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CONTENTSVivid LanguageForceful LanguageActive Critical ThinkingStylistic DevicesAlliteration and ationRepetition and ParallelismSimile and MetaphorSpeaking to Make a Difference: Abraham LincolnQuiz: Testing Your Knowledge of Stylistic DevicesActive Critical Biased LanguageGender BiasCulture BiasActive Critical Thinking214214214215Sample Persuasive Speech: “Endometriosis”by Rebecca DeCamp215SummaryEssentials of Public Speaking OnlineKey TermsPersonal Skill BuildingCollaborative Skill BuildingChapter 10 Preparing Effective Visual AidsBenefits of Using Visual AidsVisual Aids Speed Comprehension and Add InterestVisual Aids Improve Audience Memory and Recall of ContentVisual Aids Decrease Presentation TimeVisual Aids Improve Speaker CredibilityActive Critical Thinking218219219219220222223223224225225226Types of Visual AidsActive Critical Thinking226227Planning Your Visual AidsBegin with Your Audience in MindConsider the Benefits of Using ColorDetermine the Types and Number of Visuals to UseMake PowerPoint Your AllyActive Critical Thinking228228228229229230Using Basic Design PrinciplesActive Critical ThinkingSpeaking to Make a Difference: Steve Jobs230232233xi

xiiCONTENTSDesigning Your Visual AidsTIP #1: Use the Correct Font Size234234Color Insert (follows p. 228)TIP #2: Select Fonts with CareTIP #3: Follow Design Tips for Text SlidesTIP #4: Follow Design Tips for Graphic SlidesTIP #5: Use Color With Extra CareActive Critical Thinking235235237239240Using PowerPoint to Customize Your Visuals240Guidelines For Using Your Visual Aids Effectively242SummaryEssentials of Public Speaking OnlineKey TermsPersonal Skill BuildingCollaborative Skill BuildingFOUR Types of Speeches244244244244245247Unit Four Quiz: Preparing Different Types of Speeches247Chapter 11 Informative Speaking248Informative Speaking: OverviewWhat Is an Informative SpeechDemonstration Speeches249249250Sample Demonstration Speech: “Origami for Storytelling”by Cassandra FerrellInformational Speeches250253Sample Informational Speech: “Bacterial Meningitis” by Emily WilsonActive Critical Thinking253256Tools to Aid Understanding and MemoryDefinitionDescriptionExplanationNarrationThe “Stickiness Factor”Active Critical ThinkingSpeaking to Make a Difference: Barbara Bush257257257257258259259260Steps in Preparing an Informative SpeechAnalyze Your Potential AudienceDetermine Your Topic, Exact Purpose, and Main PointsPrepare a Rough-Draft Outline of Main Points and Desired InformationResearch Your Topic, Looking for Quality Supporting MaterialsDetermine How Best to Organize Main PointsPlan Your Introduction and ConclusionQuiz: Testing Your Knowledge of Organizational Patterns261261262262262264264265

CONTENTSMake a Preparation Outline, Apply Critical Thinking, and Plan Speaking NotesPrepare Visual AidsPractice Your Speech Both Physically and TechnologicallySummaryEssentials of Public Speaking OnlineKey TermsPersonal Skill BuildingCollaborative Skill BuildingUnit Four: Quiz AnswersChapter 12 Persuasive Speaking: Individual or Team266270271272273273273274274277Persuasive Speaking: An OverviewWhat Is a Persuasive Speech?How Do Persuasive and Informative Speeches Differ?What is an Effective Argument?What Appeals Make a Speech Really Persuasive?Active Critical Thinking278278280282283283Types of Persuasive SpeechesThe Speech to ConvinceThe Speech to ActuateThe Speech to Stimulate or Intensify Social CohesionSpeaking to Make a Difference: John F. KennedyActive Critical Thinking283283284284285287Sample Persuasive Speech: “Drinking and Driving”by Lorna McElaney287Preparing Your Persuasive SpeechDetermine Your Topic, Position Statement, and Type of SpeechAnalyze Audience Attitudes Toward Your PositionPrepare a Rough-Draft Outline of Main Points and Needed InformationResearch Your TopicSelect the Best Supporting MaterialsDetermine How Best to Organize Your Main PointsQuiz: Testing Your Knowledge of Persuasive PatternsPlan the Introduction and ConclusionMake Preparation Outlines and Speaking NotesPrepare Visual Aids and Practice Your SpeechActive Critical ting Speeches—Yours and Others304Sample Persuasive Speech with Analysis: “Cell Phones: Don’t Chat and Drive”by Cedrick McBeth304Active Critical Thinking307Team PresentationsEffective Team PresentationsTeam Presentation FormatsProblem Solving for Team PresentationsActive Critical Thinking307308309310312xiii

