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PistachiosQuadris Top Recommendations for Pistachios*Target DiseasesUse RateRemarksAlternaria late blight(Alternaria spp.)12-14 fl ozof product/ABegin applications prior to disease onset when conditions are conducive for disease. Apply Quadris Topon a 14-21 day schedule making no more than two sequential applications before alternating to anotherfungicide with a non-QoI (Group 11) mode of action. If disease pressure is high, use the shortest interval.Panicle and shoot blight(Botryosphaeria dothidea)Septoria leaf spot(S. pistaciarum)Application:For best results, sufficient water must be used to provide thorough coverage. Quadris Top can beapplied by either ground or aerial application. A minimum of 15 gal/A for ground applications isrecommended. For aerial applications, a minimum of 10 gal/A of water is recommended.Specific Use Restrictions: Do not use with an adjuvant Do not apply more than 56 fl oz/A of Quadris Top per crop Do not apply more than 0.46 lb a.i./A per crop of difenoconazole-containing products Do not apply more than 1.5 lb a.i./A per crop of azoxystrobin-containing products 14-day PHI*Please consult the Quadris Top label for complete use instructions.17

Ridomil Gold SL18Providing Effective RootProtection in a ProvenFormulationRidomil Gold SL fungicide offers long-lasting diseaseprotection against several species of Phytophthora thatcan infect the roots and crown of the tree, and it effectivelycontrols crown, collar rot and root rot caused byPhytophthora species. The hyperactive systemic activityof Ridomil Gold SL protects the plant from the inside outand results in higher yields and quality at harvest. Fromplanting to year-to-year tree maintenance, Ridomil Gold SLhelps keep roots healthier and trees more productive.Almonds & Pistachios

AlmondsRidomil Gold SL Recommendations for Almonds*Target DiseasesUse RateRemarksCrown rot2 qt/A(2 lb a.i./A)Application:Soil spray (broadcast or band): Apply under the tree canopy to cover the root zone two weeks afterplanting (new plantings) or in the spring before growth begins (established plantings). Additionalapplication may be made at two- to three-month intervals, depending on the disease pressure. Make upto three applications per year. Apply before symptoms appear. Ridomil Gold SL will not revitalize treesshowing moderate to severe symptoms. For intense plantings (two to three times the normal plantingrate), apply on a per area basis (1,000 sq ft).Collar rotRoot rot(Phytophthora spp.)or1.5 fl oz/1,000 sq ftSpecific Use Restrictions: Do not exceed the equivalent of 6 lb a.i./A per crop of soil-applied mefenoxam-containing products. In California, do not apply to newly planted trees within 45 days of planting. On some varieties,chlorosis may occur on leaf margins.*Please consult the Ridomil Gold SL label for complete use instructions.Ridomil Gold SL19

Vangard WG20Outstanding Early-SeasonDisease Control for Almondand Pistachio OrchardsVangard WG offers almond and pistachio growers thevery best in early-disease protection. Active against a widerange of fungal diseases, Vangard WG helps fight brown rot,jacket rot, and shot hole in almonds and Botrytis and Alternariain pistachios. The powerful activity of Vangard also protects thedelicate flowers from Monilinia infection, and the residual activityon the tree suppresses other diseases.Almonds & Pistachios

AlmondsVangard WG Recommendations for Almonds*Target DiseasesUse RateRemarksBrown rot blossom blight(Monilinia spp.)5-10 ozof product/AApplication:Apply Vangard WG at 5-10 percent bloom. Additional applications at 50-100 percent bloom and petal fallmay be necessary.Suppression Only:Green fruit rot (jacket rot)(Botrytis cinerea)Shot hole(Wilsonomyces carpophilus)When used for control of brown rot blossom blight, Vangard WG will provide suppression of shot hole.For suppression of green fruit rot, apply at full bloom.For broad-spectrum disease control in tank mixture, apply Vangard WG at a minimum rate of 5 oz in tankmixtures with other fungicides registered for use on almonds.Disease suppression for almond diseases refers to erratic control from fair to good, or consistent controlat a level below that obtained with products registered for control.Specific Use Restrictions: Do not apply more than 30 oz/A of Vangard WG per plot of land per year Make no more than two applications by air 60-day PHI*Please consult the Vangard WG label for complete use instructions.Vangard WG21

