ RI WKLV SXEOLFDWLRQ FDQ EH GRZQORDGHG DW ZZZ LZPL RUJ VGJ ERRN

ON TARGET FORPEOPLE AND PLANETSetting and Achieving Water–relatedSustainable Development GoalsEdited byJulie van der BliekPeter McCornickJames ClarkeInternational Water Management Institute (IWMI)1

2 On Target for People and Planet: Setting and Achieving Water-related Sustainable Development Goals

Foreword7KH \HDU ZLOO EH FULWLFDO IRU KXPDQLW\ 7KH 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV LV VHW WR DJUHH WKH JOREDO 6XVWDLQDEOH 'HYHORSPHQW *RDOV 6'*V WKDW ZLOO JXLGH LQYHVWPHQW DQG VRFLDO SROLF\ IRU GHFDGHV WR FRPH 7KHUH LV VWLOO D ORQJ ZD\ WR JR LQ WKH SROLWLFDO SURFHVV RI ¿QDOL]LQJ WKH 6'*V EXW WKH LVVXHV DUH VXI¿FLHQWO\ ZHOO GH¿QHG WR VWDUW SUHSDULQJ 7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO :DWHU 0DQDJHPHQW ,QVWLWXWH ,:0, ZLWK LWV ORQJ VWDQGLQJ FRPPLWPHQW WR SDUWQHUVKLSV DQG GLDORJXH KDV H[SHUWLVH WR FRQWULEXWH WR LPSOHPHQWLQJ WKH 6'*V DQG WKHUHDIWHU WR ZRUN ZLWK FRXQWULHV RQ WKH LQGLFDWRUV PRQLWRULQJ DQG SUDFWLFHV QHFHVVDU\ WR PHHW WKHLU LQGLYLGXDO QDWLRQDO WDUJHWV 2I DOO RXU QDWXUDO UHVRXUFHV ZDWHU XQGHUSLQV VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW SHUKDSV PRUH WKDQ DQ\ RWKHU 7KLV LPSRUWDQFH LV UHÀHFWHG LQ 6'* µ(QVXUH DYDLODELOLW\ DQG VXVWDLQDEOH PDQDJHPHQW RI ZDWHU DQG VDQLWDWLRQ IRU DOO¶ %XW D TXLFN JODQFH DW WKH SURSRVHG JRDOV KWWS VXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQW XQ RUJ IRFXVVGJV KWPO FRQ¿UPV WKDW ZDWHU ZLOO EH FULWLFDO WR DFKLHYLQJ VHYHUDO PRUH ,Q DJULFXOWXUH HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO SURWHFWLRQ IRU LQVWDQFH LWV UROH ZLOO EH FHQWUDO QG WKH UROH RI PDQDJLQJ UDLQZDWHU D NH\ ZDWHU UHVRXUFH IRU PLOOLRQV RI WKH ZRUOG¶V SRRU LV QRW \HW IXOO\ UHFRJQL]HG LQ WKH JRDOV 7KLV XQGHUOLQHV WKH QHHG WR WDNH D PRUH KROLVWLF ORRN DW KRZ ZH PDQDJH ZDWHU ,:0, KDV UHVSRQGHG WR WKLV FKDOOHQJH WKURXJK LWV QHZ VWUDWHJ\ DQG PLVVLRQ WR GHOLYHU µD ZDWHU VHFXUH ZRUOG¶ :H EHJDQ WKUHH GHFDGHV DJR DV DQ LQVWLWXWLRQ GHYRWHG WR D VLQJOH DVSHFW RI ZDWHU PDQDJHPHQW LPSURYHG LUULJDWLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH 6LQFH WKHQ RXU IRFXV KDV EURDGHQHG WR VHHN WKURXJK ZDWHU PDQDJHPHQW VXVWDLQDEOH VROXWLRQV WR SRYHUW\ IRRG VHFXULW\ DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO GHJUDGDWLRQ ,:0,¶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¿QHG LQ ZD\V WKDW DUH ERWK PHDQLQJIXO DQG DFKLHYDEOH DQG KRZ WKHVH WDUJHWV PLJKW EH PHW (DFK VHFWLRQ LV ZULWWHQ E\ OHDGLQJ VSHFLDOLVWV LQ WKH ¿HOG ERWK IURP ,:0, DQG LWV FROODERUDWRUV DQG UHÀHFWV WKH PRVW XS WR GDWH WKLQNLQJ RQ HYLGHQFH EDVHG ZDWHU SROLF\ IRU SROLF\ PDNHUV LQYHVWRUV DQG ZDWHU SURIHVVLRQDOV 7R GHOLYHU RQ WKH 6'*V ZH ZLOO QHHG WR HQJDJH QRW MXVW DFURVV VHFWRUV EXW DOVR DFURVV ERUGHUV 2XU XQLTXH QHWZRUN RI FXWWLQJ HGJH UHVHDUFKHUV HQJDJHG ZLWK SDUWQHUV IURP DOO VHFWRUV LV UHDG\ WR EH D SDUW RI WKDW JOREDO GLVFXVVLRQ ,:0, ZLOO EH SURGXFLQJ D VHULHV RI DQQXDO ÀDJVKLS UHSRUWV WKDW ZLOO V\QWKHVL]H FXUUHQW WKLQNLQJ RQ PDMRU ZDWHU LVVXHV ,W LV P\ EHOLHI WKDW WKHVH ZLOO EHFRPH LQGLVSHQVDEOH UHVRXUFHV IRU SROLF\PDNHUV LQYHVWRUV DQG ZDWHU SURIHVVLRQDOV JUDSSOLQJ ZLWK RXU JOREDO DPELWLRQV IRU D PRUH MXVW DQG VXVWDLQDEOH ZRUOG 0RUHRYHU , VHH WKHP DV LPSRUWDQW FRQYHUVDWLRQ VWDUWHUV :H ZHOFRPH \RXU SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WKLV RQJRLQJ FRQYHUVDWLRQ -(5(0 %,5' 'LUHFWRU *HQHUDO ,:0, 6HSWHPEHU 3

