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December 2021@QCOMResearchMillimeter waveis the missing pieceof the 5G puzzleAnd the key enabler for the 5G future
Millimeter wave(mmWave)is the key enabler for the5G futureMobilizing mmWaveTo deliver unparalleled 5G systemcapacity and customer experienceDeploying mmWaveTo achieve great return-on-investmentand set up for the 5G futureEvolving mmWaveTo support new use cases andenhanced performance2
New frontier of mobile broadband —mobilizing mmWave for vast bandwidth 25x6 GHzmorebandwidth than what’sbeing used for 3G/4G24 GHzSub-6 GHz(e.g., 3.5 GHz)Multi-Gbps data ratesWith large bandwidths (100s of MHz) 100 GHzMillimeter wave (mmWave)(e.g., 26 GHz, 28 GHz, 39 GHz, 60 GHz)Much more capacityWith dense spatial reuseLower latencyBringing new opportunities3
Rich media and entertainment for outdoor —augmenting lower bandsMore indoor capacity as outdoor mmWave offloadsoutdoor lower bandsBeyond smartphones — e.g., smart manufacturingFiber-like broadband to the home — fixed mmWaveMassive bandwidth for cloud computingVirtually lag-less experiences — e.g., multiplayer gamingDense indoor and outdoor connectivity for venuesNew indoor opportunities —e.g., connected enterprisesSupporting new andenhanced mobile experiencesFiber-like data speedsLow latency for real-time interactivityMassive capacity for unlimited data plansLower cost-per-bit4
accelerating globally1B 275 3.8B 5G connections by 2023 —2 years faster than 4GAdditional operatorsinvesting in 5G5G smartphones to shipbetween 2020 and 2024175 750M 1000 Operators with 5Gcommercially deployed5G smartphonesto ship in 20225G designs launchedor in developmentSources — 5G commercial networks: operator public announcements. Operators investing in 5G: GSA, Oct 2020. 5Gdevice shipment projections: Qualcomm internal estimates, Nov 2020. 2023 5G connections: avg of ABI (Jun 2020),Ericsson (Jun 2020) and GSMA Intelligence (Oct 2020). Cumulative 5G smartphone shipments – avg of CCS Insight (Sep2020), CounterPoint Research (Sep 2020), IDC (Aug 2020), Strategy Analytics (Oct 2020).5
120 5G mmWave devices,virtually all powered by Snapdragon platformQualcomm Technologies continues to pave the way for 5G commercializationHotspots5G smartphonesPCsModulesSnapdragon is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries.* Source: GSA, Jun. ’21. Includes pre-commercial and commercial devices. Complemented withQualcomm Technologies’ data when chipset information was not available from GSA.CPEs6
mmWave launchedgrowing momentummmWave spectrumallocated or in processSources: GSA June 2021; Qualcomm Technologies’ review of public records, Sep. 20217
40 Global mobile industryleaders commit to support 5G mmWaveUnited StatesEuropeIndiaKoreaMainland ChinaRest of Asia PacificAT&TCasa SystemsMotorolaUScellularDeutsche TelekomElisaEricssonFastwebHMD GlobalNokiaOrangeTelia ssPartronSamsung NetworksChina QuectelSunseaChunghwa TelecomSingtelTrue CorporationLatin AmericaTelecom ArgentinaWEGJapanKDDIKyoceraNTT DOCOMORakuten MobileSoftBankAustraliaNBNOptusTelstraSource: Press release: “Global Mobile Industry Leaders Commit to Support 5G mmWave”: mwave8
Bringing new wavesof opportunitiesCreating value forthe mobile ecosystemOperatorsService providersVenue ownersInfra vendorsDevice OEMsFor outdoor deployments For indoor deployments Significantly elevate today’s mobileexperiences — initially focusing onsmartphonesComplementing existing wirelessservices provided by Wi-Fi—alsoexpanding to new device typesDeployments predominantly drivenby mobile operators — initiallyfocusing on dense urbanBringing superior speeds andvirtually unlimited capacity forenhanced experiences9
