Transcription
Intellectual Property Rights in an Age ofElectronics and InformationApril 1986NTIS order #PB87-100301
Recommended Citation:U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, lntellectual Property Rights in anAge of Electronics and Information, OTA-CIT-302 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing office, April 1986).Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 86-600522For sale by the Superintendent of DocumentsU.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402
ForewordThis report examines the impact of recent and anticipated advances in communication and information technologies on the intellectual property system. Itfocuses primarily on the Federal copyright system, and on the continuing effectiveness of copyright law as a policy tool in the light of technologies such as audioand videorecorders, computer programs, electronic databases, and telecommunications networks. To obtain a comprehensive view, the study examined the intellectual property system from a number of perspectives: the constitutional basisof intellectual property policy; the system’s goals, laws, and economics; the creative environment; problems of enforcement; the international context; and the Federal role in administering intellectual property rights.OTA found that technological developments are affecting all aspects of theintellectual property system. Moreover, because we are only beginning to moveinto the era of electronic information, the full impact of new technologies will notbecome fully apparent for some time. Fundamental changes are occurring in information technologies that will antiquate many of the policy mechanisms nowin force, and bring new intellectual property problems requiring new solutions.Thus, even if Congress acts now in response to current problems, it will need tobe prepared to act again within the next decade.The report was requested by Senator Charles McC Mathias, Jr., Chairmanof the Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights andTrademarks; and by Congressman Peter W. Rodino, Jr., Chairman of the HouseJudiciary Committee, Congressman Robert W. Kastenmeier, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice, Congressman Hamilton Fish, and Congressman Carlos Moorhead.In preparing this report, OTA has drawn on working papers developed byOTA staff and contractors, the comments of participants at seven OTA workshops held to discuss issues, the results of two public opinion surveys conductedby Yankelovich, Skelly & White, and conversations between OTA staff and over130 interested individuals. Drafts of the report were reviewed by the OTA advisory panel, officials from the Copyright Office, the Patent and Trademark Office,the Library of Congress, the Department of Commerce, the Department of State,the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, and a broad range of individuals fromlaw firms, public interest groups, trade associations, private industry, andacademia.OTA appreciates the participation of the advisory panelists, workshop participants, Federal agency officials, and interested citizens, without whose helpthis report would not have been possible. The report itself, however, is the soleresponsibility of OTA, not of those who ably advised and assisted us in its preparation.Director,.{II
Intellectual Property Rights in an Ageof Electronics and Information Advisory PanelPaul Goldstein, ChairmanProfessor of Law, Stanford Law School, Stanford UniversityDorothy NelkinJon BaumgartenProfessor of SociologyPartnerCornellUniversityPaskus, Gordon & HymanJames NelsonCharles BentonState Librarian and CommissionerPresident of the BoardKentucky Department for Libraries andBenton FoundationArchivesStanley BesenJohn ShattuckEconomistVice President for Government CommunityRand Corp.and Public AffairsHonorable Stephen BreyerHarvard UniversityJudge of the U.S. Court of AppealsOliver SmootStan CornynExecutive Vice PresidentSenior Vice PresidentComputer and Business EquipmentWarner RecordsManufacturers AssociationOswald GanleyPatricia SturdivantProfessor and Executive DirectorAssociate SuperintendentProgram on Information Resources PolicyHouston Independent School DistrictHarvard UniversitySherry TurkleGustave HauserAssociate Professor of SociologyChairman and Chief Executive OfficerMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyHauser Communications, Inc.Jack ValentiMitchell KaporPresidentPresidentMotion Picture Association of America,Lotus Corp.Inc.Robert LekachmanVivian WeilProfessor of EconomicsSenior Research AssociateLehman CollegeIllinois Institute of TechnologyWilliam Lilley, IIIMartha WilliamsVice President for Corporate AffairsProfessor of Information ScienceCBS, Inc.University of IllinoisGeorge MinotSenior Vice PresidentCompuServ, Inc.The Advisory Panel provided advice and constructive criticism throughout this project. The panel does not, however, necessarilyapprove, disapprove, or endorse this report. OTA assumes full responsibility for the report and the accuracy of its contents.iv
