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became Christians. However, most didnot want to convert. They found themselves being pushed off their land. AsNew England grew, so did tensions.In 1675, the Native American leaderMetacom (MEH-tuh-kahm) launched awar to regain lost lands. Metacom,called King Philip by the settlers, unitedmany Native American groups to fightagainst the settlers. The war, which theycalled King Philip's War, lasted threeyears. Both sides slaughtered their enemies. In the end, Metacom was defeatedand killed. Thousands of other NativeAmericans were also killed. Many whosurvived were pushed west or north intoCanada. Native Americans would nolonger block the growth of the NewEngland colonies.By 1700, there were four Britishcolonies in New England. They wereMassachusetts, Connecticut, RhodeIsland, and New Hampshire. Maine waspart of Massachusetts. Vermont waspart of New York.The growth of democracyAllover New England, settlers were tryingto tame their environment. They set uptowns, built churches, and openedshops. They grew crops in the rockysoil. By the early 1700s, New Englandwas the center of shipbuilding andtrade in the British colonies. NewEngland boats reached ports alloverthe world. Foreign goods were unloadedon docks in Boston, Providence, andother towns.Democracy took root in the NewEngland colonies. Each New Englandtown held regular meetings. Adultwhite men who held property in thetowns were allowed to vote on townissues. These town meetings are stillheld in some New England towns today.When the time came for independencefor the colonies, New England wouldbe ready.

How were the Middle and Southern coloniesdifferent from the New England Colonies?An old engravingshowsthe first womensettlers landing in Jamestown.Forwomen from London'sslums,life on the American frontier was a test of courage.Lookingat Key Terms.Middle Colonies.Act of TolerationLookingSouthern Colonies.at Key Words.synagogues:Jewishplaces of worship.toleration:allowing otherpeople to practice their ownbeliefs and customs.debt: money that peopleowe.debtors:people who cannot pay their bills.jIEI J3Quakers.cash crops: crops raisedfor sale rather than for afarmer's personal use.indigo:a plant that can bemade into a blue dye.spirituals:religious songsdeveloped by enslavedMrican AmericansF

When a colonist from Maryland visited the colony of New York in 1744, hewas surprised at how few people couldspeak English. "I heard nothing butDutch spoken all the way," he complained. A few years later, BenjaminFranklin wrote how English-speakingand German-speakingcolonistsinPennsylvaniadid not communicatewell: "Few of the English settlers understand the German language. The twogroups do not talk to each other."The people who lived in the Britishcolonies south of New England werevery diverse. Their diversity affectedthe way they lived. Sometimes,itcaused problems.People ometo the Mi le oloniesfrom MI ver Europe. y did peoplefrom different countries inEuropecometo the English colonies?By 1733, there were 13 Englishcolonies in North America. Only four ofthem were in New England. The restwere located south of New England intwo regions, the Middle Colonies andthe Southern Colonies.The Middle Colonies were New York,Pennsylvania,Delaware, and NewJersey. The Middle Colonies had amilder climate than the New EnglandColonies. The soil was also more fertile.The Dutch in New NetherlandsIn 1623, three years after the Pilgrimsarrived, Dutch traders built a fort alongthe Hudson River. They called it FortOrange. The next year, the Dutch settled New Amsterdam at the southerntip of Manhattan Island. The Dutchbought the island from the local NativeAmericans for a few dollars in trinkets.The Dutch called their colony NewNetherlandsafter their homeland. apler1Other people were welcome to settle inNew Netherlands. In 1654, 23 DutchJews came to live in New Amsterdam.They were the first Jewish people tosettle in North America. Other Jewswould come to Rhode Island and othercolonies and build places of worshipcalled synagogues.Settlers from SwedenIn 1638, asmall group of colonists from Swedensettled in present-day Delaware andsouthern New Jersey. They called theircolony New Sweden. The Swedes builtthe first log cabins in North America.Many settlers who came after themcopied these homes. The Swedes werefew in number, and their colony wassoon taken over by the Dutch.The Dutch, however, would not stayin power much longer. In 1664, Englishwarships easily seized New Amsterdam.The invasion was led by the Duke ofYork. After his victory, the dukerenamed the colony New York. FortOrange became Albany. Many Dutchpeople stayed on in New York, despitethe new rulers.The Duke of York then gave part ofthe land to two nobles who were hisfriends. The land was a reward for theirloyalty and support. This land becametoday's state of New Jersey.William PennIn 1681 and 1682,William Penn received grants of landfrom the English king. These lands nowmake up the states of Pennsylvania andDelaware. Penn came from a wealthyfamily. As a young man, he joined a religious group in Englandcalled theQuakers (KWAYK-uhrz). The Quakersbelieved in living simply and at peacewith all peoples.Penn set up the colony of Pennsylvaniain 1681. Pennsylvania means "Penn'sWoods" in Latin. He paid the Delaware, aNative American nation, for their land