Conducting 5G mmWaveperformance field testsTests in commercial network show 1 Gbps downlink sustained throughput in all scenarios1,7461,6901,281Near cellApplication layerDownlinkThroughput8570Mid cellFar cellImagery 2020 Maxar Technologies, Sanborn, U.S. Geological Survey. Map data 2020 Google5G mmWavegNodeBFar CellMid Cell85Near Cell5G mmWaveLTEAll units in Mbps386 meters LOSThroughput achieved*Image capture: Aug 2019 2020 Google1,821 Mbps downlink96.9 Mbps uplinkThroughput achieved*Image capture: Jul 2019 2020Google1,780 Mbps downlink73.1 Mbps uplink*Measured using Ookla SpeedTest10
38Xfasterthan 4G LTE5G mmWaveperformance4GLTE5G(Sub-6)19Xfasterthan 5G (Sub-6)5GmmWave* Based on analysis by Qualcomm of Ookla SpeedtestIntelligence data top U.S providers comparing 5Gmedian mmWave download speeds to sub-6GHz resultsfor Q2 2021. Ookla trademarks used under license andreprinted with permission.11
Deploying mmWaveto prepare for the 5G future12
Net present value (NPV) of total cost of ownership (TCO)for a 3.5 GHz plus mmWave 5G networkSmartphonesin dense urbandeploymentBase 100: 3.5 GHz-only TCO100%100%96%87%78%Key factors72%65%Population densityDemand growth5G installed baseMarket sharemmWave bandwidth3.5 GHz-only TCOConnected users5%Greater China10%Europe25%Source: “The economics of mmWave 5G,”GSMA Intelligence, Jan. ’21 (link)13
mmWave scenarios’ relative value proposition8%Incrementalannual revenueSuperb monetizationand ROIFrom cost-effective deployment tomonetization and new, incremental businesspotential, 5G mmWave can help drive growthand realize significant return on investmentSource: Bell Labs Consulting, Sep. ‘21. Analysis for typical UK operator.1 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) over 4/8 years2 Except fixed wireless access, for which the payback period is 5 years20%Average ROI1258M USD75% SavingsNew opportunity per yearwith FWA and laptopsCost/GB Savings for mmWave inhotspots compared to mid-band94M USD 4 YearsMonetization potential peryear of incremental trafficPayback period2 assumingmarginal revenues14
mmWave Sub-6 GHz Extreme capacity, multiGigabit 5G where it mattersmmWave Fixed Wireless Access Fiber through the air for5G-connected homes and moreD E PLOYING MMWAVE T OComplete the5G puzzlemmWave Open RAN Easily scalable, flexible,high-performance 5GmmWave Sub-6 GHz Standalone Critical infrastructure forindustry 4.0 and more15
Efficiently deploy 5G mmWavefor a wide range of use casesFixed wireless accessUrban cities, suburban towns, rural villagesIndoor enterprisesOffices, auditoriums, manufacturingTransportation hubsAirports, train terminals, subway stationsIndustrial IoTFactories, warehouses, logistic hubsMulti-Gigabit speeds withvirtually unlimited capacityBeyond smartphones, laptops,tablets, extended reality, Leveraging existing Wi-Fior cellular by co-sitingFlexible and efficientdeployment with disaggregatedRAN (e.g., O-RAN)Indoor /outdoor venuesConventions, concerts, stadiums16
View from gNodeBTesting 5Gmobile mmWave forindoor enterprisesUsing commercial equipment28 GHz gNodeB1-sector; 20ft. height400 MHz bandwidthAchieving significant coverage at 28 GHz1 Single sector provides solid coverage in the lobby,atrium, and part of the auditorium Significant NLOS coverage behind the gNodeB,including the 2nd and 3rd floorExtreme capacity for enterprise use cases Downlink median burst rate2 of 3.1 Gbps -60.00 (0.0%) -70.00 (0.0%)Achieving Gigabitspeeds even in NLOS -80.00 (10.0%) -90.00 (52.7%) -100.00 (63.4%)1 Coverage simulation based on MAPL (maximum allowable path loss)analysis with ray tracer propagation model and measured material andpropagation loss; minimum 0.4/0.1 bps/Hz for downlink/uplink data andcontrol; 2 Using 400 MHz DL bandwidth -110.00 (67.5%) -115.00 (69.8%) -120.00 (100.0%)View from building entrance17
