Transcription
specific heat capacityjoules per kilogram per kelvinJ/(kg·K)WATERTREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTIONSYSTÈMEINTERNATIONALnewtonsUNITSper metersurface tensionN/mWhenwaterpaypar OPERATORMATH REFERENCE SHEETthermal performingconductivity calculations,watts permeter operatorsper kelvin shouldW/(m·K)specific volumecrop marksm3/kgcubic meters per kilogramticularto thepernumbersbut also to m/secthe unitsvelocity attention not only meterssecondinvolved. Where SI units and customary units are given, convert allFrequentlyviscosity, absolutepascal-secondPa·secunits to one system, usually SI, first. Be sure to write the appropriateviscosity,kinematicper secondm2/secunitswitheach number insquarethe meterscalculationsfor clarity. Inaccuratecalculationsand measurementscan lead to incorrect reportsvolumecubic meterm3 andcostlyoperational decisions.perThissection introduces the calculationswave numbermeterm–1that are the basic building blocks of the water/wastewater industry.used formulas and conversionsSI PrefixesKEYSIFORMULASMATHTheis based onFORfactorsof ten, similar to the dollar. This allowsthesizeof the unit of measurement to be increased or decreasedAreaFormulaswhile the base unit remains the same. The SI prefixes aremega, M 1,000,000 # the base unitarea s # s kilo, k 1,000 # the base unitdiagonal 1.414hecta,#hs 100 # the base unitsdeca, da 10 # the base unitRectangle or Parallelogramdeci, d 0.1 # the base unitarea b # hcenti, c 0.01 # the base unitdiagonal square root (b2 h2)bmilli, m 0.001 # the base unitmicro, µ 0.000001 # the base unitSquareaTrapezoidharea hbAny Triangleb#harea 2hbBase SI ectric currentampereACirclethermodynamic temperaturekelvinKamount of substancemolemolarea π # r2circumference 2 # π # rluminous intensitycandelacd5AbbreviationcRight-Angle TriangleQuantityba2 b2 c2arSector of a Circle2area llength 0.01745 # r # a1angle 0.01745#rαrradius Ellipseaarea π # a # b6bInformation provided as a reference for studying only. Contact your local certification agencyfor information about the specific resources provided to individuals taking certification exams.
WATER TREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OPERATOR MATH REFERENCE SHEETOther FormulasRectangular Solidtheoretical watergal/min # total head, fthorsepower 3, 960volume h # a # bsurface area (2 # a # b) (2 # b # h) (2 # a # b)habCylindergal/min # lb/in.1, 715theoretical water horsepowerpump efficiencyhflow, gpmfilter backwash rate, gal/min/ft2area of filter, ft 2a bvolume π # a # b # hvolume of basin, galflow rate, gpmdetention time, min rElliptical Cylindersurface overflow rate h# h 6.283 # a # bweir overflow rate flow, gpmarea, ft 2flow, gpmweir length, ftpounds per mil gal parts per million # 8.34Spherevolume parts per million pounds per mil gal # 0.12rparts per million percent strength of solution # 10,000pounds per day volume, mgd # dosage, mg/L # 8.34 lb/galsurface area 4 # π # r2feed, lb/daydosage, mg/L volume, mgd # 8.34 lb/galConehπ # r2 # hvolume 3r2rectangular basin volume, ft3 length, ft # width, ft # height, ftrectangular basin length, ft # width, ft # height, ft # 7.48 gal/ft3volume, galr# (r h) # hright cylinder 0.785 # diameter2, ft # height or depth, ftvolume, ft3Pyramidhvolume a # b3 # ha7bright cylinder0.785 # diameter2, ft # height or depth, ft volume, gal# 7.48 gal/ft3volume, gpdgallons per capita per day, population served/dayaverage water usage8volume, gpdsupply, days population served # gpcd(full to tank dry)Basic Mathsurface area π # r # brake horsepower volume π # r2 # hsurface area 2 # π # rhπ 3.142area 6.283 #Basic MathVolume Formulasgallons per day ofwater consumption, population # gpcd(demand/day)Consumption Averages, per capitawinter 170 gpcdspring 225 gpcdsummer 325 gpcdInformation provided as a reference for studying only. Contact your local certification agencyfor information about the specific resources provided to individuals taking certification exams.
