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American Psychological Association (APA)Reference Style GuideA reference list includes details of the sources cited in your paper. It starts on a separate page at the end ofyour assignment paper and is titled References. Each item cited in the reference list must have been cited inyour paper. All sources appearing in the reference list must be ordered alphabetically by surname.You may sometimes need to include a bibliography in addition to a references list. In contrast to the referencelist, a bibliography includes details of sources not cited in your paper which were only used to support yourresearch. These items should also be listed in alphabetical order.For further information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association,Sixth Edition.Example of a reference list:ReferencesAndreasen, N. C. (2001). Brave new brain: Conquering mental illness in the era of the genome.Oxford:Oxford University Press.Atkin, M. (Reporter). (2008, November 13). Bermagui forest disputed turf. The Hack Half Hour. Availablefrom http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hack/notes/Copstead, L., & Banasik, J. (2005). Pathophysiology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.Davis, M., Charles, L., Curry, M. J., Shanti, P., Prasad, S., Hewings, A., et al. (2003). Challengingspatial norms.London: Routledge.Jackson, D., Firtko, A., & Edenborough, M. (2007). Personal resilience as a strategy for surviving and thrivingin the face of workplace adversity: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(1), 1-9.

Electronic ItemsWhen referencing electronic resources it is necessary to give details of whether the item can be retrieveddirectly or whether it is available via another access point.Retrieved from Use ‘retrieved from’ when you are giving a direct URL for the item e.g.American Psychological Association. (2007). APA style guide forElectronic resources. Washington DC: APA. Retrieved fromhttp://library.uws.edu.au/style ref.phpAvailable from Use ‘available from’ when the URL does not link directly to the item but links to aURL that gives information on accessing the item e.g.Atkin, M. (Reporter). (2008, November 13). Bermagui forest disputed turf. The HackHalf Hour. Available from http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hack/notes/Books and book chaptersSingle authorReference listAndreasen, N. C. (2001). Brave new brain: Conquering mental illness in the era of thegenome. Oxford: Oxford University Press.In-text citationAndreasen (2001) stated that orIt is suggested that (Andreasen, 2001).Two authorsReference listCopstead, L., & Banasik, J. (2005). Pathophysiology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.In-text citationCopstead and Banasik (2005) stated that .orIt is suggested that (Copstead & Banasik, 2005).Three to six authorsReference listIn-text citationSchneider, Z., Whitehead, D., & Elliott, D. (2007). Nursing and midwifery research:Methods and appraisal for evidence-based practice (3rd ed.). Marrickville,NSW: Elsevier Australia.Note: Within each entry, author names should be listed in the order in which they appear on thesource or as displayed on the title page.Schneider et al. (2007) showed that .or is demonstrated (Schneider et al., 2007).

More than six authorsReference listIn-text citationDavis, M., Charles, L., Curry, M. J., Shanti, P., Prasad, S., Hewings, A., et al. (2003).Challenging spatial norms. London: Routledge.Note: If a book has more than six authors, in the reference list entry you abbreviate theremaining authors as et al. (meaning: "and others").Davis et al. (2003) found .orThis has indicated (Davis et al., 2003).Note: When citing more than three authors in text use the name of the first author andabbreviate the others to et al. (“and others”).No authorReference listMerriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: MerriamWebster.In-text citationThe Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (1993, p. 11) defines or can be defined as (Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 1993, p.11).Note: When giving a title in the text capitalise all major words.Edited bookReference listCraven, I. (Ed.). (2001). Australian cinema in the 1990s. London: Frank Cass.In-text citationCraven (2001) discussed the successful orThe film starred actors (Craven, 2001).Chapter or article in bookReference listIn-text citationKnowles, M. S. (1986). Independent study. In Using learning contracts (pp. 73-90). SanFrancisco: Jossey-Bass.Knowles (1986) demonstrated that orThis independent study showed (Knowles, 1986).