Contents5Introduction9Water–Food–Energy Nexus13Water Governance:Context is Crucial19Water Metrics23Social Inclusion28Sustainable Developmentand Ecosystem Services33Managing Water Variability:Floods and Droughts38Water Quality: The Chanceto Avert a Global Crisis42Accessing and PuttingWater to Productive Usein Sub-Saharan Africa46Bibliography andPhotography Credits4 On Target for People and Planet: Setting and Achieving Water-related Sustainable Development Goals

1 Introduction5

1Introduction XWKRUV -XOLH YDQ GHU %OLHN DQG 3HWHU 0F&RUQLFN7KH 6'* GHYHORSPHQW SURFHVV KDV EHHQ H[WHQVLYH DQG LQFOXVLYH LQ LWV DWWHPSW WR HVWDEOLVK FRQVHQVXV DPRQJ FRXQWULHV DQG RWKHU VWDNHKROGHUV RQ XQLYHUVDO JRDOV DQG WDUJHWV :KLOH WKH JOREDO 6'*V ZLOO EH ¿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¶V QHZ VWUDWHJ\ WR GHOLYHU µD ZDWHU VHFXUH ZRUOG¶ DOVR UHFRJQL]HV WKH QHHG WR SRVLWLRQ LWV DJULFXOWXUDO ZDWHU PDQDJHPHQW UHVHDUFK DJHQGD ZLWKLQ WKLV EURDGHU FRQWH[W RI ZDWHU VHFXULW\ HPSKDVL]H LQWHUVHFWRUDO GHSHQGHQFLHV DQG V\QHUJLHV DQG HQVXUH WKH UHVLOLHQFH RI HFRV\VWHPV 7KLV RSHQV QHZ FKDOOHQJHV IRU UHVHDUFK DQG SDUWQHUVKLSV DQG RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR ¿QG VROXWLRQV WR FRPSOH[ GHYHORSPHQW FKDOOHQJHV LQ UXUDO DQG XUEDQ VHWWLQJV DV ZHOO DV DW ULYHU EDVLQ VFDOH 6 On Target for People and Planet: Setting and Achieving Water-related Sustainable Development Goals

