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HANDBOOK OFPOULTRY SCIENCEAND TECHNOLOGY

HANDBOOK OFPOULTRY SCIENCEAND TECHNOLOGYVolume 1: Primary ProcessingEditorIsabel Guerrero-Legarreta, Ph.D.Consulting EditorY.H. Hui, Ph.D.Associate EditorsAlma Delia Alarcón-Rojo, Ph.D., Christine Alvarado, Ph.D.,Amarinder S. Bawa, Ph.D., Francisco Guerrero-Avendaño, Ph.D.,DVM, Janne Lundén, Ph.D., DVM, Lisa McKee, Ph.D., YoshinoriMine, Ph.D., Casey M. Owens, Ph.D., José Angel Pérez-Álvarez,Ph.D., Joe M. Regenstein, Ph.D., Marcelo R. Rosmini, Ph.D.,Jorge Soriano-Santos, Ph.D., J. Eddie Wu, Ph.D.A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

Copyright 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise,except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, withouteither the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of theappropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requeststo the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley &Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online athttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission.Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their bestefforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to theaccuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any impliedwarranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created orextended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies containedherein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional whereappropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any othercommercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or otherdamages.For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contactour Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the UnitedStates at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in printmay not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit ourweb site at www.wiley.com.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:Handbook of poultry science and technology / editor, Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta; consultingeditor, Y.H. Hui; associate editors, Alma Delia Alarcón-Rojo . . . [et al.].p. cm.Includes index.ISBN 978-0-470-18537-7 (2-vol. set)ISBN 978-0-470-18552-0 (v. 1)ISBN 978-0-470-18553-7 (v. 2)1. Poultry–Processing. 2. Poultry plants. I. Guerrero-Legarreta, Isabel.TS1968.H36 2009664 .93– dc222009014025Printed in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CONTENTSContributorsPrefaceixxiiiPART I POULTRY: BIOLOGY TO PREMORTEM STATUS113Poultry Biology, Classification, and Trade DescriptionsY.H. Hui and Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta2Competitive Exclusion Treatment in Poultry Management19Carita Schneitz and Geoffrey Mead3Premortem Handling45Lorenzo Antonio Durán-Meléndez4Transportation to the Slaughterhouse55Daniel Mota Rojas, Miguel González Lozano, andIsabel Guerrero-LegarretaPART II SLAUGHTERING AND CUTTING69571Slaughterhouse Building and Facility RequirementsDaniel Mota Rojas, Miguel González Lozano, andIsabel Guerrero-Legarreta6Slaughtering Equipment and Operations79Juana Fernández-López, Esther Sendra-Nadal, andEstrella Sayas-Barberáv

vi7CONTENTSPoultry Carcass Evaluation and Cutting101Lorenzo Antonio Durán-Meléndez8Official Control of Slaughterhouses and Processing Plants107Nina Kaario and Janne Lundén9Poultry Packaging121Alfonso Totosaus-Sánchez10Kosher Laws in Food Processing131Joe M. Regenstein and Carrie E. Regenstein11Food Production from the Halal Perspective183Yaakob B. Che Man and Awis Qurni SaziliPART III PRESERVATION: REFRIGERATION ANDFREEZING12Biochemical Changes During Onset and Resolution of RigorMortis Under Ambient Temperature217219Estrella Sayas-Barberá, Juana Fernández-López, andEsther Sendra-Nadal13Physicochemical Changes During Freezing and Thawing ofPoultry Meat243Alma Delia Alarcón-Rojo and Héctor Janacua-Vidales14Low-Temperature Storage of Poultry263Marı́a Elena Carranco-Jáuregui, Silvia Carrillo-Domı́nguez, andMarı́a de la Concepción Calvo Carrillo15Engineering Principles of Freezing283Liliana Alamilla-Beltrán, José Jorge Chanona-Pérez, José FernandoGonzález-Sánchez, and Gustavo F. Gutiérrez-López16Quality of Frozen Poultry293Esther Sendra-Nadal, Estrella Sayas-Barberá, andJuana Fernández-López17Quality of Refrigerated Poultry307Vandana Sohlia and Amarinder S. Bawa18Refrigeration Equipment and OperationsMallika Manral and Amarinder S. Bawa325

