Transcription
Aviation Maintenance TechnicianHandbook—AirframeVolume 12018U.S. Department of TransportationFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Standards Service
Volume ContentsVolume 1Volume 2Preface.vChapter 10Aircraft Instrument Systems.10-1Acknowledgments.viiTable of Contents.xiiiChapter 11Communication and Navigation.11-1Chapter 1Aircraft Structures.1-1Chapter 12Hydraulic and Pneumatic Power Systems.12-1Chapter 2Aerodynamics, Aircraft Assembly, andRigging.2-1Chapter 13Aircraft Landing Gear Systems.13-1Chapter 3Aircraft Fabric Covering.3-1Chapter 4Aircraft Metal Structural Repair.4-1Chapter 5Aircraft Welding.5-1Chapter 6Aircraft Wood and Structural Repair.6-1Chapter 7Advanced Composite Materials.7-1Chapter 14Aircraft Fuel System.14-1Chapter 15Ice and Rain Protection.15-1Chapter 16Cabin Environmental Control Systems.16-1Chapter 17Fire Protection Systems.17-1Glossary.G-1Index.I-1Chapter 8Aircraft Painting and Finishing.8-1Chapter 9Aircraft Electrical System.9-1Glossary.G-1Index.I-1V
PrefaceThe Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook—Airframe (FAA-H-8083-31A) is one of a series of three handbooksfor persons preparing for certification as an airframe or powerplant mechanic. It is intended that this handbook provide thebasic information on principles, fundamentals, and technical procedures in the subject matter areas relating to the airframerating. It is designed to aid students enrolled in a formal course of instruction, as well as the individual who is studying onhis or her own. Since the knowledge requirements for the airframe and powerplant ratings closely parallel each other insome subject areas, the chapters which discuss fire protection systems and electrical systems contain some material whichis also duplicated in the Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook—Powerplant (FAA-H-8083-32A).This volume contains information on airframe construction features, assembly and rigging, fabric covering, structural repairs,and aircraft welding. The handbook also contains an explanation of the units that make up the various airframe systems.Because there are so many different types of aircraft in use today, it is reasonable to expect that differences exist in airframecomponents and systems. To avoid undue repetition, the practice of using representative systems and units is carried outthroughout the handbook. Subject matter treatment is from a generalized point of view and should be supplemented byreference to manufacturer's manuals or other textbooks if more detail is desired. This handbook is not intended to replace,substitute for, or supersede official regulations or the manufacturer’s instructions. Occasionally the word “must” or similarlanguage is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret,or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR).This handbook is available for download, in PDF format, from www.faa.gov.The subject of Human Factors is contained in the Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook—General (FAA-H-8083-30).This handbook is published by the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, AirmanTesting Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in email form, to the following address:AFS630comments@faa.govVII
AcknowledgmentsThe Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook—Airframe (FAA-H-8083-31A) was produced by the Federal AviationAdministration (FAA) with the assistance of Safety Research Corporation of America (SRCA). The FAA wishes toacknowledge the following contributors:Mr. Chris Brady (www.b737.org.uk) for images used throughout this handbookCaptain Karl Eiríksson for image used in Chapter 1Cessna Aircraft Company for image used in Chapter 1Mr. Andy Dawson (www.mossie.org) for images used throughout Chapter 1Mr. Bill Shemley for image used in Chapter 1Mr. Bruce R. Swanson for image used in Chapter 1Mr. Burkhard Domke (www.b-domke.de) for images