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Sorani Kurdish VocabularyCircumflexed vowels follow uncircumflexed vowels in alphabetization. The furtive iis indicated by italicization, e.g. bâwik ‘father’ but bâwkî ‘his father.’Abbreviations: adj. adjective; cond. conditional; demon. demonstrative;imprs. impersonal (verb is always in the 3rd person singular); impt. imperative;pl. plural; pron. pronoun; sing. singular; subj. subjunctive; pres. present;v.i. verb intransitive; v.p. verb passive; v.t. verb transitive (transitive impliesthat the past tense is formed on the ergative model, not that the verb necessarilytakes a direct object either in Kurdish or in English).Generally, compound verbs are listed under the nonverbal element of the compound; compounds with frequently-occurring elements like dâ-, hał-, and pe- arelisted under the verb.*a- ﺋــــــﻪ habitual verbal prefix (Sulaymanithe city; i engaged in, practicing:dialect); see daahl i îmân religious, ahl i kher chari-à ـﻪ directional suffix on verbs: chûmàtable, ahl i kayf hedonistic; la dâshâr I went to townworthy of: fiłân la rafâqat’dâ zor ahladab ﺋــــﻪدﻩب literature, culture; î ﺋــــﻪدﻩﰉ a So-and-So is quite worthy of friendliterary; iyât ﺋـﻪدﻩﺑﻴــﺎت literature; parshipwar ﺋـﻪدﻩﺑﭙــﻪروﻩر patron of literature; be Aḥmad ﺋــــــﻪﲪــــــﻪد Ahmad, masc. proper ﺋــــﻪدﻩب / impolite; be î ﺋــــﻪدﻩﰉ / imponamelitenessaḥrâr ﺋﻪﺣﺮار liberalsadîb ﺋـــــﻪدﯾـــــﺐ litérateur, literary person, ajzâkhâna ﺎﻧﻪ L ﺋﻪﺟﺰا pharmacyman of letters-aká ـﻪﮐـــــﻪ sing. definite suffix: pyâwakáafandî ﺋــﻪﻓــﻪﻧــﺪی gentleman, anyone whothe manwears western clothes-akân ـﻪﰷن pl. definite suffix: pyâwakânAfrâsiyâb ﻴـﺎب 8 ﺳ ﺋـﻪﻓـﺮا ــ Afrasiab, legendarythe menking of Turanakhlâq ـﻼق L ﺋ ـﻪ morals, ethics; î ـﻼﰵ L ﺋ ـﻪ Afrîqâ ﺋﻪﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ , Afrîqyâ ﺋﻪﻓﺮﯾﻘ;ﺎ Africamoral, ethicalafsar ﺋﻪﻓﺴﻪر officerAłamânî ﻪﻣﺎﱏ T ﺋﻪ Germanafsâna ﺋـﻪﻓـﺴـﺎﻧـﻪ tale, legend; î ﺋـﻪﻓـﺴـﺎﻧـﻪﰃ al’ân ﺋﻪﻵن nowlegendaryalîktronî ﺋﻪﻟﻴﮑﱰۆﱏ electronicafsos ﺋﻪﻓﺴﯚس alas, alackam á ـﻪ . ﺋﻪم this (demon. adj.)afsûn-kirdin ـﺮدن B ﺋـﻪﻓـﺴـﻮون v.t. to charm: ama ﺋﻪﻣﻪ this (demon. pron.)mâr afsûn dakât he charms snakesamag ﺋـﻪﻣـﻪگ goodness; ba ﺑـﻪﺋـﻪﻣـﻪگ faithagar ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر if; chî ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪرﭼـﯽ even though,ful; ba î ﺑـﻪﺋـﻪﻣـﻪﮔـﯽ fidelity; be ﺋـﻪﻣـﻪگ /even ifunfaithful, faithlessagînâ ﺋﻪﮔﻴﻨﺎ if not, otherwiseamak ﺋﻪﻣﻪک amagahâlî ﺋــﻪﻫــﺎﱃ inhabitants, civilian popula- amal ( ﺋـــﻪﻣـــﻪل also ) ـــﻪﻣـــﻪل operation; tionkirdin v.t. to have an operationahl ﺋـﻪﻫـﻞ inhabitant, resident: kâwrâ ahl i amarîk â ـﲀ a ﺋ ـﻪﻣ ـﻪر America; î ـﮑ ـﯽ a ﺋ ـﻪﻣ ـﻪر shâr a the gentleman is a resident ofAmerican163