Vangard WG22Vangard WG Recommendations for Pistachios*Target DiseasesUse RateRemarksBotrytis(Botrytis spp.)5.5-7 ozof product/AMake the first application during early bloom and repeat applications at 14-day intervals if conditionsremain favorable for disease development.Alternaria(Alternaria alternate)Application:Application may be by ground. Good coverage is essential for good disease control. Use a minimum of20 gal/A spray volume by air.Specific Use Restrictions: Make no more than two applications by air. Do not apply more than 28 oz/A of Vangard WG (1.3 lb a.i./A of cyprodinil) per plot of land per year. 7-day PHI*Please consult the Vangard WG label for complete use instructions.Pistachios

Disease IdentificationAlmondsAlmond Diseases

24Alternaria Leaf SpotAlternaria Leaf Spot – Alternaria alternataSymptomsInfections appear as brown, circular lesions thatcoalesce into large, irregular necrotic zones on leaves.Courtesy: Malcolm MediaLesions often become black in the center wherenumerous spores are produced.Almonds

AlmondsDisease CycleSymptoms of these leaf lesions are typicallyfound in late summer. However, outbreaks canoccur earlier and become severe enough to causedebilitating defoliation (especially in the southernSan Joaquin Valley).Conditions for DevelopmentWarm temperatures, dew and humidity are idealconditions for Alternaria leaf spot development. Thisdisease is consistently worse in areas of little or no airmovement and where dew remains for many hourseach day in late spring through summer.Alternaria Leaf Spot25

26AnthracnoseAnthracnose – Colletotrichum acutatumSymptomsLeaf infections areyellow, irregular lesionsthat begin at the leafmargin or tip andadvance toward themiddle of the leaf.Infected nuts showround, orange colored,sunken lesions on thehull. Profuse gummingoccurs as the infectionprogresses intothe kernel.Courtesy: J. AdaskavegCourtesy: J. AdaskavegAlmonds

AlmondsSymptoms of anthracnose on almonds includeblossom blight and fruit infections, often with spurand limb dieback. Infected flowers look similar tobrown rot strikes.The shoots orbranches that bearinfected nuts often die.Disease CycleThe anthracnose fungus overwinters in dead woodor in mummified fruit that remains attached to thetree. Orange lesions on the infected nuts may appearas early as three weeks after petal fall or later in theseason if conditions are favorable. The shoots orbranches that bear infected nuts often die. Althoughthe fungus may invade fruit wood, it is seldomcultured from affected branches. Death of the woodmay result from a toxin rather than from colonizationof the wood by the fungus.Conditions for DevelopmentAll cultivars appear to be susceptible to anthracnose.Warm, rainy weather is ideal for anthracnosedevelopment. Pruning out infected woods helpsreduce inoculum and limits the spread of disease.Courtesy: J. AdaskavegAnthracnose27

28Brown Rot Blossom BlightBrown Rot Blossom Blight – Monilinia laxa, M. fructicolaSymptomsSpore massescolored gray to tancollect on diseasedflower parts.Young blossomspurs and nearbyleaves collapse to formshoot blight.Courtesy: Malcolm MediaInfected twigs exhibitcankers with tan centersand dark margins. Thesecankers often exude gummymaterials (gummosis).Courtesy: Malcolm MediaAlmonds

AlmondsDisease CycleThe brown rot blossom blight fungus overwintersin twig cankers and on residual flower parts andspurs. Spore pads grow on these structures in latewinter for primary inoculum in the spring. The sporesare airborne or rain-splashed. Therefore, stigma,anthers and petals are all susceptible to infection,especially when the flower is open.Conditions for DevelopmentBlossom blight infections are most commonat bloom until petal fall. Optimum conditions fordevelopment include foggy or rainy weather withtemperatures around 75 F, but infection can developwith temperatures as low as 50 F to 60 F.Brown Rot Blossom Blight29

30Green Fruit Rot (Jacket Rot)Green Fruit Rot (Jacket Rot) –Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Monilinia laxaSymptomsGreen fruit rot begins during the latter part of thebloom period when the fungus infects senescingpetals and anthers. Infected petals developwater-soaked brown spots. Some infected petals mayfall onto leaves causing secondary infections. Antherinfections can spread to floral tubes or flower jacketscausing them to wither and stick to developing fruit.Courtesy: B. T. Teviotdale. Reproducedfrom Compendium of Nut Crop Diseasesin Temperate Zones, 2002, AmericanPhytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minn.Almonds

