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Income, Poverty, and Health InsuranceCoverage in the United States: 2011Current Population ReportsBy Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, Jessica C. SmithIssued September 20121.42 63,6P60-243266,160 641.617.10.612.60.719.21.207.51.11.00 17.61.3 * 1.11 11.86.71.9 * 1.559,530 266,6910.9499 41,259 266,8959,,9255 400,898 277,00.77 10.01.51.22 12.7.418,979 57,,5555 400,207 29.2 0.71.22,4421 19,890 57,,7833 388,7891.0 100.11.2 11.49.0 1.035,3316 20,538 58,,1555 399,791.337,3335 21,977 58,,8655 399,89.21.16 * 1.22 13.21.3 122.71.4137,7773 22,4425 59,,3699 390.77 15.20.8 155.40.9137,9913 22,561 59,,50660.998.0 1.06.71.00.999.8 1.19.81.218.0 1.08.11.110.41.1 100.21.2139,7750 23,355 585.61.3 155.21.4139,4479 23,22139,9923 23,100 57,,86141,1995 23,330 56,,69 27,779 71,6611.21.0 18.81.7792 27,798 69,8851.71.3 14.10.7 19,843 28,203 70,77839,143 27,995 71,5526 38,900 27,995 71,996861 38,768 27,691 71,4426,6633 38,531 28,421 73,77658,754 39,521 29,309 74,1161 58,8818 40,906 29,931 73 177022 60,193 41,249 29,8293,77088 58,9922 40,86124,66611 59,4441 4024,44744 59 6612 24,331220,2113 239U.S. Department of CommerceEconomics and Statistics AdministrationU.S. CENSUS BUREAUcensus.gov1.9 * 1.4 12.91.0 130.7 * 0.6 12.41.2 11.771.20.9 10.80.8 11.001.11.0 14.31.3 13.991.3 * 1.1 11.81.2 11.771.9 * 1.50.99.2 0.71.9.000.70.7 10.01.0 10.11.21.2 12.71.2 11.441.39.0 1.02139.221.19.61.3 12.771.413.88 15.440.915.271.09.11.329.91.3811.211.41.
AcknowledgmentsCarmen DeNavas-Walt, with the assistance of Jessica L. Semega andMelissa A. Stringfellow, prepared the income section of this reportunder the direction of Edward J. Welniak, Jr., Chief of the IncomeStatistics Branch. Bernadette D. Proctor prepared the poverty sectionunder the direction of Trudi J. Renwick, Chief of the Poverty StatisticsBranch. Jessica C. Smith prepared the health insurance coveragesection under the direction of Brett O’Hara, Chief of the Health andDisability Statistics Branch. Charles T. Nelson, Assistant Division Chieffor Economic Characteristics, and Jennifer Cheeseman Day, AssistantDivision Chief for Employment Characteristics, both of the Social,Economic, and Housing Statistics Division, provided overall direction.David E. Adams, Vonda M. Ashton, Susan S. Gajewski, Tim J.Marshall, and Gregory D. Weyland, Demographic Surveys Division,processed the Current Population Survey 2012 Annual Social andEconomic Supplement file. Christopher J. Boniface, Kirk E. Davis,Matthew Davis, Van P. Duong, and Thy K. Le programmed and produced the detailed and publication tables under the direction of Hung X.Pham, Chief of the Survey Processing Branch.Kelly Baker, Matthew Herbstritt, and Rebecca A. Hoop, under thesupervision of David V. Hornick and Kimball T. Jonas, all of theDemographic Statistical Methods Division, conducted sample review.Lisa Clement, Tim J. Marshall, and Lisa Paska, DemographicSurveys Division, and Roberto Picha and Agatha Jung, TechnologiesManagement Office, prepared and programmed the computer-assistedinterviewing instrument used to conduct the Annual Social and EconomicSupplement.Additional people within the U.S. Census Bureau also made significantcontributions to the preparation of this report. Matthew Brault,Kayla R. Fontenot, Marjorie Hanson, Misty L. Heggeness, JohnHisnanick, Kevin McGee, Laryssa Mykyta, Len Norry, JosephWaggle, and Bruce H. Webster, Jr. reviewed the contents.Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers collectedthe data. Without their dedication, the preparation of this report or anyreport from the Current Population Survey would be impossible.Linda Chen, Donna Gillis, and Donald J. Meyd, of the Administrativeand Customer Services Division, Francis Grailand Hall, Chief,provided publications and printing management, graphics design andcomposition, and editorial review for print and electronic media. Generaldirection and production management were provided by Claudette E.Bennett, Assistant Division Chief.