WATER TREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OPERATOR MATH REFERENCE SHEETLinear Measurementfathomsfeet (ft)inches (in.)miles (mi)yards (yd)yards (yd)#6# 12# 0.0833# 5,280#3# 36 feet (ft)inches (in.)feet (ft)feet (ft)feet (ft)inches (in.)Circular Measurementdegrees (angle)degrees (angle)# 60# 0.01745 minutes (angle) radiansArea Measurementacressquare feet (ft2)square inches (in.2)square miles (mi2)square miles (mi2)square miles (mi2)square yards (yd2)# 43,560 # 1440.00695 #640 ## 27,880,000 # 3,098,000 #9square feet (ft2)square inches (in.2)square feet (ft2)acressquare feet (ft2)square yards (yd2)square feet (ft2)# 43,560cubic feet (ft3)gallons (gal)gallons (gal)144 square inches # 1 inchcubic inches (in.3)gallons (gal)quarts (qt)pints (pt)acre feet (acre-ft)gallons (gal)cubic feet (ft3)teaspoons (tsp)cubic feet (ft3)cubic inches (in.3)barrels (bbl)quarts (qt)pints (pt)gallons, Imperialacre-feet (acre-ft)Units of Measure and ConversionsCONVERSION OF US CUSTOMARY UNITSVolume Measurementacre-feet (acre-ft)acre-feet (acre-ft)barrels (bbl)board foot (fbm)cubic feet (ft3)cubic feet (ft3)cubic feet (ft3)cubic feet (ft3)cubic feet (ft3)cubic inches (in.3)cubic inches (in.3)dropsgallons (gal)gallons (gal)gallons (gal)gallons (gal)gallons (gal)gallons, USgallons (gal) # 325,851 # 42 1,728 #7.48052 # # 29.92 # 59.84 # 0.000023 # 0.00433 # 0.0005860 # # 0.1337 # 231 # 0.0238 #4 #80.83267 #0.00000308 #31Information provided as a reference for studying only. Contact your local certification agencyfor information about the specific resources provided to individuals taking certification exams.
WATER TREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OPERATOR MATH REFERENCE SHEETgallons (gal)gallons (gal)gallons, Imperialpints (pt)quarts (qt)quarts (qt)# 128# 0.0238# 1.20095#2#4# 57.75 ounces (oz)barrels (42 gal) (bbl)gallons, USquarts (qt)gallons (gal)cubic inches (in.3) inches of mercuryfeet of waterpounds per square inch (lb/in.2)inches of mercuryatmospherespounds per square inch (lb/in.2)pounds per square foot (lb/ft2)inches of mercuryfeet of wateratmospherespounds per square inch (lb/in.2)atmospheresinches of mercurypounds per square inch (lb/in.2)feet of waterpounds per square inch (lb/in.2)feet of waterinches of mercuryinches of waterinches of mercuryPressure Measurementatmospheresatmospheresatmospheresfeet of waterfeet of waterfeet of waterfeet of waterfeet of waterinches of mercuryinches of mercuryinches of mercuryinches of waterinches of waterinches of waterpounds/square in. (lb/in.2)pounds/square foot (lb/ft2)pounds/square in. (lb/in.2)pounds/square inch (lb/in.2)pounds/square inch (lb/in.2)feet suction lift of water# 29.92# 33.90# 14.70# 0.8826# 0.02950# 0.4335# 62.43# 0.8876# 1.133# 0.03342# 0.4912# 0.002458# 0.07355# 0.03613# 0.01602# 6,954# 2.307# 2.036# 27.70# 0.882Weight Measurementcubic feet of icecubic feet of water (50 F)cubic inches of watergallons water (50 F)milligrams/liter (mg/L)milligrams/liter (mg/L)milligrams/liter (mg/L)# 57.2ounces (oz)parts per million (ppm)# 437.5grains per gallon (gpg)# 17.118# 62.4# 0.036# 8.3453# 0.0584# 0.07016# 8.345#pounds (lb)pounds of waterpounds of waterpounds of watergrains per gallon (US) (gpg)grains per gallon (Imp)pounds per million gallons(lb/mil gal) grains (gr) milligrams per liter (mg/L)(for normal water applications) parts per million (ppm) 32Information provided as a reference for studying only. Contact your local certification agencyfor information about the specific resources provided to individuals taking certification exams.
