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Learn.Genetics.utah.eduGENETIC SCIENCE LEARNING CENTERPigeonetics GameTeacher GuideBreed pigeons for desired traits while learning the basic laws of inheritance.Choose pigeons with the right genotype, and breed them to yield offspring with a specifiedphenotype in 26 puzzles of increasing complexity.Best Browsers: Most recent versions of modern browsers(Note: Hitting the back arrow in the browser will navigate you out of the game. To navigateforward and back through the game, use the arrows at the top and bottom of the game screen)Features:Next to the target birdphenotype, the "allelekey" button reveals akey to the allele iconsused in that puzzle 2014 University of UtahMute Button:mutes all soundsand automaticallyturns on closedcaptioningThe "pause" button opens a menu with thefollowing controls: Turn sound effects and music off and on Track progress through the game’s levels See scores of completed levels Select specific levels to play Reset the gamePigeonetics Game - Teacher Guide1
Learn.Genetics.utah.eduGENETIC SCIENCE LEARNING CENTER"Learn More" buttons at the end of some puzzleslink to web pages in the Pigeon Breeding: Geneticsat Work module. These pages have additionalinformation about characteristics, inheritancepatterns, and the molecular mechanismsconnecting DNA to traits.Golden eggs track the user's score. Win moreeggs for solving the puzzle in fewer steps. Perfectscores are rewarded with three golden eggs."Explain" buttons at the end ofsome puzzles reveal informationabout characteristics andinheritance patterns. Encouragestudents to explore this content—itmay help them solve future puzzles.Closed captioningbuttonA note about nomenclatureSometimes, phenotypes, genes, and alleles have the same names.To keep them straight, we've tried to use the following conventions:Phenotypes are in plain text: crestGene names are italicized: crestAllele names are in single quotes: 'crest'Ideas for Classroom Implementation:Have students work individually or in pairs through the puzzles. Be sure to have students resetthe game (option in the pause menu) to clear their progress before the next class begins.Project and work through puzzles as a class. If you wish to demonstrate only certaininheritance patterns, use the pause menu to play only the levels of interest. Inheritancepatterns are indicated in the guide below.Hint for struggling students: It helps to keep track of the alleles, inheritance patterns,and dominance hierarchy for each gene on a separate sheet of paper as you progress. Forexample, crest is a recessive phenotype that requires two ‘crest’ alleles. Before they begin apuzzle, encourage students to think about the allele combination (genotype) that will yield thedesired phenotype. 2014 University of UtahPigeonetics Game - Teacher Guide2
Learn.Genetics.utah.eduGENETIC SCIENCE LEARNING CENTERA note about gameplayPigeonetics is a game, and students will need to use logic strategies to solve the puzzles.The pool of parents presented at the beginning of each puzzle includes all of the allelesrequired to solve that puzzle.Parents not selected for the first breeding will be available for subsequent steps.For puzzles involving multiple breeding steps, students should strategically choose the sexof the intermediate offspring—it may be different than the target.Later in the game, the option to add another pigeon in a single generation is introduced,and is sometimes necessary for completing the puzzle.Puzzle Guide:This guide is provided as a roadmap of the puzzles and concepts introduced in Pigeonetics. Itcontains key information that will help you solve the puzzles, but without explicitly giving awaythe answers (in case it ends up in the hands of your students).PuzzleGoalNumber PhenotypeNew InheritancePattern InformationIntroducedSteps:1FemaleSex