WIXLIB

4 December 2020Oral Presentations on Public Health09:00-10:00OP-3-VAbstract ID: 111Dr. Giovanni GhirgaPediatricianInternational Society of Doctors for theEnvironment (IT)Solar geoengineering by injectingaluminum oxide aerosol is aserious threat to global childmental health.

COVID-19 will end but climate change could becomeunstoppable.The world has already observed many devastatingeffects of human-induced climate change.Masson-Delmotte V, Zhai P, Pörtner H-O, et al. Global warming of 1.5 C:special report. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2018.Giovanni Ghirga ISDE - It

The 1991 eruption columns ofMount Pinatubo volcano,Philippines, reached 40kilometers in altitude andemplaced a giant umbrellacloud in the middle to lowerstratosphere.The sulphate aerosol cloudproduced spread rapidly aroundthe Earth in about 3 weeks andattained global coverage byabout 1 year after the eruption.The large aerosol cloud causeddramatic decreases in theamount of net radiationreaching the Earth's ved October 8, 2020.Giovanni Ghirga ISDE - It

Effects on climate were an observed surface cooling inthe Northern Hemisphere of up to 0.5 to 0.6 C andcooling of perhaps as large as 0.4 C over large parts ofthe Earth in 1992-93. The atmospheric impact of thePinatubo eruption has been profound, and it has sparkeda lively interest in the role that volcanic aerosols play inclimate change.S Self, JX Zhao, RE Holasek, RC Torres, J McTaggart. (1999). "The AtmosphericImpact of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo Eruption".https://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/self/ Retrieved October 8, 2020.Giovanni Ghirga ISDE - It

closelymimicking the way large volcanic eruptions cool the climateGiovanni Ghirga ISDE - Ithttps://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/self/

https://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/self/Giovanni Ghirga ISDE - It

Injection of sulphate aerosols into the lower stratosphere will closelymimic the way large volcanic eruptions cool the climate.Harvard's Solar Geoengineering Research Programhttps://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/self/ Retrived October 8, 2020.Giovanni Ghirga ISDE - It

Recently the U.S. National Academy ofSciences and major environmental groups suchas the Environmental Defense Fund andthe Natural Resources Defense Council havebegun to support careful research. The U.S. alsopublished the Climate Science Special Report,which discussed geoengineering and called forfurther research.Giovanni Ghirga ISDE - It

Giovanni Ghirga ISDE - It

Giovanni Ghirga ISDE - It

Giovanni Ghirga ISDE - It

The average residence time of a particle in the lowerstratosphere is approximately 1-2 years. After eventualtransport into the troposphere, the particles undergorelatively rapid mixing processes by weather events,turbulence, cloud-scale overturning, and are mostlyremoved from the atmosphere by dry deposition,sedimentation, or scavenging by clouds FINALLYPOLLUTING THE ENVIRONMENT.Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth. By NationalResearch Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Ocean StudiesBoard, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Committee onGeoengineering Climate: Technical Evaluation and Discussion ofImpacts. National Academy of Sciences, 2015.Giovanni Ghirga ISDE - It

Air pollution can negatively affect neurodevelopment,resulting in lower cognitive test outcomes (such asglobal intelligence quotient) and the development ofbehavioral disorders such as autism spectrum andattention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Researchsuggests that both prenatal and postnatal exposure toair pollution represent threats to neurodevelopment,particularly in children with genetic susceptibilityGiovanni Ghirga ISDE - It

A systematic review and meta-analysis:Maternal exposure to particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) ispositively associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder.HeeKyoung Chun, Cheryl Leung, Shi Wu Wen, Judy Mc Donald, and HH Shin.Maternal exposure to air pollution and risk of autism in children: A systematicreview and meta-analysis. Environmental Pollution. Volume 256, January 2020,113307. ni Ghirga ISDE - It