Field testing 5G mmWavein a railway stationDeploying in 28 GHz (n257) with NSAoption 3x using 2.1 GHz (B1) LTE anchormmWavegNodeBmmWavegNodeB3.6 GbpsPeak downlink throughputwith 800 MHz BW (8x CA)271 MbpsPeak downlink throughputwith 200 MHz BW (2x CA)18
5G vs. 4G downlink throughput5G mmWave antenna locations5G mmWave delivers 3 Gbps peak speed in several sectors20x19x18xOn the overhang ofupper levelOn extensions ofspeaker polesOn lightingstructures100%7959/455G coverageon all 3 levels15G mmWavesectors25G/4G sectorsin parking lot1xLevel I5G mmWave (600 MHz)1xLevel II1xLevel IIILTE (35 MHz)Bringing massive capacity and new experiences to stadiums1 above -97 dBm; 2 6x100 MHz carrier aggregation at 28 GHz; also 100 4G sectors in AWS/PCS /CBRS bands19
Fixed wireless access use casesCompelling solution offering broadband services to houses, small businesses, and enterprises.RemoteoperationMonitorand respondAgileindustryTemporaryand moveableSynchronouscollaborationPowerand speed20
EUSub-636 Operators in 17 CountriesSub-6 mmWave(launched or scheduled)NAAsia9 Operators in 2 Countries16 Operators in 6 CountriesMEA17 Operators in 8 CountriesLATAMSEA2 Operators in 2 Countries9 Operators in 5 Countries5G Fixed wirelessaccess commercialization5G Fixed Wireless Access providersCountriesmoving into the mainstreamSources: GSA—5G Market Snapshot Member Report—June 2020; Qualcomm estimates (2020 projection is at mid-point of guidance range), Nov. ’19683221
Qualcomm Fixed WirelessAccess Platform drives 5G FWA adoptionU.S.A.Configuration:Rural 400 MHz n261 46dBmJun 2021U.S. Cellular, Qualcomm, Nokia10 km 1 Gbps Qualcomm Fixed Wireless Access Platform is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries.22
5G forIndustry 4.0ComputervisionEnhancedmobile broadbandMassiveIoTHead elow-latencyIndustrialrobotWireless edgeanalyticsAutomated guidedvehicle (AGV)23
Boost 5G networks forIndustry 4.0 with the power of mmWaveCritical applicationsAR / VRUltra-high capacityUltra-reliability with CoMP, dualconnectivity, and network slicingInteractivecollaborationMobile robotsSeamless mobilityLow latency and edge computeStandaloneSecure private networksTime sensitive networking (TSN)Public network fallbackSub-6 GHzCoMP: Coordinated multi-pointOperations andsecurity servicesReal-time control for industrial IoTPrecise positioningFactory automation withwireless Ethernet and TSNBroad range of devicesfor diverse applicationsMission-criticalindustrial applications24
Industrial handheldsImmersive trainingHD video surveillancePrecise indoor locationingGuided executionAutomation & motion controlMobile robots (e.g., AGV)Mobile workstations5G Smart Manufacturing 4.8TIn global economic value by 20355G mmWave brings benefits to abroad set of industrial use cases* The 5G Economy in a Post-COVID-19 Era – an independent study from IHS Markit, commissioned by Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.Inherently ultra-low latencyFiber-like data speedsMassive capacityIndoor / outdoor isolationSimple deployment25
Deploying 5G mmWave in industrial settings (e.g., factories, warehouses)can deliver new classes of service and performanceAutomatedGuided Vehicles (AGVs)BoundlessExtended Reality (XR)Always-connectedLaptops and DevicesUHD video captured with edge AI processingfor issues identification and surveillanceNext-generation human-machine interfaceInstant access to cloud compute / storageRemote guided maintenance / repairImmersive virtual telepresenceImmersive hands-on trainingReal-time collaborationLow-latency and ultra-reliable control26