is determined by twochromosomesChoose thecorrectchromosomes.2MaleAutosomal dominant: 'Nocrest' allele is dominant to'crest' alleleChoose thecorrectchromosomes.3Male,No crestAutosomal recessive: Crestphenotype requires twocopies of the 'crest' alleleChoosecorrect sexchromosomesand 'crest'allelesExplain: Independentassortment. Sex and crestare inherited separately.Learn More link:Independent assortmentand probability4Male, CrestAutosomal recessive:Crest phenotype requirestwo copies of the 'crest'alleleChoosecorrect sexchromosomesand 'crest'allelesExplain: Meaning ofdominant and recessive 2014 University of Utah"Explain" and "LearnMore" InformationLearn More link: Crest(includes information aboutDNA to trait)Pigeonetics Game - Teacher Guide3
Learn.Genetics.utah.eduGENETIC SCIENCE LEARNING CENTERPuzzle GoalNumber Phenotype5Female,Crest6Male, rouse9Female,Bar 2014 University of UtahNew InheritancePattern InformationIntroducedPartial Dominance:heterozygotes (one ofeach allele) have anintermediate phenotypeSteps:"Explain" and "LearnMore" InformationTwo steps:1.Create a female withone ‘crest’ allele.2.Breed. Choose correctsex chromosomes andalleles.Two steps:Explain: Meaning of1.Create a male with one partial dominance‘no slipper’ allele.2. Breed. Choosecorrect sexchromosomes andalleles.Two Steps:1.Create a male withone 'slipper' and one'crest' allele.2. Breed. Choosecorrect sexchromosomes andalleles.Explain: Independentassortment andprobability'Grouse' is recessive to'not grouse'Together, Grouse andSlipper make the muffphenotype.Two Steps using AddAnother:1. Create a female withone copy each of the‘grouse’ and ‘slipper’alleles. Choose AddAnother to produce amale with the sameallele combination.2. Breed the twooffspring. Choosecorrect sexchromosomes andalleles.Explain: Genes worktogether to make a rangeof foot-featheringphenotypesDominant/recessive:'bar' allele is recessiveto 'check' alleleTwo Steps using AddAnother:1. Create a male andfemale, each with a ‘bar’allele.2. Breed the twooffspring. Choosecorrect sexchromosomes andalleles.Explain: Dominancehierarchy of patternalleles; dominant andrecessive are relativetermsPigeonetics Game - Teacher Guide4
Learn.Genetics.utah.eduGENETIC SCIENCE LEARNING CENTERPuzzle GoalNumber PhenotypeNew InheritancePattern recessive:‘barless’ allele isrecessive to ‘t-check’alleleTwo Steps using AddAnother:1. Create a male andfemale, each with a‘barless’ allele.2. Breed the twooffspring. Choose correctsex chromosomes andalleles.11Female,BarHierarchy ofDominance: Onepattern gene with 4alleles. Order of mostto least dominant:‘t-check,’ ‘check,’'bar,’ ‘barless’One step:Choose correct sexchromosomes andwing pattern alleles.12Female,Barless,Crest13Male,BlueTwo Steps:1. Create a female withat least one ‘barless’and ‘crest’ allele.2. Breed. Choosecorrect sexchromosomes andalleles.Sex-linkage: Colorgene is on the ZchromosomeColor alleles have ahierarchy ofdominance. Order ofmost to leastdominant: ‘ash red,’‘blue,’ ‘brown’14Male,Brown,T-check 2014 University of Utah"Explain" and "LearnMore" InformationOne step:Choose correct sexchromosomes and wingpattern alleles.Explain: Inheritance ofsex-linked genesTwo Steps:1. Create a male withat least one ‘t-check’and ‘brown’ allele.2. Breed. Choosecorrect sexchromosomes andalleles.Explain: color alleleshave a hierarchy ofdominanceLearn More link: MajorColor Locus (includesinformation about DNAto trait)Pigeonetics Game - Teacher Guide5
