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Braddom , Randall L. !" # ! % & '!( . / '-34 2 5 ' ( 64 : & 2 – .) #* ( * % ,- 0 ( 1 !.89; & 7 . @ % . ? 8 ISBN 964-94697-4-5. A B C D E F* 2BPhysical medicine & rehabilitation, 2 nd . ed. : G & . # 1. . K J89HI !" 1 ! . . . . 4 *3 B .8. & . . * J 89M8 #* ( ) .L . K J89H; 0 ( , 8M/; ; J MI9 RM I / H C N89; & * # 1

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Physical Medicine and RehabilitationRandall L.BraddomSecond EditionTranslated by : M.Ali Amoukarami M.DHadi Shojaei M.DEditor: Hedieh TajikThe number of copies: 1000Published by : Janbazan Medical and EngineeringResearch CenterJMERCFirst EditionTehran2003ISBN : 964-96497-4-5

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8 /! 9 : ; /7! 0 ! ) * & # (SCI) #V* W U* 7 & 3( @ * 0 2' 1 ? @Z # Y 7 0 !- . - ! X LD # # 1 2 # OG B \* ( V ) & B # O F ! C 2 0 [ Y'[ 7 )* 0 # 2 #' ( # Z [ 7 # !F C V* W 2 (8 ) . 1 O* ( VB B 7 5 [ \* # '-34 0 2 X #] O2 5 - ( 7 0 2-D George Riddoch F S FB # ' 0 2 VB .OB [ Y'- 8N9 #( Donald 0 X & F S Stoke Mandeville & ! Ludwig Guttman 0 X O B # @@ 31 #1 & & & ! Munro7 Z ! 0 2 VB 7 A & ! \* ? Z '-34 CD' # 03 7 O X 0 0 # 0 ( #' - a b O2 0 V 0 2-D . [ CD 2F # # 2 . - 0 *7 c CD' '* 4 SCI & ! & ! 0 0 # 31 # \ B O d 7 '* 3 e O f 1 !2 3 - 2 0 2 X 5 1 #] Y 4 .O 5 1 !1 2 0 ( 5 Z g & ! 0 O X .O # - @@ 31 # & [ 1 #V & 1 " & [ 1 \ b & ! * - h i j - #! 0 ( 5 1 OZ 4 .O *7& 0 2 @@ 31 #1 0 B G #k [ Y \* . 1 " \* # 5 - #] O f 1 0 * ( # \ k ib 1 " -& [ 7 l m7 n ( B & ! 4 .O 5 ( 1 B 7 #1 5 1 0 d[ #* * ( # 0 '* 5 " Ce * ( Veterans)O* !o p SCI & ! 7 Y 1 c O X #1 0 ! 0 2! F 8

8 /! 9 : ; /7! 5 ! 7 O X 0 ( 9 C 0 q o #' * 1. 5 r V* ) [5 2 5 X Kp 5 - )* 7 #1 SCI 0 ( # S ( !(C Z ! 0 S 4 C X o # o F s C , C ! 0 '!( 7 a4 q B #1 ! .O 5 C i # t #] ( 0 #B o5 O 0 2 u* [ X m *d4 !p n ( !( 31 \ k & *& ! j Z 7 0 e G ib * 3B !1 '-34 v Y - #1 O 0 ( # *3( & ! 0 F & 7 C ( 1 & - @ - O X 0 2 " # 2 \ B # B [ 5 * q g G @ Z 0 ( # \ k * B \* !2 o \* . - # m7 - 2 \ X 7 f & 3( 31 \* W o \ " \ @@ . - a b 0 F ! \ 5 1 O* !o ) 1 0 2 7 2 . 5 . # - 0 '!( # 7 \* " # ( G w k 5 1 4 TABLE 1- Life Expectancy for persons with Spinal Cord Injuries WhoSurvive at Least 24 Hours Post Injury, by Age at Injury and NeurologicalCategory (Frankel Grade)Life Expectancy (Years)Age atInjuryNormalC1-C4 injuryC4-C8 injuryT1-S5 injury Grade D(Grade A,B,C) (Grade A,B,C) (Grade .07510.71.32.74.86.7808.10.31.63.24.6