SORANI KURDISHamatâ c ﺋﻪﻣﻪ here is, voiciamâna ﺋﻪﻣﺎﻧﻪ these (demon. pron.)amârat ﺋـﻪﻣـﺎرﻩت emirate, principality; adarabagakân feudal principalitiesamjâ ﺋﻪﳎﺎ now, at this timeamn ﺋـﻪﻣـﻦ security; î ﺋـﻪﻣـﲎ pertaining tosecurityamřo ۆ g ﺋﻪﻣ todayamshaw ﺋﻪﻣﺸﻪو tonightamust ﺋـﻪﻣـﻮﺳـﺖ finger; aweła ــﻪ kl ـــﻪو ﺘ 8 ﺋـﻪﻣـﻮﺳ ring; basta ـــﺘـــﻪ 8 ـــﻪﺳـــ m ـــ n ﺋـــﻪﻣـــﻮﺳـــ fooled,trickedandâm ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪام member; î ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪاﻣـﯽ membershipandâza ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪازﻩ measurement; be ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪازﻩ /untold, limitlessandâzyâr ر p ﺋﻪﻧﺪاز engineeranfâl ﺋـــﻪﻧـــﻔـــﺎل the Iraqi campaign againstthe Kurds in 1988ango ﮕﯚ s ﺋﻪ youangus(t) ﮕﻮس s ﺋﻪ ، ﮕﻮﺳﺖ s ﺋﻪ amustangûs ﮕﻮوس s ﺋﻪ amustanjâm ﺋ ـﻪﳒ ـﺎم end, result; -dân ﺋ ـﻪﳒ ـﺎم دان v.t. to accomplish, to do; la ’dâ v ﺋـــﻪﳒـــﺎﻣـــﺪا in the end; la i awa as aresult of; be ﺋــــﻪﳒــــﺎم / ineffective, inconsequentialanjuman ﺋﻪﳒﻮﻣﻪن council, board‘antar ـﻪﻧ ـﺘ ـﻪر monkey; wak ‘antar i LotîSâlih like Loti Salih’s monkey, “likean organ grinder’s monkey,” an object of pity and ridicule‘aql ﻪﻗﻞ mind, intelligence‘ard ﻪرد arz2are ﺋﻪرێ yesark (1) ﺋــــــﻪرک duty, responsibility: ark isar shânima khizmat bikam it’s myduty to serve; (2) trouble, labor: hendim ark dâwa nabetawa I’ve causedunprecedented trouble‘arsh ﻪرش thronearshîv ﻴــﭫ 8 ﺋـﻪرﺷـ archive; î ـــﯽ ﻴﭭ 8 ﺋـﻪرﺷـ archivalarz1 ﺋـــــــــﻪرز petition; -kirdin v.t. to say(self-deprecating, of the 1st persononly: arzim kird I said); to petition:arzî ba pâshâ kird la shitèk hepetitioned the king for somethingarz2 ﺋﻪرز earth, landArzařom ﺋﻪرزﻩڕۆم Erzerumarzîng ﺋﻪرزﯾﻨﮓ chin, dimple in the chinashîrat ﺋﻪﺷﲑﻩت tribeashkanja ﺋـﻪﺷـﮑـﻪﳒـﻪ torture; -dân v.t. totorture; -dirân v.p. to be torturedashkawt ﺋﻪﺷﮑﻪوت shikaftashq ﺋﻪﺷﻖ loveashrâf ﺋـــــﻪﴍاف dignitaries, eminent personsasht ﺋﻪﺷﺖ wageasîr ﺋﻪﺳﲑ prisoneraslaḥa „ ـﻪ ƒ ﺋ ـﻪﺳ ـ weapons, arms: ba aslaḥawa armedasp ﺋﻪﺳﭗ horseaspanâgh ﭙﻪ‡غ 8 