used throughout Chapter 1 and 2Mr. Chris Wonnacott (www.fromtheflightdeck.com) for image used in Chapter 1Mr. Christian Tremblay (www.zodiac640.com) for image used in Chapter 1Mr. John Bailey (www.knots2u.com) for image used in Chapter 1Mr. Rich Guerra (www.rguerra.com) for image used in Chapter 1Mr. Ronald Lane for image used in Chapter 1Mr. Tom Allensworth (www.avsim.com) for image used in Chapter 1Navion Pilots Association’s Tech Note 001 (www.navionpilots.org) for image used in Chapter 1U.S. Coast Guard for image used in Chapter 1Mr. Tony Bingelis and the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) for images used throughout Chapter 2Mr. Benoit Viellefon tigermoth bio aozh.html) for imageused in Chapter 3Mr. Paul Harding of Safari Seaplanes–Bahamas (www.safariseaplanes.com) for image used in Chapter 3Polyfiber/Consolidated Aircraft Coatings for images used throughout Chapter 3Stewart Systems for images used throughout Chapter 3Superflite for images used throughout Chapter 3Cherry Aerospace (www.cherryaerospace.com) for images used in Chapters 4 and 7Raytheon Aircraft (Structural Inspection and Repair Manual) for information used in Chapter 4Mr. Scott Allen of Kalamazoo Industries, Inc. (www.kalamazooind.com) for image used in Chapter 4Miller Electric Mfg. Co. (www.millerwelds.com) for images used in Chapter 5Mr. Aaron Novak, contributing engineer, for charts used in Chapter 5Mr. Bob Hall (www.pro-fusiononline.com) for image used in Chapter 5IX
Mr. Kent White of TM Technologies, Inc. for image used in Chapter 5Safety Supplies Canada (www.safetysuppliescanada.com) for image used in Chapter 5Smith Equipment (www.smithequipment.com) for images used in Chapter 5Alcoa (www.alcoa.com) for images used in Chapter 7Mr. Chuck Scott (www.itwif.com) for images used throughout Chapter 8Mr. John Lagerlof of Paasche Airbrush Co. (paascheairbrush.com) for image used in Chapter 8Mr. Philip Love of Turbine Products, LLC (www.turbineproducts.com) for image used in Chapter 8Consolidated Aircraft Coatings for image used in Chapter 8Tianjin Yonglida Material Testing Machine Co., Ltd for image used in Chapter 8Mr. Jim Irwin of Aircraft Spruce & Specialty Co. (www.aircraftspruce.com) for images used in Chapters 9, 10, 11,13, 14, 15Mr. Kevan Hashemi for image used in Chapter 9Mr. Michael Leasure, Aviation Multimedia Library (www2.tech.purdue.edu/at/courses/aeml) for images used inChapters 9, 13, 14Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) (www.aopa.org) for image used in Chapter 10Cobra Systems Inc. (www.cobrasys.com) for image used in Chapter 10www.free-online-private-pilot-ground-school.com for image used in Chapters 10, 16DAC International (www.dacint.com) for image used in Chapter 10Dawson Aircraft Inc. (www.aircraftpartsandsalvage.com) for images used throughout Chapter 10Mr. Kent Clingaman for image used in Chapter 10TECNAM (www.tecnam.com) for image used in Chapter 10TGH Aviation-FAA Instrument Repair Station (www.tghaviation.com) for image used in Chapter 10The Vintage Aviator Ltd. (www.thevintageaviator.co.nz) for image used in Chapter 10ACK Technologies Inc. (www.ackavionics.com) for image used in Chapter 11ADS-B Technologies, LLC (www.ads-b.com) for images used in Chapter 11Aviation Glossary (www.aviationglossary.com) for image used in Chapter 11AT&T Archives and History Center for image used in Chapter 11Electronics International Inc. (www.buy-ei.com) for image used in Chapter 11Excelitas Technologies (www.excelitas.com) for image used in Chapter 11Freestate Electronics, Inc. (www.fse-inc.com) for image used in Chapter 11AirTrafficAtlanta.com for image used in Chapter 11Western Historic Radio Museum, Virginia City, Nevada (www.radioblvd.com) for image used in Chapter 11Avidyne Corporation (www.avidyne.com) for image used in Chapter 11Kintronic Laboratories (www.kintronic.com) for image used in Chapter 11Mr. Dan Wolfe (www.flyboysalvage.com) for image used in Chapter 11Mr. Ken Shuck (www.cessna150.net) for image used in Chapter 11Mr. Paul Tocknell (www.askacfi.com) for image used in Chapter 11Mr. Stephen McGreevy (www.auroralchorus.com) for image used in Chapter 11Mr. Todd Bennett (www.bennettavionics.com) for image used in Chapter 11National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce for image used in Chapter 11X