xivCONTENTSSummaryEssentials of Public Speaking OnlineKey TermsPersonal Skill BuildingCollaborative Skill BuildingChapter 13 Persuasive Methods and Theories312313313313314316Logos: Using Evidence and Logic SkillfullyEvidence and Logic DefinedEvidence and Logic as Persuasive ToolsMethods of Presenting EvidenceWhether to Present One or Both Sides of Your PositionLogical ReasoningFallacious ReasoningActive Critical Thinking317317317319321322323325Ethos: Establishing CredibilityCredibility as a Persuasive ToolBasic Elements of CredibilityUnethical Use of CredibilityActive Critical Thinking326326327328328Pathos: Appealing to Listeners’ Psychological NeedsPersonalizing Your Persuasive ArgumentSpeaking to Make a Difference: Mary FisherGetting Your Audience InvolvedUsing Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsFear AppealsUnethical Use of Emotional AppealsActive Critical Thinking329329330331331333334334Using Persuasion and TechnologyActive Critical Thinking335335Using Persuasive Theory When SpeakingElaboration Likelihood Model of PersuasionSocial Judgment TheoryActive Critical Thinking336336336338Sample Persuasive Speech: “Together, We Can Stop Cyber-Bullying”by Adam ParrishSummaryEssentials of Public Speaking OnlineKey TermsPersonal Skill BuildingCollaborative Skill Building338343344344344346

CONTENTSChapter 14 Special Occasion Speaking347Special Occasion Speaking: An OverviewOrganization of Special Occasion SpeechesPurposes of Special Occasion SpeakingActive Critical Thinking348348350350Speeches of IntroductionActive Critical Thinking350353Award PresentationsActive Critical Thinking353354Acceptance SpeechesActive Critical Thinking354355Commemorative SpeechesTributesToasts355355356Sample Speech of Tribute: “My Grandfather, John Flanagan Sr.”by Tara FlanaganEulogiesSpeaking to Make a Difference: Eulogy by President ObamaActive Critical Thinking356358359360After-Dinner SpeechesActive Critical ThinkingSummaryEssentials of Public Speaking OnlineKey TermsPersonal Skill BuildingCollaborative Skill 379Index385xv

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PrefaceDo you want to improve your relationships, your ability to land and excelat jobs, your self-esteem, and even your health and happiness? Improving yourcommunication and speaking skills in a course like this one can help with all theseareas of your life. However, if you are like the typical person today, you are so busythat you only have time for the basics.Essentials of Public Speaking was created with you—the busy person—in mind.This text outlines the essentials of making a successful speech that really communicates with your audience without burdening you with unnecessary filler. Forexample, some of the practical and essential topics covered in this book include:How and why to analyze your audience.Selecting a powerful topic.Researching important facts and interesting supporting materials without wasting time.Ways to incorporate current technology.Managing your anxiety.Delivering your speech with enthusiasm and power.Designing and using professional visual aids.Although Essentials is based on contemporary research as well as classical rhetorical theory, the approach is very practical and reader-friendly. Concepts and skillsaren’t just explained—they are illustrated with interesting and relevant examples,real student speeches, and excerpts from professional speakers. One student reviewersaid she found the text so interesting and enjoyable that she read far more thanrequested!Features of the New EditionUpdated to include the most current information and examples, the Fourth Editionof Essentials continues to focus on the absolute essentials of public speaking.New Features Flash Forward: Each chapter includes a new Flash Forward feature thatrelates the Flash Back advice from ancient Roman and Greek orators totoday’s world and asks a critical thinking question to stimulate discussionon the chapter content.Chapter Objectives: The “Key Questions” that began each chapter in thefourth edition have been turned into chapter objectives in the currentedition. These chapter objectives serve as a guide to what is in the chapterand what the reader should know when they finish reading it.Active Critical Thinking Questions: Each major heading is followed by oneor two Active Critical Thinking questions to stimulate student thinking.xvii