— .Intellectual Property Rights in an Ageof Electronics and Information Assessment StaffJohn Andelin, Assistant Director, OTAScience, Information, and Natural Resources DivisionFred W. Weingarten, Program ManagerCommunication and Information Technologies ProgramProject StaffD. Linda Garcia, Project DirectorConceptual Framework and Societal AnalysisLauren AckermanInternational and Institutional AnalysisEarl DowdyTechnology and Economic AnalysisPaul GoldwhiteSummer InternRobert KostLegal AnalysisArati PrabhakarCongressional FellowLinda G. RobertsAnalysis of Creative Environment and Public Outreach ActivitiesSusan WaltonContractor, Editorial AssistanceAdministrative StaffLiz EmanuelAudrey NewmanRenee LloydShirley Gayheart*Patricia Keville
Contractors and ConsultantsJames BenigerDepartment of SociologyPrinceton UniversityCliff BergNational Academy of PublicAdministrationStanley BesenRand Corp.Anne Wells BranscombAttorneyDeborah BucknerYankelovich, Skelly & White, Inc.Christopher BurnsChristopher Burns, Inc.Herbert DordickDepartment of CommunicationsTemple UniversityJose-Marie GriffithsKing Research, Inc.Roland HornetCommunications Law and PolicyConsultantsDonald KingKing Research, Inc.Kenneth L. KraemerIrvine Research Corp.Leslie KingIrvine Research Corp.viPatricia MartinChristopher Burns, Inc.L. Ray PattersonSchool of LawEmory UniversityW. Curtiss PriestCenter for Policy AlternativesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCarroll PursellProfessor of HistoryUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraDavid RichardsonYankelovich, Skelly & White, Inc.David SchetterIrvine Research Corp.A. Allan SchmidDepartment of Agricultural EconomicsMichigan State UniversityHarold SeidmanNational Academy of PublicAdministrationPetra ShattuckDepartment of Political ScienceCity University of New YorkRichard SolomonMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyJane YurowJane Yurow Associates
Legal Workshop ParticipantsRoy FreedPartnerBrown, Rudnick, Freed & Gesmer,Counselors at LawLeon FriedmanAttorneyMorton GoldbergPartnerSchwab, Goldberg, Price & DannayPaul GoldsteinProfessor of LawStanford University.Henry Jones, I I IGeneral CounselAshton-TateIrwin KarpGeneral CounselAuthors LeagueMichael KeplingerAttorney AdvisorOffice of Legislative andInternational AffairsU.S. Patent and Trademark OfficeJohn LautschChairmanABA Computer Law DivisionArthur LevinePartnerLevine, Lupo & LippmanSue MartinChairperson of Copyright CommitteeAmerican Library AssociationDirector of Milton S. EisenhowerLibraryJohns Hopkins UniversityChristopher MeyerSenior AttorneyCopyright officeLibrary of CongressMelville NimmerProfessor of LawUCLA Law SchoolRon PalenskiStaff AttorneyAssociation of Data ProcessingService OrganizationsEric SmithPartnerPaskus, Gordon & HymanRaymond WeisbondCounselWarner Communications, Inc.Technologies for InformationCreation Workshop ParticipantsRonald EricksonEducational and Technical AdvisorMuseum of HolographyRobert EwaldDirector of Education Industries(Universities)Cray Research, Inc.Harold HosackProject Director of the CCD Imagerand Camera ProjectTexas Instruments, Inc.Michael KowalskiWriter and Freelance ComputerProgrammerPost Industrial Productions, Inc.Steve MayerChairmanTake One PartnersMark SchubinFreelance Technological ConsultantJim St. LawrenceProducer in Residence and Directorof the Interactive TechnologiesLaboratoryNew York Institute of TechnologyInformation Storage andDatabase TechnologiesWorkshop ParticipantsLarry BernsteinDirectorDiagnostic Operations SystemsLaboratoryAT&T Bell LabsRobert CastrignanoVice President for InformationStorage Systems TechnologyCBS Technology CenterMarybeth PetersSenior AttorneyCopyright officeLibrary of CongressCharles GoldsteinChief, Information Technology BranchLister Hill National Center forBiomedical ResearchNational Library of MedicineMark