AlmondsDisease CycleAs fruit sets and starts to grow, a brown spotdevelops where the jackets stick to it. This isparticularly a problem where nut clusters trapsenescing flower parts. Frequently this leads torot of entire nut clusters.Conditions for DevelopmentWhen conditions are cool and wet during bloom,it can cause severe losses. One or more of severalpathogens may be involved.Green Fruit Rot (Jacket Rot)31

32Leaf BlightLeaf Blight – Seimatosporium lichenicolaSymptomsIn spring and throughout summer, infected leaveswither (at the base of shoots), turn brown and die.Courtesy: B. T. Teviotdale. Reproducedfrom Compendium of Nut Crop Diseasesin Temperate Zones, 2002, AmericanPhytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minn.Almonds

AlmondsDisease CycleThe fungus overwinters on dead petioles thatremain attached to the tree. Spores are spreadby rain. Leaf blight is usually not very severe orwidespread – it rarely destroys more than 20 percentof the leaves in one season. But repeated suddendeath of leaves will weaken trees and may contributeto yield loss.Conditions for DevelopmentThe leaf blight fungus favors wet spring weather.Leaf Blight33

34Leaf RustLeaf Rust – Tranzschelia discolorSymptomsInitial symptoms ofthis disease are yellowspots on the upperleaf surfaces.Reddish to darkbrown colored rustlesions appear on thelower leaf surfaces.Courtesy: Malcolm MediaCourtesy: Malcolm MediaAlmonds

AlmondsDisease CycleThe leaf rust fungus overwinters on twigs or leaves,surviving in twig lesions or on other host parts. Rustis usually a late-season problem that can causerapid defoliation.Conditions for DevelopmentThe spread of infection occurs in moist conditions.Unless there are mid-season rains, leaf rust occursonly sporadically in the Sacramento Valley and is veryuncommon in California cultivars.Leaf Rust35

36Phytophthora Crown, Collar and Root RotPhytophthora Crown, Collar and Root Rot –Phytophthora spp.SymptomsSymptom expression depends upon how much ofthe root or crown tissues are affected and how quicklythey are destroyed. Generally, crown rots advancerapidly and trees collapse and die soon after the firstwarm weather of spring. Leaves of such trees wilt, dryand remain attached to the tree. Chronic infections,usually of the roots, cause reduction in growth andearly senescence and leaf fall. These trees may beunthrifty for several years before succumbing to thedisease. Phytophthora infections typically kill youngtrees because their root systems and crown areas aresmall compared to those of mature trees.Courtesy: B. L. Teviotdale. Reproducedfrom Compendium of Nut Crop Diseasesin Temperate Zones, 2002, AmericanPhytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minn.Almonds

AlmondsDisease CycleProper water management is the most importantaspect in controlling root and crown rot. Do notallow water to accumulate or stand around crownsof trees. Provide adequate drainage to low spots inthe orchards, areas that flood frequently and placeswhere water penetration is extremely poor or leaveareas unplanted.Rootstocks vary in susceptibility to the differentPhytophthora species; none are resistant to allpathogenic species of the fungus. Thus, the successof a rootstock may depend in part upon the speciesof Phytophthora present in the orchard. In general,plum rootstocks are more resistant than are peachor peach-almond hybrids. Of the plum rootstocks,Marianna 2624 is the most tolerant toPhytophthora species.Conditions for DevelopmentPeriods of 24 hours or more of saturated soilfavor Phytophthora infections. Conversely, good soildrainage and more frequent but shorter irrigationsreduce the risk of root and crown rot. Surface waterfrom irrigation districts is mostly contaminated withPhytophthora species.Phytophthora Crown, Collar and Root Rot37

38Rhizopus Hull RotRhizopus Hull Rot – Rhizopus stoloniferSymptomsBlack fungal growthon the inside of the hull.Source: SyngentaAlmonds

AlmondsDisease CycleFungi produce atoxin that kills the shootattached to the fruit.This causes other greenfruit to not mature andtherefore remain on thetree after harvest.Productivity is reducedin future years due todieback and fruitingwood.Conditions for DevelopmentRhizopus hull rot threatens almonds from thebeginning of hullsplit until the hulls dry. Dependingon fertilization and irrigation, this period that canlast from 10 days to 2 months.Source: SyngentaRhizopus Hull Rot39