Income, Poverty, and HealthInsurance Coverage in theUnited States: 2011Issued September 2012P60-243U.S. Department of CommerceRebecca M. Blank,Acting SecretaryRebecca M. Blank,Deputy SecretaryEconomics and Statistics AdministrationVacant,Under Secretary for Economic AffairsU.S. CENSUS BUREAUThomas L. Mesenbourg,Acting Director
Suggested CitationDeNavas-Walt, Carmen, Bernadette D.Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith,U.S. Census Bureau,Current Population Reports, P60-243,Income, Poverty, and Health InsuranceCoverage in the United States: 2011,U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, DC,2012.ECONOMICSAND STATISTICSADMINISTRATIONEconomics and StatisticsAdministrationVacant,Under Secretary for Economic AffairsU.S. CENSUS BUREAUThomas L. Mesenbourg,Acting DirectorNancy A. Potok,Deputy DirectorVacant,Associate Director for Demographic ProgramsDavid S. Johnson,Chief, Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division
ContentsTEXTIncome, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coveragein the United States: 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Source of Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Statistical Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Supplemental Poverty Measure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .State and Local Estimates of Income, Poverty, andHealth Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Disability in the Current Population Survey . . . . . . . .Dynamics of Economic Well-Being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Income in the United States . . . . . . . . .Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Household Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Type of Household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Race and Hispanic Origin . . . . . . . . . . . .Age of Householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Disability Status of Householder . . . . . .Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Income Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Equivalence-Adjusted Income Inequality.Work Experience and Earnings . . . . . . . .U.S. Census Bureau.11122.334.5577899101010101111Poverty in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Race and Hispanic Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Work Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Disability Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Depth of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ratio of Income to Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Income Deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shared Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alternative/Experimental Poverty Measures . . . . . . . . . .National Academy of Sciences (NAS)-Based Measures .Research Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CPS Table Creator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13131315161616161616171717181819191920Health Insurance Coverage in the United States .Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .What Is Health Insurance Coverage?. . . . . . . . . . . . .Type of Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Race and Hispanic Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Economic Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Work Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Disability Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Children’s Health Insurance Coverage . . . . . . . . . . .Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21212123242424252526262627.Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011 iii
Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Additional Data and Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2728TEXT TABLES1. Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics:2010 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62. Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income:2010 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83. People in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2010 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144. Families in Poverty by Type of Family: 2010 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175. People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds bySelected Characteristics: 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186. Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status:2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207. People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics:2010 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228. Coverage by Type of Health Insurance: 2010 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25FIGURES1. Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . .52. Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-RoundWorkers 15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93. Total and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers With Earnings by Sex: 1967 to 2011 . . . . . . . . .124. Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135. Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156. Poverty Rates by Age by Gender: 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157. Demographic Makeup of the Population at Varying Degrees of Poverty: 2011 . . . . . . . . .198. Number Uninsured and Uninsured Rate: 1987 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249. Uninsured Rate by Real Household Income: 1999 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2610. Uninsured Children by Poverty Status, Household Income, Age, Race and HispanicOrigin, and Nativity: 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27iv Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011U.S. Census Bureau