RotenbergPresidentPublic Interest Computer AssociationFred KilgourFounder TrusteeOnline Computer Library CenterPamela SamuelsonProfessor of LawUniversity of PittsburghNick RoussopouloisProfessor of Computer ScienceUniversity of MarylandCary ShermanAttorneyArnold & PorterChristopher WeaverVice President for Disk ResearchVideomagic LaboratoriesRobert WorsingVice President for Corporate SecurityControl Data Corp.Display, Printing, andReprographic TechnologiesWorkshop ParticipantsIfay ChangManager of Exploratory:. DisplayTechnologyT.J. Watson Research CenterIBM Corp.Richard GreenSenior Vice PresidentBroadcast operations andEngineeringPublic Broadcasting ServiceEdward McIrvineManager, R&D PlanningCorporate Research GroupXerox Corp.Melvin PrueittLos Alamos National LaboratoryInformation Technology andIts Impact on the CreativeProcess Workshop ParticipantsTheodore BikelActor and President EmeritusActors EquityMilton GlaserGraphic ArtistRichard GreenMusicianJoyce HakanssonPresidentHakansson AssociatesJames HammersteinStage DirectorDavid McCuneWriter, Software Designer, andPresidentThe Proteus Group, Inc.Ann-Byrd PlattAuthorFederik PohlAuthorAnna SofaerArtist and Independent Film ProducerBill WeemsPhotographerGeorge David WeissSongwriter and PresidentThe Songwriters Guildvii
Mini-Economic WorkshopParticipantsStanley BesenEconomistRand Corp.Christopher BurnsConsultantChristopher Burns. Inc.Robert LekachmanProfessor of EconomicsLehman CollegePatricia MartinConsultantChristopher Burns. Inc.W. Curtiss PriestCenter for Policy AlternativesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyA. Allan SchmidProfessor of EconomicsMichigan State UniversityMarty White12th GraderBallou High SchoolExternal ReviewersChapter 1: Conceptual Frameworkfor Analyzing IntellectualProperty Issues RightsBernard BarberProfessor of SociologyColumbia UniversityJack CopelandPresidentNational Educational Media, Inc.Elizabeth EisensteinProfessor of Social HistoryUniversity of MichiganJack GolodnerDirectorDepartment for Professional EmployeesAFL-CIOStudents’ Perceptions of theIntellectual Property RightsIssue Workshop ParticipantsStanley GortikovPresidentRecording Industry Associationof America, Inc.Lisa Feldman10th GraderMagruder High SchoolJohn HerseyAuthorCarl Fletcher12th GraderBallou High SchoolEugene Gholz9th GraderGeorgetown Day High SchoolNick Landau11th GraderGeorgetown Day High SchoolEric Martinusen11th GraderGeorgetown Day High SchoolMichael Meredith12th GraderGeorge Mason High SchoolRobert Salsbury9th GraderGeorge Mason High SchoolElinor Scully11th GraderGeorge Mason High SchoolClare Shannon10th GraderGeorge Mason High S hoolRon Smith10th GraderRichard Montgomery High SchoolWyvonella Spratt11th GraderBallou High SchoolDeborah Van Lenten11th GraderWooten High SchoolL. Ray PattersonProfessor of LawEmory UniversityDavid PeytonDirector of Government RelationsInformation Industry AssociationMike RemingtonChief CounselHouse Subcommittee on Courts, CivilLiberties, and the Administrationof JusticeDaniel TooheyAttorneyDow, Lohnes & AlbertsonChapter 2: Intellectual PropertyGoals in a ChangingInformation EnvironmentBernard BarberProfessor of SociologyColumbia UniversityJack CopelandPresidentNational Educational Media, Inc.Elizabeth EisensteinProfessor of Social HistoryUniversity of MichiganStanley GortikovPresidentRecording Industry Association ofAmerica, Inc.John HerseyAuthorDavid LiebowitzAttorneyWiley & ReinL. Ray PattersonProfessor of LawEmory UniversityDavid PeytonDirector of Government RelationsInformation Industry AssociationPetra ShattuckProfessor of Political Science andPublic LawCity University of New YorkCary ShermanAttorneyArnold & PorterDaniel TooheyAttorneyDow, Lohnes & AlbertsonBruce H. TurnbullAttorneyWeil, Gotshaf & MangesChapter 3: The Accommodationof Intellectual Property Law toTechnological ChangeCharles BoilerExecutive DirectorAmerican Copyright CouncilDuncan DavidsonAttorneyCambridge Venture PartnersEdward FrankelComputer Law SpecialistHugh GibbonsProfessor of LawFranklin Pierce Law CenterJohn HerseyAuthorJohn LautschPresidentComputer Law Division of theAmerican Bar AssociationMelville NimmerProfessor of LawUniversity of California-Los AngelesL. Ray PattersonProfessor of LawEmory UniversityMarybeth PetersSenior Attorney and Policy PlanningAdvisorU.S. Copyright OfficeDavid PeytonDirector of Government RelationsInformation Industry AssociationManny PokotilowAttorneyCaesar, Riuse, Berstein & Cohen, Ltd.