ﺋﻪﺳ spinachaspârdin ﭙﺎردن 8 ﺋﻪﺳ spârdinaspâyî ﭙﺎﱙ 8 ﺋﻪﺳ stealth; ba stealthilyaspe ‰Š ﭙ 8 ﺋﻪﺳ louse, miteasrîn ﻦ a ﺋﻪﴎ tearAstamûl ﺘﻪﻣﻮول 8 ﺋﻪﺳ Istanbulaster ﺮ Œ ﺘ 8 ﺋﻪﺳ poolastera ﺮﻩ Œ ﺘ 8 ﺋﻪﺳ starasterok ﺮۆک Œ ﺘ 8 ﺋﻪﺳ fireflyasto ـﺘ ـﯚ 8 ﺋ ـﻪﺳ ـ neck, thick part of the neck;girtinà v.t. to assume the burden ofastûr ﺘﻮور 8 ﺋﻪﺳ thickatom ﺋـــــﻪﺗـــــﯚم atom: hez i power of theatom; î atomicatrash ــــــﺮﻩش Ž ﺋــــــﻪ gall: atrashyân chûbûthey had lost their gallavîndâr ﺋﻪﭬ;ﻨﺪار loveraw ﺋـــــﻪو he, she, it (3rd-person sing. pronoun); that (sing. demon. pron.); á that, those (demon. adj.): awshitá that thing, aw shitâná thosethingsawá ﺋــــــــﻪوﻩ that (demon. pron.); bo î inorder that; khwâya God willingawa ( ﺋــــــــــﻪوﻩ with present verb indicatesprogressive): min awa la birsâ damirim I’m dying of hunger164
SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY-awa ( ـﻪوﻩ postposition, with prepositionla; contracts to -wa after vowels)fromawal ﺋﻪوﻩل firstawanda ﺋـــﻪوﻩﻧـــﺪﻩ so much, thus; i tir somuch the more; dû twice as much:min dû awanda’t dadamè I’ll giveyou twice as muchawatâ c ﺋﻪوﻩ there is, voilàawâ ﺋـﻪوا then; hât u ﺋـﻪوا ﻫـﺎت و suppose:awâ hât u kurdèk habû suppose therewas a Kurd who awân ﺋﻪوان they; a ﺋﻪواﻧﻪ those‘awdâl ﻪودال wanderingawe ﺋــــــــﻪوێ there; l’ وێ v there, in thatplace; l’ wa ــــــﻮﻩ l و v from there, fromthat placeawîn ــﻦ a ﺋــﻪو love; dâr ﺋــﻪوﯾــﻨــﺪار lover, inloveawjâ ﺋﻪو ﺎ then, subsequentlyAwrupâ ﺋـﻪوروﭘـﺎ Europe; î ﺋـﻪوروﭘـﺎﱙ Europeanawsâ ﺋﻪوﺳﺎ then, at that timeawto ﺋﻪوﺗﯚ so much, such aay ﺋـﻪی O (vocative particle); oh; now: aykay det? who’s coming now?ayâr ر p ﺋﻪ May‘aybat ﻪﯾﺒﻪت fear, terroraylûl ﺋﻪﯾﻠﻮول September‘aynak ﻪﯾﻨﻪک eyeglassesazhdîhâ ﺋﻪژدﳞﺎ dragon, serpentazhîhâ ﺋﻪژﳞﺎ azhdîhaazhno ﺋـﻪﻧژـﯚ knee; dastaw- ــﺘـﻪو ﺋـﻪﻧژـﯚ 8 دﻩﺳ grieving, mourningazîz ــﺰ a ــﻪز dear; -kirdin v.t. to pamper; -kiran v.p. to be spoiled; kirâw ﺮاو B ﺰ a ﻪز pampered, spoiled-â ( ا contracted form of the postposition’dâ, q.v.)âb ﺋﺎب Augustâbłoqa ﯚﻗﻪ k ﺋﺎﺑ siege; -dân v.t. to besiegeâbřû وو g ﺋــــﺎ–ــــ honor, modesty, shame; birdin v.t. to dishonor, shame; tikândin v.t. to dishonor; bar ووﺑـــــﻪر g ﺋـــــﺎ–ـــــ shameful, dishonorable; chûn ووﭼﻮون g– ﺋﺎ indignityâbuhawâ ﺋﺎﺑﻮﻫﻪوا climateâbunmân ﺋﺎﺑﻮﳕﺎن subscriptionâborî ﺋﺎﺑﯚری economy, economicâdamî ﺋــــﺎدﻩﻣــــﯽ human being; zâ(d) human beingâday ﺋﺎدﻩی now thenâfarîn ـــﻦ a ﺋـــﺎﻓـــﻪر