RAMI (www.rami.com) for image used in Chapter 11Rockwell Collins (www.rockwellcollins.com) for image used in Chapter 11, Figure 11-73Sarasota Avionics International (www.sarasotaavionics.com) for images used in Chapter 11Southeast Aerospace, Inc. (www.seaerospace.com) for image used in Chapter 11Sporty’s Pilot Shop (www.sportys.com) for image used in Chapter 11Watts Antenna Company (www.wattsantenna.com) for image used in Chapter 11Wings and Wheels (www.wingsandwheels.com) for image used in Chapter 11Aeropin, Inc. (www.aeropin.com) for image used in Chapter 13Airplane Mart Publishing (www.airplanemart.com) for image used in Chapter 13Alberth Aviation (www.alberthaviation.com) for image used in Chapter 13AVweb (www.avweb.com) for image used in Chapter 13Belle Aire Aviation, Inc. (www.belleaireaviation.com) for image used in Chapter 13Cold War Air Museum (www.coldwarairmuseum.org) for image used in Chapter 13Comanche Gear (www.comanchegear.com) for image used in Chapter 13CSOBeech (www.csobeech.com) for image used in Chapter 13Desser Tire & Rubber Co., Inc. (www.desser.com) for image used in Chapter 13DG Flugzeugbau GmbH (www.dg-flugzeugbau.de) for image used in Chapter 13Expedition Exchange Inc. (www.expeditionexchange.com) for image used in Chapter 13Fiddlers Green (www.fiddlersgreen.net) for image used in Chapter 13Hitchcock Aviation (hitchcockaviation.com) for image used in Chapter 13KUNZ GmbH aircraft equipment (www.kunz-aircraft.com) for images used in Chapter 13Little Flyers (www.littleflyers.com) for images used in Chapter 13Maple Leaf Aviation Ltd. (www.aircraftspeedmods.ca) for image used in Chapter 13Mr. Budd Davisson (Airbum.com) for image used in Chapter 13Mr. C. Jeff Dyrek (www.yellowairplane.com) for images used in Chapter 13Mr. Jason Schappert (www.m0a.com) for image used in Chapter 13Mr. John Baker (www.hangar9aeroworks.com) for image used in Chapter 13Mr. Mike Schantz (www.trailer411.com) for image used in Chapter 13Mr. Robert Hughes (www.escapadebuild.co.uk) for image used in Chapter 13Mr. Ron Blachut for image used in Chapter 13Owls Head Transportation Museum (www.owlshead.org) for image used in Chapter 13PPI Aerospace (www.ppiaerospace.com) for image used in Chapter 13Protective Packaging Corp. (www.protectivepackaging.net, 1-800-945-2247) for image used in Chapter 13Ravenware Industries, LLC (www.ravenware.com) for image used in Chapter 13Renold (www.renold.com) for image used in Chapter 13Rotor F/X, LLC (www.rotorfx.com) for image used in Chapter 13SkyGeek (www.skygeek.com) for image used in Chapter 13Taigh Ramey (www.twinbeech.com) for image used in Chapter 13Texas Air Salvage (www.texasairsalvage.com) for image used in Chapter 13XI
The Bogert Group (www.bogert-av.com) for image used in Chapter 13W. B. Graham, Welded Tube Pros LLC (www.thefabricator.com) for image used in Chapter 13Zinko Hydraulic Jack (www.zinkojack.com) for image used in Chapter 13Aviation Institute of Maintenance (www.aimschool.com) for image used in Chapter 14Aviation Laboratories (www.avlab.com) for image used in Chapter 14AVSIM (www.avsim.com) for image used in Chapter 14Eggenfellner (www.eggenfellneraircraft.com) for image used in Chapter 14FlightSim.Com, Inc. (www.flightsim.com) for image used in Chapter 14Fluid Components International LLC (www.fluidcomponents.com) for image used in Chapter 14Fuel Quality Services, Inc. (www.fqsinc.com) for image used in Chapter 14Hammonds Fuel Additives, Inc. (www.biobor.com) for image used in Chapter 14Jeppesen (www.jeppesen.com) for image used in Chapter 14MGL