WIXLIB

SpectrumConsultWi-Fi @ 30 – where nextJan KruysOctober 2018

SpectrumConsultIntroduction I have been involved with the development of Wi-Fi since the early90’s (NCR, AT&T, Lucent Technologies, Cisco)– At that time Huawei began making its first networking hardware Wi-Fi evolved from its 1 Mb/s first version to the 6,3 Gb/s ax version– Wi-Fi evolved into a mature networking technology supported by all majorsuppliers, including Huawei These slides summarize the development of Wi-Fi and itsadoption as a key technology for the connected home andenterprise.October 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 20182

SpectrumConsultHuawei is a leading supplier of Enterprise Networking – including wirelessHuaweiintro (2)NE40-21 router – R2501 ’s 1st X-GEN WiFiWorld’s 1 service- and experience-centric AgileNetwork architectureWorld’s 1st Agile Switch S1270020172013 2007200820081st Ethernet switch –S2403 's fifth-generation router – NE40/NE80 series1st to use the NP ASIC architecturest2009201020112012CE12800Industry's highest-end core router – NetEngine5000E cluster system2012201320162014201720152016NE9000Next-gen DC switches – CloudEngine 12800 series Industry’s highest capacity backboneand CloudFabric Solutionrouter with 4T cards3October 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 2018

SpectrumConsultHuawei today80,000R&D employees14R&Dinstitutes/labs/centersNo. 72 in the180,000Fortune Global 500Employees First EU customer: Telfort170 No. 70 inCountriesInterbrand's Top 100Best Global Brands 2011 – Enterprise Networking Infrastructure First to market with single RAN for cellular Ditto - OFDMA/Beamforming antennas for LTE and 11axOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 20184

SpectrumConsultWireless History Wireless telegraphy (Marconi):– 1896: first patent – in Engeland– 1903: first transatlantic connection – Roosevelt - king Edward VII Broadcasting– 1920: first commercial radio broadcast– 1935: first commercial TV broadcast Cellular telephony/internet:––––1947: first patent - AT&T1973: first handset demo - Motorola2003: 600 million phones2013: 3 billion (smart)phonesOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 20185

SpectrumConsult2 – 8GHz FrequenciesFixed SatelliteServices2.4GHz ISM band Wireless LANsCellularOctober 2018Radar & WirelessLANsMilitairyCopyright (c) SpectrumConsult 20186

SpectrumConsultPublic/cellular wireless Cellular systems evolved over time: ATF2, GSM, 3G, 4G, now 5G Operate in licensed radio spectrum Licenses are expensive – billions of No spectrum sharing with other usersNo interference through coordination with other operators:Capacity is defined by number of base stationsUser data rate varies with distance to base station Obligation to provide country level coverage Means expensive infrastructure for each operator Compulsory fee based business model Recoups large investments in infrastructureOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 20187

SpectrumConsultCellular Wireless The base station controls who sends/receives when FDD separate channels for up-/down – gap 10% of operating frequency– Efficient use of spectrum – if traffic down traffic up– Traffic model is railway-like - good for voice and video streaming TDD: same channel up and down – no frequency separation needed– Adapts well to (asymmetrical) data traffic– More complex scheduling of up/down trafficOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 20188

SpectrumConsultPrivate Wireless License free – but shared – radio spectrum No coverage obligation - voluntary services model– Building scale coverage Traffic model is highway-like: fast and highly variable Best known examples: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee Consumer use– Flexible ownership – self-owned or service provider Enterprise use– Typically owned, large scale, managed Wi-Fi networksOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 20189

SpectrumConsultTDD/LBT Technology Wi-Fi’s Carrier Sense Multiple Access is the example of a “listenbefore-talk” technology– No central “controller” – networks are easily created and extended– The price paid is some inefficiency: to avoid collisions transmitters need to“back-off” sometimes Network overlap requires frequency separation manychannelsOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201810

SpectrumConsultThe Spectrum Story 1985 – FCC opens spectrum at 915 and 2400MHzrequires spread spectrum technology, FHSS/DSSS 1993 – first 5GHz band available (150MHz) 1997 – FCC drops DSSS requirementallows CCK (11Mb/s) and OFDM (54Mbs) modulation 2003 – ITU-R allocates 455MHz – 18 channels of 20MHz!Sharing with high power radar systems 2018 – FCC/ECC study release of 5925-6425MHz – 24 channelsSharing with Fixed Links, Satellite uplink and Radio AstronomyOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201811

SpectrumConsultSpectrum to date2.4GHz band: 83.5MHz 3(4) channels – sharing withBluetooth and other devicesDFS range24002483,551505250535054705725MHz5GHz band: 455 MHz 19 channels of 20MHz or 9channels of 40 MHz – only Wi-Fi and some radarsOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201812

SpectrumConsultThe future spectrum picture Radars are few but affect large distances – “DFS” protects radarsDFS for sharing with Radar5150 MHz5250 MHzManaged sharing with Fixed Links, etc57250 MHz Fixed Links require local protection zones – coordination per data base Typical spectrum available 800MHz anywhere, any timeOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201813

SpectrumConsultIEEE Organization Major, world-wide factor in technology development– 430.000 members in 160 countries– “all” electric and electronic technologies– Organized in 39 societies covering aerospace to vehicular technologies,example: ComSoc IEEE Standards Association––––NGO alternative to ISO/IECDriven by industry and academiaOrganized in CommitteesP802 – LAN/MAN - is the largest, includes 802.11 Wireless LANOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201814