40ScabScab – Cladosporium carpophilumSymptomsSpots are soft-lookingand grayish-blacklesions. They canappear on leaves,nuts and twigs.To check for younglesions, hold a leaf upto the light and look forindistinct yellow specks.Defined lesions areusually not visible untillate spring or earlysummer.Courtesy: Malcolm MediaCourtesy: Malcolm MediaAlmonds

AlmondsDisease CycleThe scab fungus overwinters in twig lesions.Starting in March, spores are spread by wind, rainand sprinkler irrigation. The disease often occurs inorchards where the irrigation is sufficient to reach thefoliage at the bottom of the tree.Severe early-seasonepidemics incitepremature leaf dropthat may result in earlynut drop.Conditions for DevelopmentScab favors prolonged, wet spring weather.Courtesy: J. AdaskavegScab41

42Shot HoleShot Hole – Wilsonomyces carpophilusSymptomsLeaf lesions start as reddish specks that grow intospots with tan centers and purplish margins. A smalldark dot (the sporulating structure) appears inside thespot. Spots on young leaves usually fall out, leaving ashot hole effect.Courtesy: B. L. Teviotdale. Reproducedfrom Compendium of Nut Crop Diseasesin Temperate Zones, 2002, AmericanPhytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minn.Almonds

AlmondsConditions for DevelopmentShot hole is most severe during prolonged wetspring weather. Mild temperatures and free moistureare necessary for spores to be produced, germinateand infect plant tissue. Prolonged periods of wetnessdue to either rain or sprinkler irrigation can enhancethe spread and intensity of the disease, particularly inthe lower branches.Disease CycleOn fruit, lesions aresmall and raised, withpurple borders. Theyusually appear on thetop of the fruit as ithangs on the tree.Severe infection maydistort the fruit orcause gumming.Courtesy: B. L. Teviotdale. Reproducedfrom Compendium of Nut Crop Diseasesin Temperate Zones, 2002, AmericanPhytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minn.Shot Hole43

Disease IdentificationPistachiosPistachio Diseases

46Alternaria Late BlightAlternaria Late Blight – Alternaria alternataSymptomsSmall leaf lesions form with characteristic chloroticmargins. On immature (green) nuts, lesions are blackand small (about 1 mm in diameter). Lesions onmature nuts are black, vary in size and are surroundedby reddish margins.Courtesy: T. J. Michailides. Reproducedfrom Compendium of Nut Crop Diseasesin Temperate Zones, 2002, AmericanPhytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minn.Pistachios

PistachiosDisease CycleAlternaria commonly occurs in nature and caneasily develop on crop debris and senescing leaves ofweeds. Spores are spread by air currents or splashedby water drops. “Late blight” describes Alternariain pistachios because it develops – in its mostsevere form – late in the season during maturationof pistachio nuts. Early fruit symptoms show in lateJune, with the disease becoming very severe fromlate August to September on mature pistachios.Conditions for DevelopmentThis pathogen favors high relative humidity anddew formation. It is a particular problem in orchardsirrigated by sprinklers or flooding, although it can bea problem in orchards irrigated with micro-sprinklers,particularly in lower areas where relative humidity canbe high and dew formation is frequent.Alternaria Late Blight47

48Botryosphaeria Panicle and Shoot BlightBotryosphaeria Panicle and Shoot Blight –Botryosphaeria dothideaSymptomsIn mid-spring, youngfruit clusters of shootsblight because ofinfected buds fromthe previous buds fromthe previous growingseason. Advancingcankers also appear.Infected shootsquickly turn black andtheir leaves wilt and dry.Courtesy: T. J. MichailidesCourtesy: T. J. MichailidesPistachios

PistachiosInfected fruit covered with pycnidia (blackstructures) of the fungus (August to September).increase to epidemic proportions within

Almond Disease Control with Inspire Super Fungicide e SuperInspir fungicide offers disease control that is second to none for almonds and pistachios. It utilizes the unique active ingredient difenoconazole with translaminar activity and Vangard WG fungicide with systemic activity to deliver long-lasting control of damaging diseases. For