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Volume ContentsVolume 1Volume 2Preface.vChapter 6Lubrication and Cooling Systems.6-1Acknowledgments.viiTable of Contents.ixChapter 7Propellers.7-1Chapter 1Aircraft Engines.1-1Chapter 8Engine Removal and Replacement.8-1Chapter 2Engine Fuel and Fuel Metering Systems.2-1Chapter 9Engine Fire Protection Systems.9-1Chapter 3Induction and Exhaust Systems.3-1Chapter 10Engine Maintenance and Operation.10-1Chapter 4Engine Ignition and Electrical Systems.4-1Chapter 11Light-Sport Aircraft Engines.11-1Chapter 5Engine Starting Systems.5-1iii

PrefaceThe Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook–Powerplant (FAA-H-8083-32A) is one of a series of three handbooks forpersons preparing for certification as a powerplant mechanic. It is intended that this handbook provide the basic informationon principles, fundamentals, and technical procedures in the subject matter areas relating to the powerplant rating. It isdesigned to aid students enrolled in a formal course of instruction, as well as the individual who is studying on his or herown. Since the knowledge requirements for the airframe and powerplant ratings closely parallel each other in some subjectareas, the chapters which discuss fire protection systems and electrical systems contain some material which is also duplicatedin the Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook–Airframe (FAA-H-8083-31A).This handbook contains an explanation of the units that make up each of the systems that bring fuel, air, and ignition togetherin an aircraft engine for combustion. It also contains information on engine construction features, lubrication systems, exhaustsystems, cooling systems, cylinder removal and replacement, compression checks, and valve adjustments. Because thereare so many different types of aircraft in use today, it is reasonable to expect that differences exist in airframe componentsand systems. To avoid undue repetition, the practice of using representative systems and units is carried out throughoutthe handbook. Subject matter treatment is from a generalized point of view and should be supplemented by reference tomanufacturer's manuals or other textbooks if more detail is desired. This handbook is not intended to replace, substitutefor, or supersede official regulations or the manufacturer’s instructions. Occasionally the word “must” or similar languageis used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relievea duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR).This handbook is available for download, in PDF format, from www.faa.gov.The subject of Human Factors is contained in the Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook–General (FAA-H-8083-30).This handbook is published by the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, AirmanTesting Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in email form, to the following address:AFS630comments@faa.govv

AcknowledgmentsThe Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook–Powerplant (FAA-H-8083-32A) was produced by the Federal AviationAdministration (FAA) with the assistance of Safety Research Corporation of America (SRCA). The FAA wishes to acknowledgethe following contributors:Mr. Tom Wild for images used throughout this handbookFree Images Live (www.freeimageslive.co.uk) for image used in Chapter 1Mr. Stephen Sweet (www.stephensweet.com) for image used in Chapter 1Mr. Omar Filipovic (www.glasair-owners.com) for image used in Chapter 1Mr. Warren Lane (Atomic Metalsmith, Inc.) for image used in Chapter 1Pratt & Whitney for images used in Chapters 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8Teledyne Continental Motors (www.genuinecontinental.aero) for images used in Chapters 2, 3, and 11Aircraft Tool Supply Company (www.aircraft-tool.com) for images used in Chapter 4Chief Aircraft (www.chiefaircraft.com) for images used in Chapter 4DeltaHawk Engines, Inc. (www.deltahawkengines.com) for image used in Chapter 6Mr. Felix Gottwald for image used in Chapter 7Mr. Stephen Christopher (www.schristo.com) for images used in Chapter 8Mr. Yunjin Lee for images used in Chapter 9Mr. Marco Leerentveld (www.flightillusion.com ) for image used in Chapter 10Aeromax Aviation, LLC (www.aeromaxaviation.com) for images used in Chapter 11Avid Aircraft (www.avidflyeraircraft.com) for image used in Chapter 11Flight and Safety Design (www.eco1aircraft.com) for image used in Chapter 11Great Plains Aircraft Supply Co., Inc. (www.greatplainsas.com) for image used in Chapter 11Lycoming Engines (www.lycoming.textron.com) for image used in Chapter 11Revmaster LLC Aviation (revmasteraviation.com) for images used in Chapter 11Rotech Research Canada, Ltd. (www.rotec.com) for images used in Chapter 11Additional appreciation is extended to Mr. Gary E. Hoyle, Dean of Students, Pittsburgh Institute of Aeronautics; Mr. TomWild, Purdue University; Dr. Ronald Sterkenburg, Associate Professor of the Department of Aviation Technology, PurdueUniversity; for their technical support and input.vii

Volume 12018U.S. Department of TransportationFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Standards ServiceVOLUME 1Aviation Maintenance TechnicianHandbook–Powerplant