2XU VSHFL¿F IRFXV LQ WKLV ERRN LV RQ VHFXULQJ ZDWHU IRU VXVWDLQDEOH IRRG SURGXFWLRQ 7KLV OLQNV WR VXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHU UHVRXUFHV PDQDJHPHQW GHOLYHULQJ RQ WKH ZDWHU VXSSO\ DQG VDQLWDWLRQ UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG SURYLVLRQLQJ ZDWHU IRU HQHUJ\ DQG WKH XUEDQ VHFWRU VSHFL¿F LQWHQW LV WR HQVXUH WKDW WKH UHDOLWLHV LQ ORZ DQG PLGGOH LQFRPH FRXQWULHV LQ IULFD DQG VLD DUH UHFRJQL]HG DQG WR SURYLGH SUDFWLFDO SDWKZD\V WR FKDQJH WKDW ¿W WKHVH UHDOLWLHV DQG WKH DVSLUDWLRQV RI WKRVH FRXQWULHV 7KLV ZLOO KHOS WR SUHSDUH IRU WKH QH[W VWHS LQ WKH 6'* SURFHVV GHYROYLQJ WKH 6'*V WR WKH QDWLRQDO OHYHO ,W ZLOO DOVR SURYLGH DQ LQSXW LQWR WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH XQLYHUVDO 6'*V E\ H[SORULQJ UHDOLVWLF WDUJHWV DQG LQGLFDWRUV )RFXVLQJ RQ 'HOLYHU\²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¿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¿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¿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µVHFWRUDO ER[HV¶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¿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¿FLHQW ZDWHU XVH LQ DJULFXOWXUH VXVWDLQDEOH XVH RI ZDWHU ZLWKGUDZDO WR DYDLODELOLW\ UDWLR VWRUDJH FDSDFLW\ DFFHVV WR LUULJDWLRQ ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DTXDWLF HFRV\VWHPV VHUYLFHV LPSDFWV RI ZDWHU UHODWHG GLVDVWHUV DQG ZDWHU JRYHUQDQFH ,Q WKH :DWHU 0HWULFV VHFWLRQ WKH SURSRVHG LQGLFDWRU ³ZDWHU XVH HI¿FLHQF\ KDV EHHQ H[SORUHG UDWKHU WKDQ RWKHU LQGLFDWRUV 6HH VHFWLRQV DQG ,QQRYDWLYH WKLQNLQJ DQG DSSO\LQJ QHZ WHFKQRORJLHV DUH HVVHQWLDO 7KH GDWD UHYROXWLRQ KDV WUDQVIRUPHG LQWHUQDWLRQDO JRDO VHWWLQJ &RVW HIIHFWLYH ZD\V RI SURYLGLQJ GDWD WKURXJK QHZ GHYHORSPHQWV LQ UHPRWH VHQVLQJ DQG PRELOH WHFKQRORJLHV QHHG WR EH IXUWKHU H[SORUHG DV GR HQKDQFHG PHWKRGV IRU JRYHUQPHQWV DQG WKHLU FLWL]HQV WR GLUHFWO\ JDWKHU YDOLG LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP WKH ¿HOG 6HH VHFWLRQV DQG 8 On Target for People and Planet: Setting and Achieving Water-related Sustainable Development Goals