and treated them fairly. Penn made apeace treaty with the Delaware that hekept for his lifetime. He enjoyed visitingthem and joined in their sports. They saidthat Pennran and jumped like a warnor.Penn believed in toleration (tahl-uhray-shuhn). He allowed people to practice different religions in Pennsylvania.Many new settlers came to Pennsylvaniafrom Germany and Switzerland. Theybecame successful farmers and builttheir own thriving villages.In 1688, a German Quaker group issuedthe first protest against slavery in NorthAmerica: "Negroes are brought hereagainst their will. Don't these poor peoplehave as much right to fight for their freedom as you have to keep them as slaves?"The protest did no good. Still, Mricansin Pennsylvania managed gradually towin more rights than Mricans in othercolonies. By the middle of the 1700s,Pennsylvania had more free Africansthan any other colony.These people andtheir descendants would lead the movement against slavery in the 1800s. ther ettlers orne to the outhern olonies.'\iVhatcoloniesdevelopedin theSouth?The four Southern Colonies wereMaryland, Virginia,Carolina, andGeorgia. They were settled mostly bypeople from England. You read aboutthe founding of Virginia in Chapter 6.William Penn signs a treaty with the Delaware in 1681. Penn paid for the land heused to start the colony of Pennsylvania. Throughout his life, he treated NativeAmericans fairly. After his death, things changed. bhapter1

1634Maryland issettled underleadership oford Baltimore.1624Dutch tradersbuy ManhattanIllsland fromNativeAmericans.101649MarylandpassesAct ofToleration.1638Swedishsettlersarrive inpresent-dayDelawareand NewJersey.1664The English take overthe New Netherlandsfrom the Dutch,renaming it New York.1660!Virginia lawsays Africanslaves areslaves for life.1733James Oglethorpefounds Georgia.1681William Penn founds thecolony of Pennsylvania.READINGA TIMELINE Whicheventsonthe timelinehappenedin the17thcentury?Whicheventsshowthe Englishempiregrowingbigger?Marylandwas founded by LordBaltimore, a friend of the English king.Lord Baltimore was Catholic in a country that persecuted many Catholics. Hewanted to set up a colony whereCatholics could practice their religionfreely. In 1649, Maryland passed an Actof Toleration.It provided religiousfreedom for all Christians.Carolina and GeorgiaEight richfriends of King Charles II founded thecolony of Carolina in 1663. The land wasgood for growing tobacco, rice, and cotton. The settlers built large plantations.In 1712, Carolina split into two newcolonies, North and South Carolina.North Carolina had a more varied economy. It also had a larger number ofsmall farms. South Carolina had mainlylarge tobacco plantations. There, slavery and huge rice farms became a wayof life.DGeorgia, the last of the 13 colonies,was founded in 1733. Its founder wasJames Oglethorpe, a respected soldier.Oglethorpe wanted to help people inEngland who had been jailed for debt(DEHT). Debt is money that people owe.England had many debtors (DEHTuhrz). Debtors are people who cannotpay their bills. In those days, debtorswere thrown in jail until their familiespaid the debts.Oglethorpe opened his colony ofGeorgia to debtors and other poor peoplein England. He wanted to make Georgiaa colony where everyone was equal. Hedid not allow slavery in Georgia. He alsodid not allow the sale of rum.Some of the white settlers didn't likeOglethorpe's rules. They wanted to haveslavery and big farms. In 1752,Oglethorpe turned the colony over tothe king. Later, slavery and large farmswere allowed in Georgia.