WATER TREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OPERATOR MATH REFERENCE SHEETpercent solutionpounds (lb)pounds (lb)pounds (lb)pounds/cubic inch (lb/in.3)pounds of waterpounds of waterpounds of watertons (short)tons (short)tons (long)cubic feet air (@ 60 F and29.92 in. mercury)# 142.86 pounds per million gallons(lb/mil gal) milligrams per liter (mg/L)# 10,000 ounces (oz)# 16 grains (gr)# 7,000# 0.0004114 tons (short) pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3)# 1,728# 0.0166032 cubic feet (ft3) cubic inches (in.3)# 2,768 gallons (gal)# 0.1198 pounds (lb)# 2,000 tons (long)# 0.892872,240 pounds (lb)# pounds (lb)# 0.0763Units of Measure and Conversionsgrains per gallon (gpg)Flow Measurementbarrels per hour (bbl/hr)acre-feet/minuteacre-feet/minutecubic feet/minute (ft3/min)cubic feet/minute (ft3/min)cubic feet/second (ft3/sec)cubic feet/second (ft3/sec)cubic feet/second (ft3/sec)gallons/minute (gpm)gallons/minute (gpm)gallons/minute (gpm)gallons/minute (gpm)gallons/minute (gpm)gallons/minute (gpmgallons/minute (gpm)gallons water/minutemillion gallons/day (mgd)million gallons/day (mgd)million gallons/day (mgd)million gallons/day (mgd)pounds of water/minuteminer’s inch# 0.70miner’s inches (9 gpm)# 8.98# 325.851# 726# 0.1247# 62.43# 448.831# 0.646317# 1.984# 1,440# 0.00144# 0.00223# 0.1337# 8.0208# 0.00442# 1.43# 6.0086# 1.54723# 92.82# 694.4# 3.07# 26.700gallons per minute (gpm)gallons per minute (gpm)cubic feet per second (ft3/sec)gallons per second (gps)pounds of water per minutegallons per minute (gpm)million gallons per day (mgd)acre-feet per day (acre-ft/day)gallons per day (gpd)million gallons per day (mgd)cubic feet per second (ft3/sec)cubic feet per minute (ft3/min)cubic feet per hour (ft3/hr)acre-feet per day (acre-ft/day)barrels (42 gal) per day (bbl/day)tons of water per 24 hourscubic feet per second (ft3/sec)cubic feet per minute (ft3/min)gallons per minute (gpm)acre-feet per day (acre-ft/day)cubic feet per second (ft3/sec)flow through an orifice of1 in.2 under a head of 4 to 6 in. gallons per minute (gpm) 33Information provided as a reference for studying only. Contact your local certification agencyfor information about the specific resources provided to individuals taking certification exams.
WATER TREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OPERATOR MATH REFERENCE SHEETminer’s inches (9 gpm)miner’s inches (11.25 gpm)miner’s inches (11.25 gpm) cubic feet per minute (ft3/min) gallons per minute (gpm) cubic feet per minute (ft3/min)# 1.2# 11.22# 1.5Work MeasurementBritish thermal units (Btu)British thermal units (Btu)British thermal units (Btu)foot-pounds (ft-lb)foot-pounds (ft-lb)foot-pounds (ft-lb)horsepower-hours (hp·hr)horsepower-hours (hp·hr)kilowatt-hours (kW·hr)kilowatt-hours (kW·hr)# 777.5# 39,270# 29,280# 1,286# 50,500,000# 37,660,000# 2,547# 0.7457# 3,415# 1.241 foot-pounds (ft-lb)horsepower-hours (hp·hr)kilowatt-hours (kW·hr)British thermal units (Btu)horsepower-hours (hp·hr)kilowatt-hours (kW·hr)British thermal units (Btu)kilowatt-hours (kW·hr)British thermal units (Btu)horsepower-hours (hp·hr)Power Measurementboiler horsepower# 33,480boiler horsepowerBritish thermal units/second(Btu/sec)British thermal units/minute(Btu/min)British thermal units/minute(Btu/min)British thermal units/minute(Btu/min)British thermal units/hour(Btu/hr)British thermal units/hour(Btu/hr)British thermal units/hour(Btu/hr)foot-pounds per second(ft-lb/sec)foot-pounds per second(ft-lb/sec)foot-pounds per second(ft-lb/sec)foot-pounds per minute(ft-lb/min)# 9.8# 1.0551# 12.96 British thermal units per hour(Btu/hr) kilowatts (kW) kilowatts (kW)# 0.02356 foot-pounds per second(ft-lb/sec) horsepower (hp)# 0.01757 kilowatts (kW)# 0.293 watts (W)# 12.96 foot-pounds per minute(ft-lb/min) horsepower (hp)# 0.00039# 771.7# 1,818 British thermal units per minute(Btu/min) horsepower (hp)# 1,356 kilowatts (kW)# 303,000 horsepower (hp)34Information provided as a reference for studying only. Contact your local certification agencyfor information about the specific resources provided to individuals taking certification exams.