Avionics (www.mglavionics.com) for image used in Chapter 14Mid-Atlantic Air Museum (www.maam.org) for image used in Chapter 14MISCO Refractometer (www.misco.com) for image used in Chapter 14Mr. Gary Brossett via the Aircraft Engine Historical Society (www.enginehistory.org) for image used in Chapter 14Mr. Jeff McCombs (www.heyeng.com) for image used in Chapter 14NASA for image used in Chapter 14On-Track Aviation Limited (www.ontrackaviation.com) for image used in Chapter 14Stewart Systems for image used in Chapter 14Prist Aerospace Products (www.pristaerospace.com) for image used in Chapter 14The Sundowners, Inc. (www.sdpleecounty.org) for image used in Chapter 14Velcon Filters, LLC (www.velcon.com) for image used in Chapter 14Aerox Aviation Oxygen Systems, Inc. (www.aerox.com) for image used in Chapter 16Biggles Software (www.biggles-software.com) for image used in Chapter 16C&D Associates, Inc. (www.aircraftheater.com) for image used in Chapter 16Cobham (Carleton Technologies Inc.) (www.cobham.com) for image used in Chapter 16Cool Africa (www.coolafrica.co.za) for image used in Chapter 16Cumulus Soaring, Inc. (www.cumulus-soaring.com) for image used in Chapter 16Essex Cryogenics of Missouri, Inc. (www.essexind.com) for image used in Chapter 16Flightline AC, Inc. (www.flightlineac.com) for image used in Chapter 16IDQ Holdings (www.idqusa.com) for image used in Chapter 16Manchester Tank & Equipment (www.mantank.com) for image used in Chapter 16Mountain High E&S Co. (www.MHoxygen.com) for images used throughout Chapter 16Mr. Bill Sherwood (www.billzilla.org) for image used in Chapter 16Mr. Boris Comazzi (www.flightgear.ch) for image used in Chapter 16Mr. Chris Rudge (www.warbirdsite.com) for image used in Chapter 16Mr. Richard Pfiffner (www.craggyaero.com) for image used in Chapter 16Mr. Stephen Sweet (www.stephensweet.com) for image used in Chapter 16XII
Precise Flight, Inc. (www.preciseflight.com) for image used in Chapter 16SPX Service Solutions (www.spx.com) for image used in Chapter 16SuperFlash Compressed Gas Equipment (www.oxyfuelsafety.com)Mr. Tim Mara (www.wingsandwheels.com) for images used in Chapter 16Mr. Bill Abbott for image used in Chapter 17Additional appreciation is extended to Dr. Ronald Sterkenburg, Purdue University; Mr. Bryan Rahm, Dr. Thomas K. Eismain,Purdue University; Mr. George McNeill, Mr. Thomas Forenz, Mr. Peng Wang, and the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) for their technical support and input.XIII
Table of ContentsVolume Contents. VPreface. VIIAcknowledgments. IXTable of Contents. XVChapter 1Aircraft Structures.1-1A Brief History of Aircraft Structures.1-1General.1-5Major Structural Stresses.1-6Fixed-Wing Aircraft.1-8Fuselage.1-8Truss-Type.1-8Monocoque Type.1-9Semimonocoque Type.1-9Pressurization.1-10Wings.1-10Wing Configurations.1-10Wing Structure.1-11Wing Spars.1-13Wing Ribs.1-15Wing Skin.1-17Nacelles.1-19Empennage.1-22Flight Control Surfaces.1-24Primary Flight Control Dual Purpose Flight Control Surfaces.1-27Secondary or Auxiliary Control Surfaces.1-28Flaps.1-28Slats.1-30Spoilers and Speed Brakes.1-30Tabs.1-31Other Wing Features.1-34Landing Gear.1-35Tail Wheel Gear Configuration.1-37Tricycle Gear Configuration.1-38Maintaining the Aircraft.1-38Location Numbering Systems.1-39Access and Inspection Panels.1-40Helicopter Structures.1-40Airframe.1-40Fuselage.1-42Landing Gear or Skids.1-42Powerplant and Transmission.1-42Turbine Engines.1-42Transmission.1-43Main Rotor System.1-43Rigid Rotor System.1-44Semirigid Rotor System.1-44Fully Articulated Rotor System.1-44Antitorque System.1-45Controls.1-46Chapter 2Aerodynamics, Aircraft Assembly, andRiggingIntroduction.2-1Basic Aerodynamics.2-2The erodynamics and the Laws of Physics.2-3Velocity and Acceleration.2-3Newton’s Laws of Motion.2-3Bernoulli’s Principle and Subsonic Flow.2-4Airfoil.2-4Shape of the Airfoil.2-5Angle of Incidence.2-5Angle of Attack (AOA).2-6Boundary Layer.2-7Thrust and Drag.2-7XV