Mike RemingtonChief CounselHouse Subcommittee on Courts, CivilLiberties, and the Administrationof JusticeRobert RinesAttorneyRines & RinesPamela SamuelsonProfessor of LawUniversity of PittsburghBob ShawAttorney and President of thePatent, Trademark, and CopyrightResearch FoundationRobert SternAttorneyDavid LeibowitzAttorneyWiley & ReinEdward McIrvineManager of R&D PlanningXerox Corp.Jim St. LawrenceDirector of the InteractiveTechnologies LaboratoryNew York Institute of TechnologyL. Ray PattersonProfessor of LawEmory UniversityGeorge David WeissSongwriter and PresidentThe Songwriters GuildDavid PeytonDirector of Government RelationsInformation Industry AssociationChapter 6: Technology, IntellectualProperty, and the Operationof Information MarketsBarbara PolanskyCopyright AdministratorAmerican Chemical SocietyDaniel TooheyAttorneyDow, Lohnes & AlbertsonMike RemingtonChief CounselHouse Subcommittee on Courts, CivilLiberties, and the Administrationof JusticeAllen WagnerUniversity CounselUniversity of California, BerkeleyChapter 5: Impact of Technologyon the Creative EnvironmentChapter 4: Impact of Technologyon Enforcement of IntellectualProperty RightsFritz AttawayVice President and CounselMotion Picture Association ofAmerica, Inc.Ivan BenderAttorneyLarry BernsteinDirectorDiagnostics operations SystemsLaboratoryAT&T Bell LaboratoriesRobert CastrignanoVice President Information StorageSystems TechnologyCBS Inc.Edward ConklinVice PresidentFORTH, Inc.Stanley GortikovPresidentRecording Industry of America, Inc.Bernard BarberProfessor of SociologyColumbia UniversityTheodore BikelActor and President EmeritusActors EquityAnn Byrd-PlattAuthorJack CopelandPresidentNational Educational Media, Inc.Susan DoohaExecutive DirectorGraphics Artists GuildElizabeth EisensteinProfessor of Social HistoryUniversity of MichiganRichard GreenSenior Vice PresidentBroadcasting Operations andEngineeringPublic Broadcasting ServiceJohn HerseyAuthorFrederick KilgourFounder TrusteeOr-dine Computer Library CenterNancy MarshallAssociate Director of UniversityLibrariesUniversity of Wisconsin-BerkeleyMichael KowalskiWriter/Freelance ComputerProgrammerPostindustrial Productions, Inc.Edward McIrvineManager for R&D PlanningXerox Corp.Jim St. LawrenceDirector of the InteractiveTechnologies LaboratoryNew York Institute of TechnologyBernard LechnerStaff Vice President for AdvancedVideo Systems ResearchRCA laboratoriesDavid RichtmanCambridge Technology SystemsBarbara NessinProfessor of LawEmory UniversityMarjorie BlumenthalEconomistGeneral Electric InformationServices Co.Duncan DavidsonPartnerCambridge Venture PartnersHenry GellerDirectorWashington Center for PublicPolicy ResearchDuncan MacRaeProfessor of Political ScienceUniversity of North CarolinaBruce M. OwenEconomistEconomists Inc.Curtiss PriestResearch AssociateMIT Center for Policy AlternativesMike RemingtonChief CounselHouse Subcommittee on Courts, CivilLiberties, and the Administrationof JusticeMichael RubinOffice of the Assistant Secretary forProductivity, Technology, andInnovationU.S. Department of CommerceFred SmithPresidentCompetitive Enterprise InstituteA. Allan SchmidProfessor of EconomicsMichigan State UniversityLester C. ThurowProfessor of Management andEconomicsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyAnita WalgrenNational Telecommunications andInformation AdministrationU.S. Department of CommerceBarbara NessimGraphic ArtistDavid WatermanProfessor of CommunicationsUniversity of Southern CaliforniaDavid PeytonDirector of Government RelationsInformation Industry AssociationLawrence WhiteProfessor of EconomicsNew York Universityix