foot-pounds per minute(ft-lb/min)horsepower (hp)# 226,000 kilowatts (kW)# 42.44horsepower (hp)# 33,000horsepower (hp)# 550horsepower (hp)horsepower (hp)horsepower (hp)kilowatts (kW)# 1,980,000kilowatts (kW)# 56.92kilowatts (kW)# 3,413kilowatts (kW)# 44,250kilowatts (kW)# 737.6kilowatts (kW)tons of refrig. (US)# 1.341watts (W)# 0.05692watts (W)# 0.7376watts (W)# 44.26watts (W)# 1,341 British thermal units per minute(Btu/min) foot-pounds per minute(ft-lb/min) foot-pounds per second(ft-lb/sec) foot-pounds per hour (ft-lb/hr) kilowatts (kW) watts (W) British thermal units per second(Btu/sec) British thermal units per minute(Btu/min) British thermal units per hour(Btu/hr) foot-pounds per minute(ft-lb/min) foot-pounds per second(ft-lb/sec) horsepower (hp) British thermal units per24 hours British thermal units per minute(Btu/min) foot-pounds (force) per second(ft-lb/sec) foot-pounds per minute(ft-lb/min) horsepower (hp)# 0.7457# 745.7# 0.9478# 288,000Units of Measure and ConversionsWATER TREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OPERATOR MATH REFERENCE SHEETVelocity Measurementfeet/minute (ft/min)feet/minute (ft/min)feet/second (ft/sec)miles/hour (mph)miles/hour (mph)# 0.01667# 0.01136# 0.6818# 88# 1.467 feet per second (ft/sec)miles per hour (mph)miles per hour (mph)feet per minute (ft/min)feet per second (ft/sec)Miscellaneousgrade: 1 percent (or 0.01) 1 foot per 100 feet35Information provided as a reference for studying only. Contact your local certification agencyfor information about the specific resources provided to individuals taking certification exams.
WATER TREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OPERATOR MATH REFERENCE SHEETMETRIC CONVERSIONSLinear Measurementinch (in.)inch (in.)foot (ft)foot (ft)foot (ft)yard (yd)mile (mi)mile (mi)millimeter (mm)centimeter (cm)meter (m)meter (m)meter (m)kilometer (km)# 25.4# 2.54# 304.8# 30.48# 0.3048# 0.9144# 1,609.3# 1.6093# 0.03937# 0.3937# 39.3701# 3.2808# 1.0936# 0.6214 millimeters (mm)centimeters (cm)millimeters (mm)centimeters (cm)meters (m)meters (m)meters (m)kilometers (km)inches (in.)inches (in.)inches (in.)feet (ft)yards (yd)miles (mi) square centimeters (cm2)square meters (m2)square centimeters (cm2)square meters (m2)square meters (m2)square kilometers (km2)hectares (ha)square kilometers (km2)square inches (in.2)square feet (ft2)square yards (yd2)acresacressquare miles (mi2) cubic centimeters (cm3)cubic centimeters (cm3)cubic meters (m3)liters (L)cubic meters (m3)Area Measurementsquare meter (m2)hectare (ha)square inch (in.2)square foot (ft2)square yard (yd2)acreacresquare mile (mi2)square centimeter (cm2)square meters (m2)square meters (m2)hectare (ha)square kilometer (km2)square kilometer (km2)# 10,000# 10,000# 6.4516# 0.092903# 0.8361# 0.004047# 0.4047# 2.59# 0.16# 10.7639# 1.1960# 2.471# 247.1054# 0.3861Volume Measurementcubic inch (in.3)cubic foot (ft3)cubic foot (ft3)cubic foot (ft3)cubic yard (yd3)# 16.3871# 28,317# 0.028317# 28.317# 0.764636Information provided as a reference for studying only. Contact your local certification agencyfor information about the specific resources provided to individuals taking certification exams.