2 Water–Food–Energy Nexus9

2Water–Food–Energy Nexus/HDG DXWKRU -HUHP\ %LUG :LWK FRQWULEXWLRQV IURP )HOL[ 'RGGV *OREDO 5HVHDUFK ,QVWLWXWH 3HWHU 0F&RUQLFN 7XVKDDU 6KDKWATER, FOOD, ENERGY:NEXUS SOLUTIONS7KH DYDLODELOLW\ RI ZDWHU LV FHQWUDO WR WKH IXWXUH VHFXULW\ RI IRRG HQHUJ\ GRPHVWLF DQG LQGXVWULDO ZDWHU VXSSO\ DQG WKH HQYLURQPHQW 7KLV UHODWLRQVKLS LV WKH µQH[XV¶ EHWZHHQ D VHW RI FRPSHWLQJ GHPDQGV DQG LQWHUDFWLRQV 3URGXFLQJ PRUH IRRG DQG HQHUJ\ DQG KDYLQJ VXI¿FLHQW ZDWHU IRU RXU IDVW JURZLQJ SRSXODWLRQ²SURMHFWHG WR UHDFK ELOOLRQ E\ ²PHDQV PDQDJLQJ ZDWHU IRRG DQG HQHUJ\ GLIIHUHQWO\ 7KH SURSRVHG 6'*V RQ ZDWHU IRRG DQG HQHUJ\ VHFXULW\ DOO LQFOXGH WDUJHWV RQ LQFUHDVLQJ HI¿FLHQFLHV HW WKH ZDWHU IRRG HQHUJ\ QH[XV KDV PXOWLSOH GLPHQVLRQV WKDW LI PDQDJHG LQ LVRODWLRQ ZLOO FRPSURPLVH D QDWLRQ¶V DELOLW\ WR DFKLHYH WKH IXOO SRUWIROLR RI 6'*V &OLPDWH FKDQJH LQWURGXFHV DGGLWLRQDO XQFHUWDLQWLHV IXUWKHU LQFUHDVLQJ WHQVLRQV EHWZHHQ VHFWRUV IRU DFFHVV WR ZDWHU &RQYHQWLRQDO HQHUJ\ DQG IRRG SURGXFWLRQ DUH HPLWWHUV RI JUHHQKRXVH JDVHV EXW PHDVXUHV WR UHGXFH HPLVVLRQV²LQFOXGLQJ UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ LQWHUYHQWLRQV VXFK DV VXEVLGLHV IRU ELRIXHO SURGXFWLRQ²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¿FLHQFLHV 10 On Target for People and Planet: Setting and Achieving Water-related Sustainable Development Goals