Reading a Chart. Royal colonies were ruled directly by a king's officer. In a proprietary colony, the king gave land to a wealthy person, who paid the king and ranthe colonies. Were the three earliest colonies royal or proprietary?Growing slaveryBy the middleof the 1600s, there were many largeplantations in the Southern Colonies.The planters more and more turnedto Africans to meet their needs forlabor. These Africans were not freeworkers but enslaved people. Less thana century after the first Africans cameas free people to Virginia, most Africanpeople had lost their rights. By the1700s, most Africans in the SouthernColonies lived according to the whip ofwhite owners.1. Why did slavery grow strong inthe Southern Colonies?2. What kind of people first settledin Georgia?How were the sectionsof English coloniesdifferent from onealWther?Over the years, the New England,Middle, and Southern colonies developed in different ways. The differenceswere mainly caused by geography.Farming and businessFarming inthe New England Colonies was not easy.Winters were long and the growing season was short. The rocky soil was notgood for farming. Most farmers couldonly grow enough to feed their families.Because few people could make a living from farming in New England, manyturned to other jobs. Shipbuildingbecame an important business. SomeNew Englanders became fishers and

sailors. The fish that they caught couldbe dried and sold to other colonies and toEngland. New Englanders searched theseas for a valuable catch-whales. Whaleblubber, or fat, became oil for lamps.Whalebone was made into buttons andother products. Whalebone stays helpedundergarments to hold their shape.In the Middle Colonies, the soil wasmore fertile, and the growing seasonwaslonger. Most farms were larger thanthose in New England. Some farms werelarge enough to hire farm laborers. Thelargest farms were worked by enslavedMricans. Most farms, however, were toosmall to use enslavedMricans.In the Middle Colonies, farmers grewlarge crops of wheat, corn, and rye.Farms produced extra food, or cashcrops, that could be sold to othercolonies. Trade was also important inthe Middle Colonies. Over time, manufacturing also became important.The largest farms were in the SouthernColonies.Tobacco,rice, and indigo (IHNdih-goh) were the main crops. Indigo is aplant that can be made into a blue dye.Slavery became very important to farming in the South.Religionand educationThePuritans in New England had strictreligious practices. As New Englanddeveloped, religion continued to bevery important.The Puritans believed strongly in education. They created North America'sfirst public schools. They also foundedHarvard College in 1636 as a school forministers. It was the first college in theBritish colonies.Unlike New England, the MiddleColonies were home to people of manyfaiths and beliefs. People in the MiddleColonies were much more tolerant ofdifferent religions than people in NewEngland were. In the Middle Colonies,there were many more Catholics andsmall communitiesof Jews. Mostschools in the Middle Colonies were runby churches. The Quakers believedstrongly in education. As a result, theirschools were very good. So were schoolsrun by other religious groups.The official church of the SouthernColonies was the Church of England.Enslaved African Americans wereexpected to attend the same church asthe slave holders. The Mrican slaves satin the back and listened as white ministers defended slavery. Later, AfricanAmericans had their own ministers andstarted their own churches. They developed their own religious songs, calledspirituals. Spirituals told about theirlove of God and their hopes for freedom.Education developed slowly in theSouth. Even the children of plantationowners often did not go to school.Plantation children had tutors or wereReading a Map. Name the 13 British colonies.What land fonn was the border on the west? Whydid it keepthe coloniesfrom growing larger?

sent to Europe for school.EnslavedAfricanAmericans were not allowed to read orwrite. However, some learned anyway.CitiesIn the 1700s, nine out of tenEnglishcolonistslived on farms.However, towns were growing. People inthe towns worked at making goods andproducts needed by the colonists. Otherpeople sold these goods or shipped themto England for sale.Out of this trade, some towns grewinto large cities. The most important citieswere Boston, in Massachusetts,andPhiladelphia, in Pennsylvania. Next wereNew York City and Charleston in Southpolitical freedom. They brought toNorth America a tradition of governing themselves. White males whoowned land could vote for membersof government.For many years, the BritishParliament left the colonies largely freeto govern themselves. The colonistscame to think of themselves as freefrom British control. However, in themiddle of the 1700s, Britain decided totake tighter control of its Americancolonies. This convinced many of thecolonists that it was time to drive theBritish out of North America.Carolina.Growing DemocracyWhites inthe British colonies had more freedomthan people in most Europeannations. In the colonies, a person froma poor white family could hope to riseto the middle class. Colonists also hadD1: Why was farming difficult in NewEngland?2. Which section of the colonies hada strong tradition of education?

returned with a Native American named Squanto (SKWAHN-toh). Squanto told the Pilgrims he had learned English when he was kid-napped by an English sea captain. Squanto shared his food with the starv-ing Pilgrims. He also taught them Native American