acre foot (acre-ft)ounce (US fluid) (oz)quart (liquid) (qt)quart (liquid) (qt)gallon (gal)gallon (gal)peck (pk)bushel (bu)cubic centimeters (cm3)cubic meter (m3)cubic meter (m3)cubic meter (m3)cubic meter (m3)liter (L)liter (L)liter (L)decaliter (dL)decaliter (dL)hectoliter (hL)hectoliter (hL)hectoliter (hL)hectoliter (hL)# 1233.48# 0.029573# 946.9# 0.9463# 3.7854# 0.0037854# 0.881# 0.3524# 0.061# 35.3183# 1.3079# 264.2# 0.000811# 1.0567# 0.264# 0.0353# 2.6417# 1.135# 3.531# 2.84# 0.131# 26.42 cubic meters (m3)liters (L)milliliters (mL)liters (L)liters (L)cubic meters (m3)decaliters (dL)hectoliters (hL)cubic inches (in.3)cubic feet (ft3)cubic yards (yd3)gallons (gal)acre-feet (acre-ft)quart (liquid) (qt)gallons (gal)cubic feet (ft3)gallons (gal)pecks (pk)cubic feet (ft3)bushels (bu)cubic yards (yd3)gallons (gal)Units of Measure and ConversionsWATER TREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OPERATOR MATH REFERENCE SHEETPressure Measurementpound/square inch (psi)pound/square inch (psi)pound/square inch (psi)# 6.8948pound/square foot (lb/ft2)pound/square foot (lb/ft2)# 47.8803pound/square foot (lb/ft2)inches of mercuryinches of waterbarpascals (Pa)pascals (Pa)kilopascals (kPa)pascals (Pa)# 4.8824# 0.00689# 0.070307# 0.000488# 3,376.8# 248.84# 100,000#1# 0.000145# 0.145# 0.00029637 kilopascals (kPa) pascals (Pa) kilograms/square centimeter(kg/cm2) pascals (Pa) kilograms/square centimeter(kg/cm2) kilograms/square meter (kg/m2) pascals (Pa) pascals (Pa) newtons per square meter newtons per square meter pounds/square inch (psi) pounds/square inch (psi) inches of mercury (at 60 F)Information provided as a reference for studying only. Contact your local certification agencyfor information about the specific resources provided to individuals taking certification exams.
WATER TREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OPERATOR MATH REFERENCE SHEETkilogram/square centimeter(kg/cm2)kilogram/square centimeter(kg/cm2)kilogram/square meter(kg/m2)centimeters of mercury# 14.22 pounds/square inch (psi)# 28.959 inches of mercury (at 60 F)# 0.2048 pounds per square foot (lb/ft2)# 0.4461 feet of water# 28.3495 grams (g)grams (g)kilograms (kg)megagrams (metric ton)grams per liter (g/L)grams per cubic meter (g/m3) grains (gr)ounces (oz)pounds (lb)pounds (lb)tons (short)tons (short)pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3)pounds/million gallons(lb/mil gal)Weight Measurementounce (oz)pound (lb)pound (lb)ton (short)pounds/cubic foot (lb/ft3)pounds/million gallons(lb/mil gal)gram (g)gram (g)gram (g)kilograms (kg)kilograms (kg)megagram (metric ton)grams/liter (g/L)grams/cubic meter (g/m3)# 0.045359# 0.4536# 0.9072# 16.02# 0.1198# 15.4324# 0.0353# 0.0022# 2.2046# 0.0011# 1.1023# 0.0624# 8.3454Flow Ratesgallons/second (gps)gallons/minute (gpm)gallons/minute (gpm)gallons/hour (gph)gallons/day (gpd)gallons/day (gpd)cubic feet/second (ft3/sec)cubic feet/second (ft3/sec)cubic feet/minute (ft3/min)cubic feet/minute (ft3/min)cubic feet/minute (ft3/min)# 3.785 liters per second (L/sec)# 0.00006308 cubic meters per second(m3/sec) liters per second (L/sec)# 0.06308 cubic meters per hour (m3/hr)# 0.003785# 0.000003785 million liters per day (ML/day) cubic meters per day (m3/day)# 0.003785 cubic meters per second# 0.028317(m3/sec) liters per minute (L/min)# 1,699 cubic centimeters/second# 472(cm3/sec) liters per second (L/sec)# 0.472 cubic meters per hour (m3/hr)# 1.699038Information provided as a reference for studying only. Contact your local certification agencyfor information about the specific resources provided to individuals taking certification exams.