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8 /! 9 : ; /7! # - u B #1 0 2* ! X B j # 1 * 2 # m F [ ) 0 2 # D B V .O # B [ X # D & ! V 7 F( o s 0 2* ! 0 O B * p 7 q g & ! 5 [ \* . 5 * # W i #1 O \ * *7 \ \ - Z # qe !V #1 - # B [ 5 * '-34 C Z0 2* ! Y 1 #k [ . - 5 1 Y 0 2* ! & 5 !( * B # z X 0 2! F 2- 1 - Y@B \* l7 o 7 L Z . - Y X 3 ) g 0 ( 4 # W 7 - SCI @ # " G # 1 0 B 3 # . - c* - g 0 ! )* # W 7 - SCI # D f 8 , '* # ( q * ( O 7 Z & # . - KX \* # 3 V G 0 ( 1 o # z . - #V* W \ * k O V! & ) * ( 0 7 # H \ # ( !V W o o SCI ! , o #1 O & 5 ( C V . - '* SCI 0 ! O 5 - G # # *3( . 1 [ 7 '* 5 " Ce * !, ( & C G O * 1 .O 5 - e & I/ O - 2 D Z O VW 1 7 0 0 2 7 - 0 2 FZ * S!( O- 2 ! 5 B 0 2! F Z #1 1 ,* S 0 # 2* ! \* # *3( 4 & SCI 0 ( # 1 . - & Y!" .O 5 (United States '* 5 " Ce * m7 & ! 4(NSCISC) C V* W 31 8NI9 Department of Education)7 # C D 0 c! E & C D #1 1 a b ( 5 C D ) )* 0s #F John Young 1 0 (# B * (RSA) C Z 5 # - & 7 7 . 5 O , Aarizona O * Phoenix F (Barrow)& x ( G D C V* W # z 31 5 [ H 11- National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical CenterH

8 /! 9 : ; /7! C D 7 Y 1 V 3 ( 5 \* . 5 1 #] 5 * B 8; 7 .O 5 1 K( B 0 ! \* V ( 5 [ * # 7 ( NSCISC D ) .O 5 X D v V & q 1 SCI# - # -d[{( & 7 # O F & )* # 2k O F 0 # B * * 3B u* # (O 5 - 98/M q Z ) & 7 \ S #k [ .O % N/I ) # -d[ 5 - #V* W k #1 7 e B & 3 O O V! \ S * 3B B ( .O 5 - (% H/I # # * & 7 (% 9/H) NSCISC & ! 7 ! 7 . - !. , 2 %M9/I * * B TABLE 2- Differential Diagnosis of Spinal Cord InjuryTraumatic (e.g., Fractures, Dislocations, Contusions)Cervical (C1-C8)Thoracic (T1-T12)Lumbar (L1-L5)SacralMultipleNontraumatic- Motor Neuron DiseasesAmyotrophic lateral sclerosisSpinal muscular atrophyOther motor neuron diseases- Spondylotic MyelopathiesSpondyloysis, spondylolisthesisSpinal stenosisDisk herniation, rupturesAtlantoaxial instability- Infectious and Inflammatory diseasesMultiple sclerosisEpidural abscessesTransverse myelitisPoliomyelitis , post – poliomyelitisOsteomyelitisArachnoiditisHuman immunodeficiency virus infectionChronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathyAcute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy- Neoplastic Diseases1.Intrdural intramedullaryPrimary: ependymoma, astrocytomaMetastatic: lung, breast, lymphoma, colorectal, head. Neck, renal2. intradural extramedullaryPrimary: meningioma, neourofibroma, nerve sheath schwannoma, embryonal tumorsMetastatic: leukemia / Lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, untreated primary CNS tumors3. ExtraduralPrimary: myeloma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcomaMetastatic: breast, lung, prostate, thyroid, kidney, lymphoma, gastrointestinal- Vascular disordersIschemic myelopathyArteriovenous malformationsToxic/ Metabolic ConditionsRadiation – induced myelopathySubacute combined degeneration- Congenital / Develomental DisordersSpina bifidaDevelopmental syringomyeliaMyelodysplasiaM

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