Chapter or article in an edited bookReference listIn-text citationFerres, K. (2001). Idiot box: Television, urban myths and ethical scenarios. In I. Craven(Ed.)., Australian cinema in the 1990s (pp. 175-188). London: Frank Cass.Ferres (2001) discussed the television l orThe television episode (Ferres, 2001).E-bookReference listIn-text citationStorey, K. B. (2004). Functional metabolism: Regulation and adaptation. Hoboken, NJ: JohnWiley & Sons. Retrieved from NetLibrary database.Note: Publisher details (name and location) are not required but can be included, particularlyif publisher identity is not clear from other reference elements.Storey (2004) stated that orFunctional metabolism is (Storey, 2004).Journal articles, newspaper articles and conference papersJournal article (print version)Reference listYounger, P. (2004). Using the internet to conduct a literature search. Nursing Standard,19(6), 45-51.In-textcitationYounger (2004, p. 46) stated that the orThe Internet can be used to conduct a literature search (Younger, 2004).Journal article (full-text from electronic database)When a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) number is available for the journal article include this inthe reference as follows. When no DOI number is available give the URL of the databasehomepage if restricted access, or to the exact URL if open access.Reference listJackson, D., Firtko, A., & Edenborough, M. (2007). Personal resilience as a strategy forsurviving and thriving in the face of workplace adversity: A literature review.Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1111/j.13652648.2007.04412.x

In-textcitationJackson et al. (2007) found that orPersonal resilience has been found to (Jackson et al., 2007)Newspaper article (available in print)Reference listBerkovic, N. (2009, March 31). Handouts may not be sent: Tax office seeks quick resolutionof High Court challenge. The Australian, p. 5.In-textcitationBerkovic (2009) explained that handouts .orIt was suggested that handouts may not be sent (Berkovic, 2009).Newspaper article (from electronic database)Reference listWentworth, W. C. (1984, January 24). Why we need a permanent base on the moon. TheSydney Morning Herald, p. 11. Retrieved ationAnderson (2008) stated that or .the engineered apple (Anderson, 2008).Article (from the internet, not available in print version)Reference listCooper, D. (2009, March 31). Native ant may stop toad in its tracks. ABC Science. Retrievedfrom 2530686.htm?site science&topic latestIn-textcitationCooper (2009) stated that a ferocious ant or that meat ants may be able to help control toad numbers (Cooper, 2009).Proceedings of meetings, conference papers and symposiumsReference listIn-textcitationChang, S. S., Liaw, L. and Ruppenhofer, J. (Eds). (2000). Proceedings of the twenty-fifthannual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12-15, 1999:General session and parasession on loan word phenomena. Berkeley:Berkeley Linguistics Soc.Chang et al. (2000) stated that orIt has been found that (Chang et al., 2000).

Audio recordingReference listHandel, A., & Seiler, G. L. (2006). Adoration. On Ghosts and angels [CD]. Sydney: FeralMedia.Note: If there is a producer or recorder who is not one of the authors list their name in squareparentheses after the song title e.g. Adoration [Recorded by Intitial. Surname].A recording date can be placed in parentheses after the reference if different from thecopyright date e.g. Sydney: Feral Media. (1920)In-textcitationHandel and Seiler’s (2006) track entitled “Adoration” combines orClassical and electronic styles have been combined (Handel & Seiler, 2006).Podcast (from the internet)Reference listAtkin, M. (Reporter). (2008, November 13). Bermagui forest disputed turf. The Hack HalfHour. Available from tationAtkin (2008) found that orIt was found (Atkin, 2008).Video recording, television broadcast or episode of a seriesReference listHall, B. (Writer), & Bender, J. (Director). (1991). The rules of the game [Television seriesepisode]. In J. Sander (Producer), I’ll fly away. New York: New YorkBroadcasting Company.In-textcitationHall and Bender (1991) examined the rules orThe rules .(Hall & Bender, 1991).Video (from the internet)Reference listNorton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Videoposted to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v Vja83KLQXZsIn-textcitationNorton (2003) showed that a cat can be trained orTraining a cat requires (Norton, 2006).

Web pageReference listIn-textcitationDeveloping an argument. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2009, fromhttp://web.princeton.edu/sites/writing/Writing Center/WCWritingResources.htmNote: (n.d.) no date. Always include details of authorship or publication date when available.For websites with no author and/or date, carefully consider the reliability and authority of thesource before including it as a reference.Developing an Argument (n.d.) suggests that or it is necessary to develop an argument (Developing an Argument, n.d.).Note: When giving a title in the text capitalise all major words.

Chapter or article in an edited book E-book Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from NetLibrary database. Reference list Storey, K. B. (2004). Functional metabolism: Regulation and adaptation.