million gallons/day (mgd)million gallons/day (mgd)million gallons/day (mgd)# 43.8126# 0.003785# 0.043813gallons/square foot (gal/ft2) # 40.74gallons/acre/day (gal/acre/day)# 0.0094gallons/square foot/day(gal/ft2/day)gallons/square foot/day(gal/ft2/day)gallons/square foot/minute(gal/ft2/min)gallons/square foot/minute(gal/ft2/min)gallons/square foot/minute(gal/ft2/min)gallons/capita/day (gpcd)# 0.0407liters/second (L/sec)liters/second (L/sec)liters/second (L/sec)liters/second (L/sec)liters/minute (L/min)cubic centimeters/second(cm3/sec)cubic meters/second (m3/sec)cubic meters/second (m3/sec)cubic meters/second (m3/sec)cubic meters/hour (m3/hr)cubic meters/hour (m3/hr)cubic meters/day (m3/day)cubic meters/day (m3/day)cubic meters/hectare/day(m3/ha/day)cubic meters/squaremeter/day (m3/m2/day)liters/square meter/minute(L/m2/min)liters/square meter/minute(L/m2/min)# 22,824.5# 0.0283# 2.444# 0.679# 40.7458# 3.785# 0.0228# 15.8508# 2.119# 0.0005886# 0.0021# 35.3147 liters per second (L/sec) cubic meters per day (m3/day) cubic meters per second(m3/sec) liters per square meter (L/m2) cubic meters/hectare/day(m3/ha/day) cubic meters/square meter/day(m3/m2/day) liters/square meter/day(L/m2/day) cubic meters/square meter/hour (m3/m2/hr) m/hr liters/square meter/second(L/m2/sec) liters/square meter/minute(L/m2/min) liters/day/capita(L/d per capita) gallons per day (gpd) million gallons per day (mgd) gallons per minute (gpm) cubic feet per minute (ft3/min) cubic feet per second (ft3/sec) cubic feet per minute (ft3/min)Units of Measure and ConversionsWATER TREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OPERATOR MATH REFERENCE SHEETcubic feet per second (ft3/sec)million gallons per day (mgd)gallons per minute (gpm)cubic feet per minute (ft3/min)gallons per minute (gpm)gallons per day (gpd)million gallons per day (mgd)gallons per acre per day(gal/acre/day) gallons/square foot/day(gal/ft2/day) gallons/square foot/minute(gal/ft2/min) gallons/square foot/day(gal/ft2/day) # 22.8245 # 15,850.30.5886 #4.403 # # 264.1720# 0.00026417 # 106.9064# 24.5424# 0.0245# 35.342039Information provided as a reference for studying only. Contact your local certification agencyfor information about the specific resources provided to individuals taking certification exams.
WATER TREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OPERATOR MATH REFERENCE SHEETWork, Heat, and EnergyBritish thermal units (Btu)British thermal units (Btu)foot-pound (force) (ft-lb)# 1.0551horsepower-hour (hp·hr)watt-second (W-sec)# 2.6845# 0.2520# 1.3558# 1.000# 3.600watt-hour (W·hr)# 3,600kilowatt-hour (kW·hr)# 3,600,000kilowatt-hour (kW·hr)British thermal units per# 0.5555pound (Btu/lb)British thermal units per# 8.8987cubic foot (Btu/ft3)kilojoule (kJ)# 0.9478kilojoule (kJ)# 0.00027778kilojoule (kJ)# 0.2778joule (J)# 0.7376joule (J)# 1.0000joule (J)# 0.2399megajoule (MJ)# 0.3725kilogram-calories (kg-cal)# 3.9685kilogram-calories per# 1.8000kilogram (kg-cal/kg)kilogram-calories per liter# 112.37(kg-cal/L)kilogram-calories/cubic meter # 0.1124(kg-cal/m3) kilojoules (kJ)kilogram-calories (kg-cal)joules (J)megajoules (MJ)joules (J)kilojoules (kJ)kilojoules (kJ)joules (J)kilogram-calories per kilogram(kg-cal/kg)kilogram-calories/cubic meter(kg-cal/m3)British thermal units (Btu)kilowatt-hours (kW·hr)watt-hours (W·hr)foot-pounds (ft-lb)watt-seconds (W-sec)calories (cal) horsepower-hour (hp·hr) British thermal units (Btu) British thermal units per pound(Btu/lb) British thermal units per cubicfoot (Btu/ft3) British thermal units per cubicfoot (Btu/ft3)Velocity, Acceleration, and Forcefeet per minute (ft/min)feet per hour (ft/hr)miles per hour (mph)# 18.2880miles per hour (mph)miles per hour (mph)feet/second/second (ft/sec2)inches/second/second(in./sec2)pound-force (lbf)centimeters/second (cm/sec)# 26.82# 0.3048# 44.7# 1.609# 0.3048# 0.0254# 4.44482# 0.0224 meters per hour (m/hr) meters per hour (m/hr) centimeters per second(cm/sec) meters per minute (m/min) kilometers per hour (km/hr) meters/second/second (m/sec2) meters/second/second (m/sec2) newtons (N) miles per hour (mph)40Information provided as a reference for studying only. Contact your local certification agencyfor information about the specific resources provided to individuals taking certification exams.