Factory manufacturing floor ( 34,159 sq. ft.); 12 ft. ceiling heightCollaboratingwith ecosystem leadersto deploy 5G mmWavesmart factoryPillarWall / RoomCeiling obs.EquipmentAGV routeInitial use cases:Automatic inspection of product lines viaautomated guided vehicle (AGV) and overheadtransmission (OHT)— 20 Mbps DL, 120 Mbps UL 160 ft.OHT routePath loss (dB) -60.00 -70.00Remote augmented reality for equipmenttroubleshooting, maintenance, and repair— 25 Mbps DL, 25 Mbps UL -80.00 -90.00 -100.00Immersive virtual/augmented reality for visitors ofGreen Technology Education Center— 25 Mbps DL, 2.5 Mbps UL -110.00 -115.00 213 ft.1 With DL and UL bandwidth of 400 MHz and 200 MHz, respectivelySource: https://ase.aseglobal.com/en/press room/content/5g smart factory en -120.005G NR NSA network operating in 28 GHz band, achieving median throughput greaterthan 1.5 Gbps in DL and 120 Mbps in UL127
MWCB 20215G mmWave cansupport diverseuse cases infactoriesof the futureEnhanced mobile broadband Smartphone and laptops Boundless XRProof-of-conceptend-to-end systemsimulationsMission-critical services Industrial automation (e.g., robots)Massive IoT Camera sensors28
Evolving the 5G networkTraditional RANCentralized RAN (C-RAN)Virtual RAN (vRAN) MECCombined baseband processing unit Radio unitCentralized baseband processing unitVirtualized baseband processing unit with disaggregationInternetInternetInternetCore hubCore hubCore hubBackhaulBackhaulC-RAN hubsEdge data ll siteCell siteCell siteBackhaulRadioRUCell siteOpen RAN interfacesRURUCell siteMECvCorevCUMidhaulDUFronthaulRURUCell siteFor better coordination, scalable capacity, faster deployments, lower latency, and new use casesBBU: Baseband unit; DU: Distributed unit; vBBU: Virtual baseband unit; vCore: Virtual core network; vCU: Virtual central unit; MEC: Multi-access Edge Computing29
5G Infrastructure TrendsvRAN, O-RAN, COTSTraditional RANCoreC-RANCorevRAN 2.0O-RANOpen interfaces between network elements(Core, Protocols, BB, RF)CorevRANCUBBUL3L3L2 NRTCUL3L2 NRTRAN virtualization with GPPCOTSGeneral Purpose Processors (GPP)L2 NRTL2 RTDUL1 HighL2 RTL1 HighvDUL2 RTL1 HighHigh Performance ProductsLow-latency high-throughput operationsDedicated hardware acceleratorsRURURUL1 LowL1 LowL1 LowRFICRFICRFICRFFERFFERFFEDedicated hardwareVirtualized– running on GPP Full RU implementation L1 accelerators for vDUOur GoalEnable high performance vRAN productsusing open interfaces30
Place processing and analytics where it is neededSimplify orchestrationSupport differentdeployment scenariosResource pooling allows trunking gainsand better cost and energy effectivenessRapidly scale virtual resources foradditional capacityHigher utilization ofscalable resourcesSupport lower end-to-end latencyEfficiently deploynew servicesComponents can evolveand be upgraded separatelyTailor dimensioning and features to suitthe use case with 5G private networksReal EstateSavingsBuild RANcost-effectivelyDeploynetworksfasterwith vRAN anddisaggregationReduce cell-site footprint by relocatingdisaggregated functions to data centersBroaden the ecosystem for competitionVendor diversity spurs innovation31
Build flexible, higher-performance 5G networks with O-RAN and mmWaveAccelerate 5G mmWave deploymentsEdge cloudBroaden the ecosystem for vendor diversitySpur competitive innovationRICO-CUAdvance capabilities and performance withthe O-RAN Radio Intelligent Controller (RIC)F1interfaceO-DUImprove mmWave connectivity with RAN intelligenceTrain machine learning models at scaleO-DUBuild denser networksCUS interfaceO-RURURUO-RURURUCell siteCell siteDisaggregate to reduce cell-site footprintAccess more locations with a smaller footprintEfficiently scale new bandwidth-intensive servicesIntelligent and flexible 5G mmWave deploymentswith O-RAN elements and interfacesCU: Central unit; CUS: O-RAN Control, User and Synchronization plane; DU: Distributed unit; RIC: RAN intelligent controllerEvolve and upgrade components separatelyRapidly scale virtual resources32
Evolving mmWave in3GPP Rel-16 33