For 240 nm radius alumina particles, forexample, an injection rate of 4 Tg yr 1 produces a global-average shortwaveradiative forcing of 1.2 W m 2 andminimal self-coagulation of aluminaalthough almost all alumina outside thetropics is coated with sulfate. For thesame radiative forcing, these solidaerosols can produce less ozone loss, lessstratospheric heating, and less forwardscattering than sulfate aerosols do. Ourresults suggest that appropriately sized ofan aluminum derivative alumina (theoxide of aluminum), diamond or similarhigh-index particles MAY HAVE LESSSEVERE TECHNOLOGY-SPECIFICRISKS THAN SULFATE AEROSOLSDO.Giovanni Ghirga ISDE - It

Aluminum has been included among 200neurotoxic chemicals that are silently erodingintelligence, disrupting behaviours, truncatingfuture achievements, and damaging societiesperhaps most seriously in developing countries.This is called the “Silent Pandemic ofNeurodevelopmental Toxicity in Children”.- Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ. Neurobehavioural effects ofdevelopmental toxicity. The Lancet Neurology, Volume 13, Issue 3,Pages 330 - 338, March 2014.- Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ. Developmental neurotoxicity of industrialchemicals. Lancet. 2006 Dec 16;368(9553):2167-78.Giovanni Ghirga ISDE - It16

Discussion. The aluminiumcontent of brain tissues fromdonors with a diagnosisof Autism SpectrumDisorders was extremely high.While there was significantinter-tissue, inter-lobe andinter-subject variability themean aluminium content foreach lobe across all individualswas towards the higher end ofall previous (historical)measurements of brainaluminium content.

Aluminium was imaged in the occipital,frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. It wasimaged associated with neurones, microglialike cells and other inflammatory nonneuronal cells in the meninges, vasculature,grey, and white matter.M Mold, D Umar, Andrew King, Christopher Exley. Journal ofTrace Elements in Medicine and BiologyVolume 46, March 2018, Pages ovanni Ghirga ISDE - It

Scientists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the HealthResources and Services Administration (HRSA) found that about 1 in 6 (17%) ofchildren aged 3–17 years had a developmental disability, and importantly, that thispercentage increased over the two time periods compared, 2009–2011 and 2015–2017; increases were also seen for specific developmental disabilities in the sameage group.Specifically, diagnoses increased for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)(8.5% to 9.5%), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (1.1% to 2.5%), and intellectualdisabilities (ID is a term used when there are limits to a person’s ability to learn atan expected level and function in daily life) (0.9% to 1.2%).Zablotsky B, Black LI, Maenner MJ, Schieve LA, Danielson ML, Bitsko RH, Blumberg SJ, KoganMD, Boyle CA. Prevalence and Trends of Developmental Disabilities among Children in the US:2009–2017. Pediatrics. 2019; 144(4):e20190811Giovanni Ghirga ISDE - It

It is estimated that worldwide one in 160 children has anASD. This estimate represents an average figure, andreported prevalence varies substantially across studies andcountries. The U.S. prevalence rates by the CDC’s Autism andDevelopmental Disabilities Monitoring Network (ADDM) ofAutism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) showed an increaseprevalence over years: 1 in 150 children in 2007 (2000 and2002 data), 1 in 110 in 2009 (2006 data), 1 in 88 in 2012(2008 data), 1 in 68 in 2014 (2010 data), 1 in 59 children in2018 (2014 data), and 1 in 54 children in 2020 (2016 data).WHO. Autism spectrum disorders. Accessed 7 November ail/autism-spectrumdisorders.CDC. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Data & Statistics, 2020.Giovanni Ghirga ISDE - It

In 2017, it was estimated that approximately 2.21% (95%simulation interval (SI) 1.95%, 2.45%) or 5,437,988 U.S. adults aged18 and older have Autism Spectrum Disorders.IDietz PM, Rose CE, McArthur D, et al. National and State Estimates of Adultswith Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord iovanni Ghirga ISDE - It

We as scientists must oppose the use of toxicchemicals, particularly aluminum, in solargeoengineering projects to protect global childmental health.Giovanni Ghirga ISDE - It

4 December 2020 Oral Presentations on Public Health 09:00-10:00 OP-3-V Abstract ID: 111 Dr. Giovanni Ghi