bravo; -kirdin la v.t. toapplaudâfâq ﺋﺎﻓﺎق horizonsâfrat ﺋﺎﻓﺮﻩت womanâgâ ﺋــــ ﮔــــﺎ aware: t l’ aw kârá haya? areyou aware of that?; (2) awake: khawtûa yân ya? is he asleep or awake?; -bûn la v.i. to be aware of; -kirdinv.t. to inform; dâr ﺋـ ﮔـﺎدار la aware of,careful of; dârî ﺋـــ ﮔـــﺎداری awareness,care, attention, informationâgir ﺋ ﮔﺮ fire; dân ﺋ ﮔﺮدان fireplaceâghâ ﺋﺎ ﺎ agha, title of feudal lordâhang ـــﮓ s ﺋـــﺎﻫـــﻪ entertainment, party; geřân to hold a party, give an entertainmentâîn ﺋﺎﺋﲔ religion; î ﺋﺎﺋ›ﲎ religiousâkâm ﺋــــــــ ﰷم end, result: la ’(d)â in theend, finallyâkâr ﺋ ﰷر conduct, moralsâkh ﺋـــــــــــﺎخ earth, grave; exclamation ofpleasureâkhâwtin ــﻦ Ž ــﺎو L ﺋــﺎ conversational, colloquialâkhir ﺋـﺎﺧـﺮ end; (exclamation) well now!,after all!; u okhir ﺋـــﺎﺧـــﺮوﺋـــﻮﺧـــﺮ latterpart, near the end: la i pâyiz dâtoward the end of autumn; amîn ﺋـﺎﺧـﺮﻩﻣـﲔ last: awa jâr be pet biłem letthis be the last time I tell you; î ﺋﺎﺧﺮی final, lastâkhnîn ـﲔ ž ﺋ ـﺎﺧ ـ v.t. to stuff; hał- to stufffull, cram fullâkho ﺋﺎﺧﯚ ah, exclamation of pleasureâl ﺋﺎل red, flushedâłâ Ÿ ﺋﺎ pen; flag, bannerâłân ن Ÿ ﺋـــــﺎ âłe- ‰ ـــــ T ﺋـــــﺎ v.i. to be twisted,wrapped165
SORANI KURDISHâłândin ﻧـــﺪن Ÿ ﺋـــﺎ âłên- ـــﻦ Œ ـــ T ﺋـــﺎ v.t. to twist(trs.)âlât ﺋﺎﻻت tools, implementsâlik ﮏ ﺋﺎ , âlîk ﺋﺎﻟﻴﮏ forage, fodderÂlmân ﺋﺎﳌﺎن Germanyâłosh ﯚش T ﺋﺎ itchâłqa ﻘــﻪ T ﺋـﺎ ring, knocker; rez ـﺰ ﻘــﻪر T ﺋـﺎ ditto; rez i dargâ kutân v.t. to knock at adoorâłtûn ﺘﻮون T ﺋﺎ goldâługoř ـــﻮﮔـــﯚڕ T ﺋـــﺎ change; -kirdin v.t. tochange, to alterâłû ﻮو T ﺋﺎ tonsilsâmâda ﺋـﺎﻣـﺎدﻩ ready; -kirdin v.t. to makeready, prepareâmânat ﺋــﺎﻣــﺎﻧــﻪت trust, safekeeping; ba dânà dast i v.t. to give into thesafekeeping of; ba spârdin ba v.t. to entrust toâmânj ﺋﺎﻣﺎﱋ target, goalâmo ﺋﺎﻣﯚ paternal uncle; zâ ﺋﺎﻣﯚزا cousinâmozhgârî-kirdin ــﺮدن B ﺋــﺎﻣــﯚژﮔــﺎری v.t. toadviseâmřâz از g ﺋﺎﻣ instrument, implement, toolâmyân ﺋﺎﻣ;ﺎن yoghurt starter, leavenânîshk ﺋﺎﻧ›ﺸﮏ elbowânqast (la ) ﺋـﺎﻧـﻘـﻪﺳـﺖ on purpose, deliberatelyâpo ﺋﺎﭘﯚ paternal uncleâpor ﺋﺎﭘﯚر calamityâpora ﺋــﺎﭘــﯚرﻩ crowd; -dân v.t. to crowd:khałkèk i zor la dawr i mizgawt yândâwa many people have crowdedaround the mosqueâraq(a) ﺋـﺎرﻩق ، ﺋـﺎرﻩﻗـﻪ sweat; -kirdinawav.t. to sweat; -rishtin v.t. to sweatârazû ﺋـﺎرﻩزوو wish, hope; kar ﺋـﺎرﻩزووﮐـﻪر desirous, wishful; mand ﺋـــﺎرﻩزووﻣـــﻪﻧـــﺪ hopeful; -kirdin v.t. to wish, desireârâm ﺋـــــﺎرام calm; -girtin v.t. to