Table of ContentsVolume Contents. VPreface. VIIAcknowledgments. IXTable of Contents. XIChapter 1Aircraft Engines.1-1General Requirements.1-1Power and Weight.1-2Fuel Economy.1-3Durability and Reliability.1-3Operating Flexibility.1-3Compactness.1-3Powerplant Selection.1-3Types of Engines.1-4Inline Engines.1-4Opposed or O-Type Engines.1-4V-Type Engines.1-5Radial Engines.1-5Reciprocating Engines.1-5Design and Construction.1-5Crankcase Sections.1-5Accessory Section.1-7Accessory Gear Trains.1-7Crankshafts.1-8Crankshaft Balance.1-10Dynamic Dampers.1-10Connecting Rods.1-10Master-and-Articulated Rod Assembly.1-11Knuckle Pins.1-12Plain-Type Connecting Rods.1-12Fork-and-Blade Rod Assembly.1-12Pistons.1-12Piston Construction.1-12Piston Pin.1-13Piston Rings.1-14Piston Ring Construction.1-14Compression Ring.1-14Oil Control Rings.1-14Oil Scraper Ring.1-14Cylinders.1-14Cylinder Heads.1-15Cylinder Barrels.1-16Cylinder Numbering.1-16Firing Order.1-16Single-Row Radial Engines.1-16Double-Row Radial Engines.1-17Valves.1-17Valve Construction.1-17Valve Operating Mechanism.1-18Cam Rings.1-19Camshaft.1-20Tappet Assembly.1-20Solid Lifters/Tappets.1-21Hydraulic Valve Tappets/Lifters.1-21Push Rod.1-21Rocker Arms.1-22Valve Springs.1-22Bearings.1-22Plain Bearings.1-23Ball Bearings.1-23Roller Bearings.1-23Propeller Reduction Gearing.1-24Propeller Shafts.1-24Reciprocating Engine Operating Principles.1-24Operating Cycles.1-26Four-Stroke Cycle.1-26Intake Stroke.1-27Compression Stroke.1-27Power Stroke.1-27Exhaust Stroke.1-28Two-Stroke Cycle.1-28Rotary Cycle.1-28Diesel Cycle.1-28Reciprocating Engine Power and Efficiencies.1-28Work.1-28Horsepower.1-28Piston Displacement.1-291-iii

Area of a Circle.1-29Example.1-29Compression Ratio.1-29Indicated Horsepower.1-31Example.1-32Brake Horsepower.1-32Example.1-33Friction Horsepower.1-33Friction and Brake Mean Effective Pressures.1-33Thrust Horsepower.1-35Efficiencies.1-35Thermal Efficiency.1-35Example.1-35Mechanical Efficiency.1-36Volumetric Efficiency.1-36Propulsive Efficiency.1-37Gas Turbine Engines .1-37Types and Construction.1-37Air Entrance.1-38Accessory Section.1-38Compressor Section.1-39Compressor Types.1-40Centrifugal-Flow Compressors.1-40Axial-Flow Compressor.1-41Diffuser.1-44Combustion Section.1-44Turbine Section.1-47Exhaust Section.1-52Gas Turbine Engine Bearings and Seals.1-53Turboprop Engines.1-56Turboshaft Engines.1-56Turbofan Engines.1-57Turbine Engine Operating Principles.1-57Thrust.1-59Gas Turbine Engine Performance.1-60Ram Recovery.1-62Chapter 2Engine Fuel and Fuel Metering Systems.2-1Fuel System Requirements.2-1Vapor Lock.2-2Basic Fuel System.2-2Fuel Metering Devices for Reciprocating Engines.2-3Fuel/Air Mixtures.2-4Carburetion Principles.2-5Venturi Principles.2-5Application of Venturi Principle to Carburetor.2-6Metering and Discharge of Fuel.2-6Carburetor Systems.2-8Carburetor Types.2-9Carburetor Icing.2-91-ivFloat-Type Carburetors.2-10Float Chamber Mechanism System.2-10Main Metering System.2-11Idling System.2-12Mixture Control System.2-13Accelerating System.2-14Economizer System.2-14Pressure Injection Carburetors.2-15Typical Injection Carburetor.2-15Throttle Body.2-16Regulator Unit.2-16Fuel Control Unit.2-18Automatic Mixture Control (AMC).2-19Stromberg PS Carburetor.2-20Accelerating Pump.2-21Manual Mixture Control.2-21Fuel-Injection Systems.2-22Bendix/Precision Fuel-Injection System.2-22Fuel Injector.2-22Airflow Section.2-22Regulator Section.2-22Fuel Metering Section.2-23Flow Divider.2-23Fuel Discharge Nozzles.2-24Continental/TCM Fuel-Injection System.2-25Fuel-Injection Pump.2-25Fuel/Air Control Unit.2-27Fuel Control Assembly.2-27Fuel Manifold Valve.2-28Fuel Discharge Nozzle.2-28Carburetor Maintenance.2-30Carburetor Removal.2-30Installation of Carburetor.2-30Rigging Carburetor Controls.2-30Adjusting Idle Mixtures.2-30Idle Speed Adjustment.2-32Fuel System Inspection and Maintenance.2-32Complete System.2-33Fuel Tanks.2-33Lines and Fittings.2-33Selector Valves.2-33Pumps.2-33Main Line Strainers.2-34Fuel Quantity Gauges.2-34Fuel Pressure Gauge.2-34Pressure Warning Signal.2-34Water Injection Systems forReciprocating Engines.2-34Turbine Engine Fuel System—GeneralRequirements.2-34Turbine Fuel Controls.2-35