REFLECTING MULTIPLE DIMENSIONSAND SCALES QH[XV DSSURDFK PHDQV WKDW ZKHQ JRYHUQPHQWV DQG LQGXVWULHV GHWHUPLQH SROLFLHV LQ RQH VHFWRU²ZKHWKHU LW LV HQHUJ\ DJULFXOWXUH RU ZDWHU²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¿FLHQW VRODU SXPSV LV DGGLQJ QHZ SRWHQWLDO WR JURXQGZDWHU LUULJDWLRQ & 6( 678' ,QQRYDWLYH (OHFWULFLW\ 6FKHPH 5HGXFHV 3RZHU 6XEVLG\ DQG *URXQGZDWHU 8VH DQG %RRVWV JULFXOWXUDO 3URGXFWLRQ*XMDUDW LV RQH RI ,QGLD¶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µOLJKWHG YLOODJH¶ (OHFWULFLW\ OLQHV IRU DJULFXOWXUDO DQG QRQ DJULFXOWXUDO XVHUV ZHUH VHSDUDWHG DOORZLQJ HOHFWULFLW\ VXSSOLHV WR IDUPV WR EH UDWLRQHG IRU HLJKW KRXUV D GD\ ZKLOH HQDEOLQJ FRQWLQXRXV VXSSO\ WR GRPHVWLF DQG LQGXVWULDO XVHUV 7R RYHUFRPH IDUPHU UHVLVWDQFH UHVHDUFKHUV VXJJHVWHG VXSSO\LQJ IXOO YROWDJH DQG XQLQWHUUXSWHG SRZHU WR IDUPV GXULQJ WKH UDWLRQHG KRXUV )DUPHUV FRXOG WKHQ NHHS WR WKHLU LUULJDWLRQ VFKHGXOHV FRQVHUYH ZDWHU VDYH RQ SXPS PDLQWHQDQFH FRVWV XVH ODERXU PRUH HI¿FLHQWO\ DQG H[SDQG WKHLU LUULJDWHG DJULFXOWXUH UDSLGO\ *XMDUDW¶V DJULFXOWXUDO *'3 URVH E\ DOPRVW WKH KLJKHVW LQ ,QGLD LQ WKH VHYHQ \HDUV IROORZLQJ WKH SURMHFW¶V LQFHSWLRQ GXH LQ SDUW WR -\RWLJUDP RMDQD W WKH VDPH WLPH JURXQGZDWHU OHYHOV DUH UHFRYHULQJ 1RZ WKH QDWLRQDO JRYHUQPHQW LV VHWWLQJ *XMDUDW¶V -\RWLJUDP RMDQD SURMHFW DV D À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¿WV RI WKH YDULRXV RSWLRQV IRU SURYLGLQJ JURXQGZDWHU WR VPDOO IDUPV %DVHG RQ ,:0,¶V DGYLFH LQ 6HSWHPEHU WKH VWDWH JRYHUQPHQW VFUDSSHG VPDOO SXPS OLFHQVHV LQ GLVWULFWV ZLWK UHQHZDEOH DQG VDIH JURXQGZDWHU UHVRXUFHV DQG LQWURGXFHG D ÀDW FRQQHFWLRQ IHH 7KLV SROLF\ UHIRUP LV LPSURYLQJ VPDOOKROGHU IDUPHU DFFHVV WR ZDWHU ,:0, LV QRZ UHVHDUFKLQJ WKH HIIHFWV WKH QHZ SROLF\ KDV KDG RQ WKH SRZHU VHFWRU DQG RQ JURXQGZDWHU OHYHOV TAKING A RIVER BASIN APPROACHTO MANAGING WATER ACROSSNATIONAL BOUNDARIES W WKH WUDQVQDWLRQDO VFDOH WKH JURZLQJ SUHVVXUH RQ ZDWHU UHVRXUFHV LQ PDQ\ ULYHU EDVLQV LV FRPSOLFDWLQJ WKH WUDGH RIIV EHWZHHQ XSVWUHDP DQG GRZQVWUHDP XVHV 7KH ULVLQJ FRVW RI IXHO DQG WKH HIIHFWV RI FOLPDWH FKDQJH DUH SXWWLQJ D FRPSOH[ DUUD\ RI SUHVVXUHV RQ ZDWHU DQG IRRG V\VWHPV ,QFUHDVLQJ WKH XVH RI UHQHZDEOH VRXUFHV WR JHQHUDWH HQHUJ\²VXFK DV ZDWHU IRU K\GURSRZHU DQG ELRPDVV IRU ELRHQHUJ\²FDQ KDYH SRVLWLYH HFRQRPLF DQG PLWLJDWLRQ EHQH¿WV %XW LW FDQ DOVR QHJDWLYHO\ DIIHFW DOUHDG\ VWUHVVHG ZDWHU DQG IRRG VXSSOLHV HVSHFLDOO\ ZKHUH QDWLRQV VKDUH QDWXUDO UHVRXUFHV ,QQRYDWLYH VROXWLRQV WR UHVROYH K\GURSRZHU DQG LUULJDWLRQ FRQÀLFWV WKRXJK WKH XQGHUJURXQG VWRUDJH RI ZDWHU DUH EHLQJ H[SORUHG LQ &HQWUDO VLD 11