xviiiPREFACE Students can complete these questions on their own or they can beassigned (especially helpful for online student activities).Personal Skill Building: The activities at the end of each chapter are dividedinto two parts. The Personal Skill Building activities are one of them.These activities provide practice and critical thinking questions for theindividual student.Collaborative Skill Building: The second type of activities provided at the endof each chapter is the Collaborative Skill Building activities which providepractice and critical thinking for small groups or the class as a whole.Speaking to Make a Difference: The “Speakers Who Made a Difference”feature from the last edition was changed to “Speaking to Make aDifference” so some contemporary speakers could be added to the historicalspeakers who used their speaking skills to inspire, persuade, or enlightenon a broad scale. Still included are the contextual information about eachspeaker and the speaking occasion, an excerpt from the speech, a briefanalysis of the speech, and questions for discussion. Most of the speeches areavailable in video and/or audio format online, and links are provided. Newspeakers added include musician David Carroll (Chapter 4), financial expertHarry Markopolos (Chapter 5), and President Barack Obama (Chapter 14),Speakers carried over from the previous edition include Bill Gates, ArnoldSchwarzenegger, Barbara Jordan, Christopher Reeve, Ann Richards,Martin Luther King, Jr., Abraham Lincoln, Steve Jobs, Barbara Bush, JohnF. Kennedy, and Mary Fisher.Special Occasion Speaking: A new chapter on special occasion speaking wasadded as Chapter 14—the original chapter 8 was omitted with contentmoved to various other chapters, which keeps our chapter count at 14.New student speeches: New student speeches were added to this edition aswell as speech analysis added in the margins of four speeches to provideplenty of models and explanation for students at all stages of the speechpreparation process. New speeches include “Endometriosis” by RebeccaDeCamp; “Bacterial Meningitis” by Emily Wilson; and “Together, WeCan Stop Cyber-Bullying” by Adam Parrish; and “My Grandfather, JohnFlanagan Sr” by Tara Flanagan.Updated Features Quick Start Guide: Don’t overlook the revised Quick Start Guide whichis a handy guide for students that helps them give quality speeches at thebeginning of the course without having to jump ahead in their book forneeded information. This guide is not intended to take the place of thedetailed information presented throughout the textbook, but rather to helpstudents get up to speed for their first speeches and then serve as a handyreference guide for later speeches.The Speech Communication CourseMate brings concepts to life withonline interactive learning, study, and exam preparation tools. TheCourseMate for Essentials of Public Speaking contains dynamic tools tomaximize students’ experiences by enabling them to read, watch, listen to,critique, and analyze the sample speeches provided. It also includesnumerous student and instructor resources, including Web links,