Advancing 5G to fulfill its full promiseEnhanced mobile experiences, new capabilities, and expansion to diverse verticals34
Driving the 5G technology evolution in the new decadeRel-20 evolutionLonger-term evolution todeliver on the 5G visionNew verticals, deployments,use cases, spectrumRel-191Rel-181Rel-171Unified, future-proof 0252026Rel-15 eMBB focusRel-16 industry expansionRel-17 continued expansionRel-18 5G-Advanced 5G NR foundation eURLLC and TSN for IIoT Lower complexity NR-Light Smartphones, FWA, PC NR in unlicensed Higher precision positioning Next set of 5G releases(i.e., 18, 19, 20, ) Expanding to venues,enterprises 5G V2X sidelink multicast Improved IIoT, V2X, IAB, and more Potential projects in discussions In-band eMTC/NB-IoT2027 Rel-18 expected to start in 2022 Positioning1. 3GPP start date indicates approval of study package (study item- work item- specifications), previous release continues beyond start of next release with functional freezes and ASN.135
5G NR enhancements for mmWaveCompleted Release 16 ProjectsRelease 17 ProjectsIntegrated access and backhaul (IAB)Improved IAB for distributed deploymentEnabling flexible deployment of small cells reusing spectrumand equipment for access and backhaulIntroducing full duplex operations and mobile relays for improvedcapability, coverage, and QoSEnhanced beam managementOptimized coverage and beam managementImproving latency, robustness and performance with fullbeam refinement and multi-antenna-panel beam supportReducing overhead, enhancing performance (e.g., beam selection),improving coveragePower saving featuresExpanded spectrum supportMaximizing device sleep duration to improve powerconsumption as well as allowing faster link feedbackSupporting licensed and unlicensed spectrum in frequencies rangingfrom 52.6 GHz to 71 GHzDual connectivity optimizationNew use cases beyond eMBBReducing device initial access latency and improvingcoverage when connected to multiple nodesPositioningMeeting initial accuracy requirements of 3m (indoor) to 10m(outdoors) for 80% of timeExpanding mmWave support for sidelink, URLLC, and industrial IoTuse cases (e.g., NR-Light)Enhanced positioningEnhancing capability for a wide range of use cases — cm-levelaccuracy, lower latency, higher capacity36
MWCB 2021Delivering 5G mobilemmWave enhancementsand new use casesSmart 5G mmWave RepeatersImproved coverage and service multiplexing with repeaters in LOS, NLOS, out-to-inscenarios using our 5G mmWave OTA test networkML Enhanced mmWave Beam PredictionMachine learning can further improve 5G mmWave robustness and efficiency, reducingoverhead in our 5G mmWave OTA test networkNetwork Topology OptimizationSimplifying network planning with an ML-based approach, exploring performance/costtradeoffs with different mmWave topology options5G mmWave NR-Light IoTScaling 5G down for lower-complexity IoT, showing how mmWave NR-Light devices canmake efficient use of 5G network resources5G mmWave in Smart FactorySimulating 5G mmWave to meet the diverse requirements in the factory of the future,ranging from high-performance to low-complexity5G mmWave OTA prototypes5G mmWave technology evolution37
Innovating to pave the path to 6GNext technology leapfor new capabilitiesand efficienciesA unified connectivityfabric for this decadeContinued evolutionRel-15eMBB focusStrong 5G momentum setsstage for global expansionRel-16 and 17 expandingto new industriesRel-18, 19. 20 and beyondContinued 5G proliferationHistorically 10 yearsbetween generations38
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1 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) over 4/8 years 2 Except fixed wireless access, for which the payback period is 5 years Superb monetization and ROI From cost-effective deployment to monetization and new, incremental business potential, 5G mmWave can help