TAKING A RIVER BASIN APPROACHTO MANAGING WATER ACROSSNATIONAL BOUNDARIES W WKH WUDQVQDWLRQDO VFDOH WKH JURZLQJ SUHVVXUH RQ ZDWHU UHVRXUFHV LQ PDQ\ ULYHU EDVLQV LV FRPSOLFDWLQJ WKH WUDGH RIIV EHWZHHQ XSVWUHDP DQG GRZQVWUHDP XVHV 7KH ULVLQJ FRVW RI IXHO DQG WKH HIIHFWV RI FOLPDWH FKDQJH DUH SXWWLQJ D FRPSOH[ DUUD\ RI SUHVVXUHV RQ ZDWHU DQG IRRG V\VWHPV ,QFUHDVLQJ WKH XVH RI UHQHZDEOH VRXUFHV WR JHQHUDWH HQHUJ\²VXFK DV ZDWHU IRU K\GURSRZHU DQG ELRPDVV IRU ELRHQHUJ\²FDQ KDYH SRVLWLYH HFRQRPLF DQG PLWLJDWLRQ EHQH¿WV %XW LW FDQ DOVR QHJDWLYHO\ DIIHFW DOUHDG\ VWUHVVHG ZDWHU DQG IRRG VXSSOLHV HVSHFLDOO\ ZKHUH QDWLRQV VKDUH QDWXUDO UHVRXUFHV ,QQRYDWLYH VROXWLRQV WR UHVROYH K\GURSRZHU DQG LUULJDWLRQ FRQÀLFWV WKRXJK WKH XQGHUJURXQG VWRUDJH RI ZDWHU DUH EHLQJ H[SORUHG LQ &HQWUDO VLD & 6( 678' 3LORW 6WXG\ RQ 8QGHUJURXQG µ:DWHU %DQNLQJ¶ LQ &HQWUDO VLD¶V )HUJDQD 9DOOH\7KH )HUJDQD YDOOH\ EDVLQ VSDQV .\UJ\]VWDQ 8]EHNLVWDQ DQG 7DMLNLVWDQ DQG KDV ORQJ EHHQ WKH SRSXODWLRQ DQG DJULFXOWXUDO KHDUWODQG RI &HQWUDO VLD ,W IRUPV SDUW RI WKH FDWFKPHQW RI WKH 6\U 'DU\D 5LYHU²WKH ORQJHVW ULYHU LQ &HQWUDO VLD²WKDW UXQV WKURXJK DOO WKUHH FRXQWULHV 7KH QDWXUDO ÀRZ RI WKH ULYHU LV KLJK LQ VXPPHU DQG ORZ LQ ZLQWHU RZHYHU XSVWUHDP GRZQVWUHDP LVVXHV HPHUJHG LQ WKH V ZKHQ LUULJDWLRQ ZDWHU ZLWKGUDZDOV PRUH WKDQ GRXEOHG LQ WKH EDVLQ DQG UHVHUYRLUV ZHUH FRQVWUXFWHG WR UHJXODWH DQG GLYHUW WKH ÀRZ 7KH ELJJHVW FKDQJH ZDV LQ WKH ZLQWHU RI ZKHQ DQ XSVWUHDP UHVHUYRLU VKLIWHG IURP SURYLGLQJ VXPPHU LUULJDWLRQ ZDWHU WR JHQHUDWLQJ K\GURSRZHU WR VDWLVI\ LQFUHDVHG GHPDQGV IRU SRZHU SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ WKH ZLQWHU \GURSRZHU SURGXFWLRQ LQ WKH XSVWUHDP LQFUHDVHG E\ EXW FRWWRQ \LHOGV GRZQVWUHDP SOXPPHWHG E\ DQG VRPH RI WKH ODQG ZDV WDNHQ RXW RI SURGXFWLRQ GXH WR VKRUWDJHV RI LUULJDWLRQ ZDWHU DQG LQFUHDVLQJ VDOLQLW\ ,:0, UHVHDUFKHUV FRQGXFWHG SLORW ¿HOG H[SHULPHQWV LQ 8]EHNLVWDQ¶V )HUJDQD 9DOOH\ WR µEDQN¶ WKH ZLQWHU À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¿FLHQF\ RI ZDWHU DQG HQHUJ\ DUH FOHDUO\ LQWHUOLQNHG VDYLQJV LQ HQHUJ\ JHQHUDWLRQ FDQ UHVXOW LQ ZDWHU VDYLQJV DQG UHGXFWLRQ LQ JUHHQKRXVH JDVHV Q LPSRUWDQW QH[XV GLPHQVLRQ IRU FRXQWULHV LV WKH FKRLFH RI HQHUJ\ JHQHUDWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV LQ UHVSRQVH WR FOLPDWH HPLVVLRQ WDUJHWV DV WKLV FDQ LPSDFW ERWK ZDWHU GHPDQG DQG IRRG SURGXFWLRQ DV LQ WKH FDVH RI LQFUHDVHG ELRIXHO SURGXFWLRQ ([SHFWHG WDUJHWV WR LPSURYH ZDVWHZDWHU PDQDJHPHQW DQG LQFUHDVH UHF\FOLQJ DQG UHXVH FDQ OHDG WR RWKHU QH[XV EHQH¿WV VXFK DV UHGXFHG HQHUJ\ UHTXLUHG WR SURGXFH DQG WUDQVSRUW FKHPLFDO IHUWLOL]HUV DQG WKH UHFRYHU\ RI QXWULHQWV WKDW ZRXOG RWKHUZLVH EH GXPSHG ,Q WKH QH[W SKDVH RI WKH 6'* SURFHVV WKH IRFXV ZLOO EH RQ VHOHFWLQJ LQGLFDWRUV DQG VHWWLQJ QDWLRQDO WDUJHWV 3URJUDPV WR DFKLHYH WKH 6'*V ZLOO EH GHYHORSHG DQG LPSOHPHQWHG 6HOHFWLQJ DSSURSULDWH LQGLFDWRUV WR PHDVXUH QH[XV IULHQGO\ JRDOV IRU HQHUJ\ DJULFXOWXUH DQG LQGXVWU\ VHFWRUV FRXOG HQFRXUDJH PRUH LQWHJUDWHG DQG HIIHFWLYH RXWFRPHV 12 On Target for People and Planet: Setting and Achieving Water-related Sustainable Development Goals

3Water Governance:Water Governance Context is Crucial13

3Water Governance:Context is Crucial/HDG DXWKRU 7XVKDDU 6KDK :LWK FRQWULEXWLRQV IURP &ODXGLD 6DGRII :RUOG %DQN 3HWHU 0F&RUQLFN )UDQo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²ZKHWKHU WHFKQLFDO LQVWLWXWLRQDO RU DOO HQFRPSDVVLQJ VXFK DV ,QWHJUDWHG :DWHU 5HVRXUFH 0DQDJHPHQW ,:50 ²QHHG WR EH FULWLFDOO\ HYDOXDWHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH VSHFL¿F FRQWH[W 7R EH HIIHFWLYH ZDWHU JRYHUQDQFH QHHGV WR GLUHFWO\ LGHQWLI\ DQG UHVSRQG WR ORFDO SUREOHPV DQG QHHGV 7KH SURSRVHG 6'* RQ ZDWHU U

8 On Target for People and Planet: Setting and Achieving Water-related Sustainable Development Goals 1 ˇ )ˇ & ˆ "ˇ# ˆˇ 2ˆ ˇ ˆ ˆ# ˇ ˆ 77 ˆ ˆ ˆˆ# !& H ˇ ˇ " 45*6 " " ˆ ˇ