SpectrumConsultIEEE 802.11 – “birthplace of wireless LANs” 1989 – work begins, initiated by NCR (NL), Aironet, Xircom,Symbol Technologies– Parallel development of DSSS, FHSS and IR PHYs– MAC starting point is Ethernet without collision detection– Instead: collision avoidance: listen before talk 1993: CSMA/CA – “Distributed Foundation Wireless MAC”– 2 modes: distributed and centralized control– Distributed for easy sharing of channels without central management– Centralized for voice and videoOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201815

SpectrumConsultIEEE 802.11a/b/g – growing up 1993: 100 Mb/s Ethernet– triggers 802.11 work “high speed versions”– Home RF proposes 5MHz FHSS,– FCC relaxes its regulation and removes DSSS requirement 1997: first full standard approved and published– Parallel development of CCK for 2.4GHz and OFDM (2.4 & 5 GHz)– CCK gives 11Mb/s in 2.4GHz ––October 2018Long battle between Harris Semi and Lucent TechnologiesOFDM provides up to 54Mb/s but requires heavy DSPCooperation between ETSI and IEEE on OFDMCopyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201816

SpectrumConsultIEEE 802.11n – flexing muscles 2002: begin of MIMO, new security architecture, meshnetworking, power save for clients– MIMO increases capacity by smart signal processing– Early Wi-Fi Security was simple and inadequate: RSN uses128bit keys– Mesh networking increases flexibility in deployment butreduces capacity– Power save allows client to sleep and save power withoutlosing connectionOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201817

SpectrumConsultWi-Fi Alliance 1999: Creation of the WFA– Goal is to create user confidencethrough certification of interoperabilityacross vendors 20 years later:– 40.000 certifications– simplified logo:n 4, ac 5, ax 6October 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201818

SpectrumConsultIEEE 802.11n/ac - Evolving capabilities 2005: 802.11e approved – adds 3 levels of QoS to “best effort” 2009: 802.11n – 5GHz OFDM/MIMO – approved––––MIMO, with up to 4 antennas (data streams)Leverages multipath effects of RF propagation40MHz channels for 16x improvement in speed - 600Mb/s7 year battle between two camps: TGn SYNC and WWISE 2013: 802.11ac approved– multi-user downlink capability – more efficient for short data packets– 256QAM 8 streams 80MHz channels give 3,4Gb/s throughputOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201819

SpectrumConsultMIMO: Speed & CapacityHomeUseEnterpriseUseOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201820

SpectrumConsultWi-Fi Network Security Information Security– Encryption and integrity checks on data transmission– Necessary basis for other security functions, e.g. access control– Requires secure hardware (chips) Access Control– Who identification authentication (is Pete indeed Pete?)– What access control (to network, applications, data, etc)– Why authorisation (Pete says that Jan is allowed to do xxx) Security Management– Secure methods of management for crypto keys, codes, etc.– Secure methods of assigning access rights etcOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201821

SpectrumConsult802.11 Security architecture: RSNA and PKCIntranet /Internet Users have securitycertificates (Public/Private parts) Issued by CA AP passes usercredentials to SAC SAC validates andissues crypto keys touser and appsOctober 2018AccesspointCopyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201822

SpectrumConsultThe full pictureInternet Wi-Fi security is part of the solution Secure the whole chain Crypto does not help against phishing 2 factor authentication is secure (e.g. pwd preset call backnumber) prevents man-in-the-middle attack etcOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201823

SpectrumConsultIEEE 802.11 Analysis Strengths–––––Decentralised easy installation/expansionAdapts well to different traffic types and loadsVery high transmission speeds support multiple videoEasily integration/sharing with other comms technologiesWidely used: 10 billion chipsets Weaknesses– Decentralised performance is hard to analyse, tough to optimize– Unpredictable service in dense situations– Inefficient use of radio spectrumOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201824

SpectrumConsultWi-Fi performance proved variable .(source:7Signal, 2013)October 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201825

SpectrumConsult but management tools help2013October 20182018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201826

SpectrumConsult802.11ax: Wi-Fi Reaches Maturity Improved control of AP over clients 4X capacity Cell coloring ignore traffic from neighbor cells OFDMA (MU up/down) shorter response times More efficient beamforming – less overhead Improved channel bonding – up to 160MHz channels 1024 QAM modulation – higher data rate More spectrum on the way – 6GHz rangeOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201827

SpectrumConsultLegacy 802.11 versus new 802.11axContention Based Resource Allocation Uncoordinated resource managementDevices compete until they succeedIdeal for single AP scenarioTargeted at the consumer marketOctober 2018Scheduled Resource Allocation Uplink resource allocation managed by APIncreased capacityIdeal for a dense scenariosThe right solution for the enterprise marketCopyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201828

SpectrumConsultOFDM vs OFDMAOFDMAOFDMUser 1 (Webpage)User 2(Streaming)User 3 (WeChat/Instagram)Fixed Overhead vs Efficient Payload DeliveryOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201829

SpectrumConsultOFDMA and MU-MIMO Are ComplementaryOFDMAOFDMA Efficiency ImprovementOFDMA Reduces LatencyIdeal for Low BW AppsMU-MIMOMU-MIMO Capacity ImprovementMU-MIMO Higher SpeedsIdeal for High BW AppsOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201831

SpectrumConsultBeamforming Focuses energy in transmit Focuses sensitivity in receive Reduces interference Multiple beams Tx and Rx Is complementary to MUMIMO Little benefit indoors: beamdiffusionOctober 2018Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult 201832