Learn.Genetics.utah.eduGENETIC SCIENCE LEARNING CENTERPuzzle GoalNumber Phenotype15Male,Blue, BarNew InheritancePattern InformationIntroducedAutosomaldominance: ‘Spread’allele is dominant to‘not spread’Epistasis: Spreadphenotype hidesunderlying wingpatternSteps:Two Steps with AddAnother:1. Create a male andfemale with at least one‘no spread’ and ‘blue’allele.2. Breed the twooffspring. Choose correctsex chromosomes -redTwo Steps:1. Create a male withat least one ‘ash red’allele.2. Breed. Choosecorrect sexchromosomes andalleles.18Male,Ash-red,BarTwo Steps with AddAnother:1. Create a male with atleast one each of ‘nospread,’ ‘ash red,’ and‘bar’ alleles. Create afemale with at least oneeach of ‘no spread’ and‘bar’ alleles.2. Breed the twooffspring. Choosecorrect sexchromosomes andalleles. 2014 University of Utah"Explain" and "LearnMore" InformationExplain: Inheritancepatterns for spreadLearn More link:EpistasisThree Steps:1. Create a male with atleast one ‘no spread’allele and at least onewing pattern allele that isrecessive to ‘t-check’.2. Create a male with atleast one ‘no spread’allele and one ‘check’allele.3. Breed. Choose correctsex chromosomes andalleles.Pigeonetics Game - Teacher Guide6
Puzzle GoalNumber Phenotype19Female,Crest,RecessiveRedNew InheritancePattern InformationIntroducedAutosomal recessive:'Recessive red' alleleis recessive to 'notrecessive red'Epistasis: Recessivered phenotype masksoutput of color,pattern, and spreadgenesSteps:Two Steps with AddAnother:1. Create a male andfemale each with atleast one copy of the‘crest’ and ‘recessivered’ alleles.2. Breed. Choosecorrect sexchromosomes andalleles.20Female,Slipper,RecessiveRed,GrouseTwo Steps with AddAnother:1. Create a male andfemale, each with at leastone ‘slipper,’ ‘recessivered,’ and ‘grouse’ allele.2. Breed the twooffspring. Choose correctsex chromosomes andalleles.21Male, Blue,SpreadFour Steps:1. Create a male with atleast one ‘blue’ allele.2. Create a male with atleast one ‘blue’ and‘spread’ allele.3. Create a male with atleast one ‘blue,’‘spread,’ and ‘notrecessive red’ allele.4.Breed. Choosecorrect sexchromosomes andalleles.22Female,Ash-red,Spread,CrestThree Steps:1. Crete a female withat least one ‘ash-red,’‘not recessive red,’ and‘crest’ allele.2. Create a male with atleast one ‘ash-red,’ ‘notrecessive red,’ ‘crest,’and ‘spread’ allele3. Breed. Choosecorrect sexchromosomes andalleles. 2014 University of Utah"Explain" and "LearnMore" InformationExplain: Recessive redinheritance pattern andepistatic relationshipsLearn More link:Recessive Red (includesinformation about DNAto trait)Pigeonetics Game - Teacher Guide7
Puzzle GoalNumber PhenotypeNew InheritancePattern InformationIntroduced"Explain" and "LearnMore" cessiveRedThree Steps:1. Create a female withat least one ‘recessivered’ allele.2. Create a female andmale with at least one‘recessive red’ and‘dilute’ allele.3. Breed the twooffspring. Choosecorrect sexchromosomes andalleles.25Female,Dilute,BrownTwo Steps:Explain: Dilute gene1. Create a male with at genetic linkage.least one ‘dilute’ allele.2. Create a male with at Learn More link:least one ‘dilute’ andGenetic Linkage‘brown’ allele.3. Breed. Choose correctsex chromosomes andalleles.26Male,Ash-red,Dilute andBarless 2014 University of UtahSex-linked recessive:Dilute gene is on the Zchromosome; 'dilute'allele is recessive to'not dilute'Steps:Because Dilute andcolor are both on the Zchromosome,recombination betweenthem happens only inmalesThree Steps:Explain: Dilute1. Create a male with at inheritance patterns andleast one ‘t-check’sex linkageallele.2. Create a male with atleast one ‘t-check’ andone ‘dilute’ allele.3. Breed. Choosecorrect sexchromosomes andalleles.Learn More link: Dilute(includes informationabout DNA to trait)Three Steps with AddAnother:1. Create a female withat least one ‘barless’and ‘ash red’ allele.2. Create a female withat least one ‘dilute’ and‘barless’ allele and amale with one ‘dilute,’Pigeonetics Game - Teacher Guide8
and is sometimes necessary for completing the puzzle. Puzzle Guide: This guide is provided as a roadmap of the puzzles and concepts introduced in Pigeonetics. It contains key information that will help you solve the puzzles, but without explicitly giving away the an