Chapter 7: New Technologies andthe Intellectual Property BargainCharles BoilerExecutive DirectorAmerican Copyright CouncilNancy BucWeil, Gotshall & MangesJack CopelandPresidentNational Educational Media, Inc.Roy FreedAttorneyBrown, Rudnick, Freed & GesnerLeon FriedmanProfessor of LawHofstra UniversityHenry GellerDirectorWashington Center for PublicPolicy ResearchJohn HerseyAuthorNancy MarshallCounselNational Library AssociationMaurice MitchellDirectorAnnenberg Schools WashingtonProgramL. Ray PattersonProfessor of LawEmory UniversityDavid PeytonDirector of Government RelationsInformation Industry AssociationMichael RemingtonChief CounselHouse Committee on the JudiciaryMark RotenburgPublic Interest Computer AssociationCary ShermanAttorneyArnold & PorterDaniel TooheyAttorneyDow, Lohnes & AlbertsonRay WeisbondAttorneyWarner Communications, Inc.Chapter 8: Impact of Technology onthe International IntellectualProperty SystemNorman AltermanVice President and Deputy GeneralCounselMotion Picture Association ofAmerica, Inc.Fritz AttawayVice President and CounselMotion Picture Association ofAmerica, Inc.xCharles BoilerExecutive DirectorAmerican Copyright CouncilRobert BruceAttorneyDebevoise & PlimptonMarsha CarowVice PresidentHarcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.John ClementsDirector of Governmental AffairsAmerican Federation of InformationProcessing SocietiesStanley GorkikovRecording Industry Association ofAmerica, Inc.Jacques GorlinConsultantEileen HillInternational Trade AdministrationU.S. Department of CommerceDavid LeibowitzAttorneyWiley & ReinMarybeth PetersSenior Attorney and Policy PlanningAdvisorU.S. Copyright OfficeDavid PeytonDirector of Government RelationsInformation Industry AssociationBarbara PohanskyCopyright AdministratorAmerican Chemical SocietyCarol RisherDirector of Copyright and NewTechnologyAssociation of AmericanPublishers, Inc.Cary ShermanAttorneyArnold & PorterGary SlaimanAttorneyWeil, Gotshal & MangesDaniel TooheyAttorneyDow, Lohnes & AlbertsonHarvey WinterDirectorOffice of Business PracticesU.S. Department of StateAlice ZalickAssistant General CounselOffice of the United StatesTrade RepresentativeChapter 9: Federal Role in theAdministration of IntellectualProperty RightsRobert CasslerChief CounselCopyright Royalty TribunalJohn ClementsDirector of Governmental AffairsAmerican Federation of InformationProcessing SocietiesRoger GarciaGovernment DivisionCongressional Research ServiceLibrary of CongressJudy GoansOffice of Legislation andInternational AffairsU.S. Patent and Trademark OfficeU.S. Department of CommerceRonald MoeGovernment DivisionCongressional Research ServiceLibrary of CongressHarold RelyeaGovernment DivisionCongressional Research ServiceLibrary of CongressMike RemingtonChief CounselHouse Subcommittee on Courts, CivilLiberties, and the Administrationof JusticePetra ShattuckProfessor of Political Science andPublic LawCity University of New YorkCary ShermanAttorneyArnold & PorterDaniel TooheyAttorneyDow, Lohnes & AlbertsonAnita WalgrenNational Telecommunications andInformation AgencyU.S. Department
David Peyton Director of Government Relations Information Industry Association Mike Remington Chief Counsel House Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice Daniel Toohey Attorney Dow, Lohnes & Albertson Chapter 2: Intellectual Property Goals in a Changing Info