Center of Gravity (CG).2-9The Axes of an Aircraft.2-9Stability and Control.2-9Static Stability.2-9Dynamic Stability.2-9Longitudinal Stability.2-9Directional Stability.2-10Lateral Stability.2-11Dutch Roll.2-11Primary Flight Controls.2-11Trim Controls.2-11Auxiliary Lift Devices.2-12Lift Augmenting.2-12Lift Decreasing.2-12Winglets.2-13Canard Wings.2-13Wing Fences.2-14Control Systems for Large Aircraft.2-14Mechanical Control.2-14Hydromechanical Control.2-14Fly-By-Wire Control.2-14High-Speed Aerodynamics.2-15Rotary-Wing Aircraft Assembly and Rigging.2-16Configurations of Rotary-Wing Aircraft.2-17Autogyro.2-17Single Rotor Helicopter.2-17Dual Rotor Helicopter.2-18Types of Rotor Systems.2-18Fully Articulated Rotor.2-18Semirigid Rotor.2-18Rigid Rotor.2-18Forces Acting on the Helicopter.2-18Torque Compensation.2-19Gyroscopic Forces.2-19Helicopter Flight Conditions .2-20Hovering Flight.2-20Translating Tendency or Drift.2-22Ground Effect.2-22Coriolis Effect (Law of Conservation ofAngular Momentum).2-22Vertical Flight.2-23Forward Flight.2-23Translational Lift.2-24Effective Translational Lift (ETL).2-24Dissymmetry of Lift.2-25Autorotation.2-27Rotorcraft Controls.2-28Swash Plate Assembly.2-28Collective Pitch Control.2-28Throttle Control.2-29Governor/Correlator.2-29XVICyclic Pitch Control.2-29Antitorque Pedals.2-30Stabilizer Systems.2-30Bell Stabilizer Bar System.2-30Offset Flapping Hinge.2-31Stability Augmentation Systems (SAS).2-31Helicopter Vibration.2-31Extreme Low Frequency Vibration.2-31Low Frequency Vibration.2-31Medium Frequency Vibration.2-31High Frequency Vibration.2-31Rotor Blade Tracking.2-31Flag and Pole.2-31Electronic Blade Tracker.2-32Tail Rotor Tracking.2-33Marking Method.2-33Electronic Method.2-33Rotor Blade Preservation and Storage.2-34Helicopter Power Systems.2-34Powerplant.2-34Reciprocating Engine.2-34Turbine Engine.2-35Transmission System.2-35Main Rotor Transmission.2-35Clutch.2-35Centrifugal Clutch.2-36Belt Drive Clutch.2-36Freewheeling Unit.2-36Airplane Assembly and Rigging.2-37Rebalancing of Control Surfaces.2-37Static Balance.2-37Dynamic Balance.2-38Rebalancing Procedures.2-38Rebalancing Methods.2-38Aircraft Rigging.2-39Rigging Specifications.2-39Type Certificate Data Sheet.2-39Maintenance Manual.2-40Structural Repair Manual (SRM).2-40Manufacturer’s Service Information.2-40Airplane Assembly.2-40Aileron Installation.2-40Flap Installation.2-40Empennage Installation.2-40Control Operating Systems.2-40Cable Systems.2-40Cable Inspection.2-42Cable System Installation.2-43Push Rods (Control Rods).2-46
Torque Tubes.2-47Cable Drums.2-47Rigging Checks.2-48Structural Alignment.2-48Cable Tension.2-51Control Surface Travel.2-53Checking and Safetying the System.2-54Biplane Assembly and Rigging.2-55Aircraft Inspection.2-59Purpose of Inspection Programs.2-59Perform an Airframe Conformity andAirworthiness Inspection.2-59Required Inspections.2-60Preflight.2-60Periodic Maintenance Inspections.2-60Altimeter and Static System Inspections.2-62Air Traffic Control (ATC) TransponderInspections.2-62Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)Operational and Maintenance Practices inAccordance With Advisory Circular (AC)91-44.2-62Annual and 100-Hour Inspections.2-63Preparation.2-63Other Aircraft Inspection and MaintenancePrograms.2-65Continuous Airworthiness MaintenanceProgram (CAMP).2-67Title 14 CFR part 125, section 125.247,Inspection Programs and Maintenance.2-67Helicopter Inspections, Piston-Engine andTurbine-Powered.2-67Light Sport Aircraft and Aircraft Certificatedas Experimental.2-68Chapter 3Aircraft Fabric Covering.3-1General History.
The Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook—Airframe (FAA-H-8083-31A) is one of a series of three handbooks for persons preparing for certification as an airframe or powerplant mechanic. It is intended that this handbook provide the . This handbook is available for download, in PDF format, from www.faa.gov.