APPENDIXESAppendix A. Estimates of Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .How Income Is Measured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Recessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) Using Current MethodsAll Items: 1947 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cost-of-Living Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Poverty Threshold Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292929Appendix B. Estimates of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .How Poverty Is Calculated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Poverty Thresholds for 2011 by Size of Family and Number of Related ChildrenUnder 18 Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Weighted Average Poverty Thresholds in 2011 by Size of Family . . . . . . . . . . . .4949.4949Appendix C. Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Quality of Health Insurance Coverage Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .National surveys and health insurance coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Reporting of coverage through major federal health insurance programs .Enhancements in 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6363636364Appendix D. Replicate Weights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75Appendix E. Introduction of CensusEffects on Money Income Data . . . .Effects on Poverty Data . . . . . . . . . .Effects on Health Insurance Data. . .77777777Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin ofHouseholder: 1967 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31A-2.Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38A-3.Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2011 . . . . . .44A-4.Number and Real Median Earnings of Total Workers and Full-Time, Year-RoundWorkers by Sex and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin:1959 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50B-2.Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2011 . . . . . . . . .56B-3.Poverty Status of Families, by Type of Family: 1959 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62C-1.Health Insurance Coverage: 1987 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65C-2.Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . .66C-3.Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70E-1.Comparison of 2010 Income Using Census 2000-Based Population Controls andCensus 2010-Based Population Controls by Selected Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . .78Comparison of 2010 Estimates of People and Families in Poverty UsingCensus 2000-Based Population Controls and Census 2010-Based Population Controlsby Selected Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .792010-Based Population Controls.303030APPENDIX TABLESA-1.B-1.E-2.E-3.Comparison of 2010 Uninsured Estimates Using Census 2000-Based Population Controlsand Census 2010-Based Population Controls by Selected Characteristics . . . . . . . . . .80U.S. Census BureauIncome, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011 v
Income, Poverty, andHealth Insurance Coverage inthe United States: 2011INTRODUCTIONSource of EstimatesThis report presents data on income,poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States based oninformation collected in the 2012and earlier Current PopulationSurvey Annual Social and EconomicSupplements (CPS ASEC) conducted bythe U.S. Census Bureau.The data in this report are from the 2012 Current Population SurveyAnnual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) and were collectedin the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The data do not representresidents of Puerto Rico and U.S. Island Areas.* The data are based ona sample of about 100,000 addresses. The estimates in this report arecontrolled to independent national population estimates by age, sex, race,and Hispanic origin for March 2011. The estimates for 2010 and 2011 usepopulation controls based on the 2010 Census. Earlier reports presenting data for calendar years 1999 through 2010 used population controlsbased on the results from Census 2000, updated annually using administrative records for such things as births, deaths, emigration, and immigration. Appendix E presents more detail on the introduction of the newpopulation controls based on the 2010 Census.Summary of findings: Real median household incomedeclined between 2010 and 2011,a second consecutive annualdecline.1 The poverty rate in 2011 was notstatistically different from 2010. Both the percentage and numberof people without health insurance decreased between 2010and 2011.1“Real” refers to income after adjustingfor inflation. All income values are adjusted toreflect 2011 dollars. The adjustment is based onpercentage changes in prices between 2011 andearlier years and is computed by dividing theannual average Consumer Price Index ResearchSeries (CPI-U-RS) for 2011 by the annual averagefor earlier years. The CPI-U-RS values for 1947to 2011 are available in Appendix A and onthe Internet at 1/CPI-U-RS-Index-2011.pdf . Consumer prices between2010 and 2011 increased by 3.2 percent.U.S. Census BureauThe CPS is a household survey primarily used to collect employment data.The sample universe for the basic CPS consists of the resident civiliannoninstitutionalized population of the United States. People in institutions, such as prisons, long-term care hospitals, and nursing homes, arenot eligible to be interviewed in the CPS. Students living in dormitoriesare included in the estimates only if information about them is reported inan interview at their parents’ home. Since the CPS is a household survey,persons who are homeless and not living in shelters are not included inthe sample. The sample universe for the CPS ASEC is slightly larger thanthat of the basic CPS since it includes military personnel who live in ahousehold with at least one other civilian adult, regardless of whether theylive off post or on post. All other Armed Forces are excluded. For furtherdocumentation about the CPS ASEC, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar12.pdf .*U.S. Island Areas include American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the NorthernMariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands of the United States.Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011 1
These changes were not uniformacross groups. For example, between2010 and 2011, real median household income declined for nonHispanic-White households and Blackhouseholds, while the changes forAsian and Hispa
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011 1 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011 INTRODUCTION This report presents data on income, poverty, and health insurance cover-age in the