meters/second (m/sec)meters/minute (m/min)meters per hour (m/hr)meters per hour (m/hr)kilometers/second (km/sec)kilometers/hour econd(m/sec2)newtons (N) F 30# 3.2808 # 39.3701 inches/second/second (in./sec2)# 0.2248 pounds force (lbf) C0 F 90100016020105014040–50–50 freezing point* 60130320.555 ( F – 32)(1.8 C) 32 C 273.15boiling point*7015060–40 C100200–10 10–20 F21050110 20feet per second (ft/sec)miles per hour (mph)feet per minute (ft/min)feet per hour (ft/hr)miles per hour (mph)miles per hour (mph)feet/second/second (ft/sec2)# 0.0373# 0.0547# 3.2808# 2.2369# 0.0103# 3.2808Units of Measure and ConversionsWATER TREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OPERATOR MATH REFERENCE SHEET0122degrees Celsius ( C)degrees Fahrenheit ( F)kelvin (K)212 F100 C373 K32 F0 C273 K*At 14.696 psia, 101.325 kPa.Celsius/Fahrenheit Comparison Graph424150AWWA Water Operator Field Guide,Second EditionHandy information resource for watertreatment plant operators and waterdistribution operators. This ready-to-useguide is packed with all the day-to-dayinformation you need in a flash, in acompact guide.AWWA Catalog No: 20560-2EInformation provided as a reference for studying only. Contact your local certification agencyfor information about the specific resources provided to individuals taking certification exams.
Which operator certification resourceis right for me?Get training on principles and practices with WSO guidebooksWater TreatmentGrade 1Water TreatmentGrade 2Water TreatmentGrade 3 & 4Water DistributionGrade 1 & 2Water DistributionGrade 3 & 4Ready for the test? Make sure with practice questionsand answers:Book option:Study on the go: 1400 all NEW questions andanswersThe new AWWA Exam Prep Appallows you to take certificationpreparation with you whereverstudying is most convenient. Vetted and approved by experts Arranged by subject matter andtopic for easy reference See detailed answer explanation Pairs with AWWA’s CertificationExam Prep App Create mock exams Track your performanceDownload the free app with samplequestion through the Apple orAndroid Store. Additional questionsets are only 19 each!Looking for a wastewater specific resource?Pass our wastewater certification exam with this guide that is specially developedto give wastewater operators practice answering questions that are similar informat and content to the questions that appear on certification exams.Information provided as a reference for studying only. Contact your local certification agencyfor information about the specific resources provided to individuals taking certification exams.
Struggling with math?On-the-job resourcesAWWA Headquarters6666 West Quincy AvenueDenver, CO 80235-3098 USAPhone: 303.794.7711Toll-free: 800.926.7337Fax: 303.347.0804service@awwa.orgGovernment Affairs Office1300 Eye Street NWSuite 701WWashington, DC 20005 USAPhone: 202.628.8303Fax: 202.628.2846www.awwa.orgAWWAIndiaMumbai, Indiawww.awwa.org/indiaInformation provided as a reference for studying only. Contact your local certification agencyfor information about the specific resources provided to individuals taking certification exams.
KEY FORMULAS FOR MATH Area Formulas Square area s # s diagonal 1.414 s Rectangle or Parallelogram area b # h diagonal square root (b 2 h ) s b h 6 Trapezoid area Any Triangle area 2 bh# Right-Angle Triangle a2 b 2 c Circle area π # r2 circumference 2 # π # r Sector of a Circle area length 0.01745 # r # a angle 0. .