PREFACE interactive version of the Personal Report of CommunicationApprehension (PRCA-24), PowerPoint tutorials, an appendix of samplespeeches, a digital glossary, speech preparation forms and evaluationSee the Studentchecklists, and chapter-by-chapter practice quizzes.Resources section for more about the CourseMate for Essentials ofPublic Speaking.Continued emphasis on critical thinking: Critical thinking is emphasizedthroughout the book in several ways. “Test Your Knowledge”questionnaires at the beginning of each unit stimulate and direct studentthinking toward the material presented in the unit. The “Flash Back”feature boxes that begin each chapter present advice given by famousGreek and Roman rhetoricians and the new “Flash Forward” featureencourages students to compare classical rhetoric to contemporarypublic speaking. The new “Active Critical Thinking” questions at theend of each major heading in each chapter stimulate student thinking.Also, the “Personal Skill Building” activities and the “CollaborativeSkill Building” activities at the end of each chapter includes questions,activities, and prompts to InfoTrac College Edition articles designed topromote critical thinking. Finally, specific chapters, such as Chapter 3,“Listening: What Speakers and Listeners Should Know;” Chapter 4,“Analyzing Your Audience;” Chapter 11, “Informative Speeches:Demonstrational and Informational;” and Chapter 13, “PersuasiveMethods and Theories,” relate directly to the importance and use ofcritical thinking in public speaking.Sample student speeches, speech excerpts, and speech topics: Nine sample studentspeeches are featured throughout the text with one informative speech,“Our Solar System and the Three Dwarves,” and one persuasive speech,“Drinking and Driving,” used as running examples throughout the text.Four new speeches were added in this edition for a total of nine samplespeeches.Major reorganization in four chapters; revised material in all chapters: Manychapters have received major reorganization especially chapters 7, 10, 11,and 13 and one chapter was removed entirely to cut out redundancy.New photos were added throughout. Revised materials include: Chapter 2. Update on “Other Methods for Managing Anxiety”Chapter 3. Title changed to indicated that listening now includes(1) what speakers need to know about listeners, and (2) whatlistening skills listeners need to develop. Chapter also includes new“Stages of listening.”Chapter 5. Updated information on using the Internet.Chapter 6. New information on supporting materials and new,updated examples of each support.Chapter 7. New Patterns of organization added.Chapter 8. Examples changed or updated.Chapter 9. New persuasive speech on Endometriosis.Chapter 10. Benefits of using visuals reorganized and updated;entire Chapter reorganized; new visuals.xix

xxPREFACE Chapter 11. Demonstration and Informational speeches now haveevaluation included in margins; one new speech on endometriosis.Chapter 12. New information on persuasion, effective arguments,and persuasive appeals.Chapter 12 & 13: both have been reorganized for clarity and ease ofstudent reading. Also, more relevant photos.Chapter 13. Persuasive theory updated along with more practicalapplication of theory. New persuasive speech on cyber-bullying.Chapter 14. New chapter on Special Occasion Speaking; Eulogy byPresident Obama and a sample speech of tribute.Public Speaking EssentialsEssentials of Active Learning Students are invited to take an active role in thelearning process by evaluating sample student and professional speeches, takingthe “Test Your Knowledge” and online practice quizzes, and making decisionsabout his or her own speeches. Speech evaluation forms and sample formats forpreparing informative and persuasive speeches are included for student use. Eachchapter begins with a “Flashback” that makes classical rhetorical theory interestingand relevant and a “Flash Forward” that encourages application to today’s world.“Remember” boxes provide opportunities to stop and review. Special tidbits andadvice that will help students prepare and deliver quality speeches are integratedthroughout the text. To encourage students to reflect on and expand on whatthey have read, “Active Critical Thinking” questions are included at the endof each major chapter section and “Personal Skill Building” and “CollaborativeSkill Building” activities are included at the end of each chapter. In addition, atappropriate places in each chapter, the margins include InfoTrac College Editionexercises and “Express Connect” prompts to Speech Builder Express, an onlinespeech organization and outlining tool.Essentials of Confidence Building Speaker anxiety often keeps students fromachieving success. Unfortunately, no amount of lecture, encouragement, or practice will make students confident, professional speakers as long as deep downinside they believe themselves to be “poor” speakers. For this reason, Essentialsof Public Speaking approaches anxiety head-on in Chapter 2, “Building SpeakerConfidence,” so students can have improvements well under way by the time theirfirst major speech is due. Although a variety of confidence-building techniquesare discussed, Chapter 2 concentrates on positive imagery. This technique requiresonly minor instructor guidance and does not need special out-of-class sessions to besuccessful. In fact, interested students can use positive imagery with success simplyby following the suggestions in the text.Essentials of a Quick Start Instructors want students to begin speaking early inthe semester, but they know that to give good speeches, students need informationnot available until later chapters. Essentials of Public Speaking opens with a QuickStart Guide so that students can begin giving quality speeches immediately without

PREFACEhaving to jump ahead for needed information. This guide highlights the essential characteristics of a successful public speaker and provides an overview of thebasic speaking process. Beg

Essentials of Public Speaking Cheryl Hamilton Tarrant County College—NE Campus Fifth Edition . The Communication Process and the Public Speaker 10 Speaker/Listeners 10 Stimulus and Motivation 11 Message Encoding and D