CONTENTS19Freezing Equipment and Operationsvii349Martha Yarely Leal Ramos20Refrigeration and Freezing in Central Facilities and RetailStores377K. Radakrishna, Vandana Sohlia, and Amarinder S. Bawa21Refrigeration and Freezing in Industrial Food Facilities(Hospitals, Restaurants, Factories)397Vandana Sohlia and Amarinder S. BawaPART IV PRESERVATION: HEATING, DRYING, CHEMICALS,AND IRRADIATION41922421Heating, Drying, and ChemicalsJosé Arturo Garcı́a-Macı́as23Irradiation431Marı́a Pilar González-Santiago, Beatriz Caballero-Santos, MagdalenaTudela-Carrasco, and José Marı́a Fernández-GinésPART V COMPOSITION, CHEMISTRY, AND SENSORYATTRIBUTES45124453Quality Characteristics of Poultry ProductsSarah Padilla25Chemical Composition and Nutritional Content of RawPoultry Meat467Jorge Soriano-Santos26Poultry Meat Tenderness491Casey M. Owens and Jean-François C. Meullenet27Pale, Soft, and Exudative Poultry Meat515Casey M. Owens and Jason K. ApplePART VI EGGS53328535Nutritional and Health Attributes of EggsYuan Ren, Jianping Wu, and Robert Renema

viii29CONTENTSFunctional Properties of Egg Components in Food Systems579Yoshinori Mine and Marie YangPART VII30SANITATION AND SAFETYChemical Residues: Pesticides and Drugs (β-Agonists andAntibiotics)631633Marı́a de Lourdes Pérez-Chabela31Factors Affecting Microbial Growth in Fresh Poultry643Carol W. Turner32Basic Principles of the HACCP System in the Poultry Industry655Chitra Wendakoon33HACCP in Poultry Slaughterhouses667Marjatta Rahkio34Online Inspection683Kevin Chao35Poultry-Related Foodborne Disease703Lisa McKee36Poultry-Related Foodborne Diseases in Central and SouthAmerica717Gabriel J. Sequeira, Luis E. Marti, and Marcelo R. Rosmini37Overview of Poultry Processing and Workers’ Safety737Y.H. Hui and Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta38Poultry-Processing Industry and eTool753Y.H. Hui and Isabel Guerrero-LegarretaIndex773Contents of Volume 2: Secondary Processing785

CONTRIBUTORSEditorIsabel Guerrero-Legarreta, Departamento de Biotecnologı́a, UniversidadAutónoma Metropolitana, México D. F., MéxicoConsulting EditorY.H. Hui, Science Technology System, West Sacramento, CaliforniaAssociate EditorsAlma Delia Alarcón-Rojo, Facultad de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma deChihuahua, Chihuahua, MéxicoChristine Alvarado, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas TechUniversity, Lubbock, TexasAmarinder S. Bawa, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddartha Nagar,Mysore, IndiaFrancisco Guerrero-Avendaño, Archer Daniels Midland Co., MexicoJanne Lundén, Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty ofVeterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandLisa McKee, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, New Mexico StateUniversity, Las Cruces, New MexicoYoshinori Mine, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph,Ontario, CanadaCasey M. Owens, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, ArkansasJosé Angel Pérez Alvarez, Grupo Industrialización de Productos de Origen Animal (IPOA Research Group), Departamento de Tecnologı́a Agroalimentaria,ix

xCONTRIBUTORSEscuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Alicante, SpainJoe M. Regenstein, Cornell Kosher and Halal Food Initiative, Department ofFood Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New YorkMarcelo R. Rosmini, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Católica deCórdoba, Córdoba, ArgentinaJorge Soriano-Santos, Departamento de Biotecnologı́a, Universidad AutónomaMetropolitana–Unidad Iztapalapa, México D.F., MéxicoJong-Yi Eddie Wu, Foster Farms, Turlock, CaliforniaContributors in Addition to the Editors and Associate EditorsLiliana Alamilla-Beltrán, Departamento de Graduados en Alimentos, EscuelaNacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F.,MéxicoJason K. Apple, Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, ArkansasBeatriz Caballero-Santos, INNOFOOD I D I S.L., Granada, SpainMarı́a de la Concepción Calvo Carrillo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicasy Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F., MéxicoMarı́a Elena Carranco-Jáuregui, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas yNutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F., MéxicoSilvia Carrillo-Domı́nguez, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y NutriciónSalvador Zubirán, México D.F., MéxicoJosé Jorge Chanona-Pérez, Departamento de Graduados en Alimentos, EscuelaNacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F.,MéxicoKevin Chao, Food Safety Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, HenryA. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Center, Beltsville, MarylandYaakob B. Che Man, Department of Food Technology and Halal ProductsResearch Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, MalaysiaLorenzo Antonio Durán-Meléndez, Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecologı́a, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, MéxicoJosé Marı́a Fernández-Ginés, INNOFOOD I D I S.L., Granada, SpainJuana Fernández-López, Grupo Industrialización de Productos de Origen Animal (IPOA Research Group), Departamento de Tecnologı́a Agroalimentaria,Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Alicante, SpainJosé Arturo Garcı́a-Macı́as, Facultad de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma deChihuahua, Chihuahua, México