be still,patient, calm down; biřrân la(bar)v.p. to lose patience: wazîr ârâm’î lehałdagîre the vizier loses his patience; be ﺋــــــــﺎرام / impatient; be î / ﺋﺎراﻣﯽ impatienceârân ﺋﺎران winter quartersârâsta ـﺘـﻪ 8 ﺋـﺎراﺳـ direction; -kirdin v.t. todirect: bînarân datwânin pirsyârakânyân ârâsta i mewân i barnâmakábikan viewers can direct their questions at the guest of the program; kar ﺘﻪﮐﻪر 8 ﺋﺎراﺳ steering, guidingârd ﺋﺎرد flour; amshâr ﺋﺎردﻩﻣﺸﺎر sawdustârkolozhiyâ p ﺋﺎرﮐﯚﻟﯚژ archaeologyârû ﺋﺎروو cucumberâs ﺋﺎس ace (cards)âsawâr ﺋﺎﺳﻪوار remainsâsâ ( ﺋـﺎﺳـﺎ postposition) like: min’îsh khotâsâ am kârá’m kird I, like you, didthis; î normal, usualâsân ﺋــﺎﺳــﺎن easy; -kirdin v.t. to simplify; î ease: ba âsânî with ease, easilyâsâyish ﺋﺎﺳﺎ§ﺶ peace, securityâsh ﺋـﺎش mill; awân ﺋـﺎﺷـﻪوان miller; geřgŒ ﺋﺎﺷﮕ water that turns a millâshbattâł ﺒﻪﺗﺘﺎڵ 8 ﺋﺎﺷ cease-fireâshkirâ ﺋـﺎﺷـﮑـﺮا clear, obvious; public; bûn v.i. to be clear, obvious; to become public; -kirdin v.t. to makeclear, clarifyâshnâ ﻨـﺎ 8 ﺷ ـﺋ ﺎ ــ acquainted, friendly; expert; yatî ﻨﺎﯾﻪﰏ 8 ﺋﺎﺷ acquaintanceâsht ـﺋ ﺎﺷـﺖ on good terms; -bûnawa v.i.to be reconciled; î ـــﱴ 8 ﺋـــﺎﺷـــ peace, reconciliation; îkhwâz ـ;ـﺨـﻮاز n ﺋـﺎﺷـ seeking reconciliationâsik ﺋﺎﺳﮏ gazelle, deerâsin ﺋــــــﺎﺳــــــﻦ iron; i sârd kutân to dosomething useless; gar ــــــﻨـــﮕـــﻪر 8 ﺋـــﺎﺳ blacksmithÂsiyâ ﻴﺎ 8 ﺋﺎﺳ Asiaâsmân ﺋــــﺎﺳــــﲈن sky; i dûr la zawîawaouter space; î of the sky, heavenly,blueâso ﺋﺎﺳﯚ horizonâst ﺋﺎﺳﺖ : la e kho in spite of oneselfâstam ـﺘـﻪم 8 ﺋـﺎﺳـ slight: namirdibû u ba âstam gyân’î te’dâ mâbû he wasn’tdead, for there was a slight trace oflife still in him; ba (èk) slightly:166
SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARYdastim ba èk rûshâwa my hand isslightly scratched; (2) difficult tocross: Taragha kewèk i a Taragha isa difficult mountain to get acrossâsûda ﺋـــﺎﺳـــﻮودﻩ in comfort, comfortable; -kirdin v.t. to make comfortable; î ﺋـﺎﺳـﻮودﻩﱙ comfort, prosperity; kawtinà îawa to become prosperousâtar ﺋﺎﺗﻪر fireâtashbâzî ﺒﺎزی 8 ﺋﺎﺗﻪﺷ fireworksâw ﺋـــﺎو water; î ﺋـــﺎوی watery; light blue; řishen ـــﻦ Œ ﺋـــﺎوڕﺷـــ sprinkling, sprayingwith waterâwadân ﺋﺎوﻩدان flourishingâwał ﺋﺎوﻩڵ friend, companionâwâ ﺋــــــــــﺎوا thus; flourishing, prosperous(land); -bûn to disappear; to begone, over: rozh âwâ be, demà mâłtân when day is done I’ll come toyou; -kirdin v.t. to develop; dân ﺋــــــــــــــﺎوادان flourishing, prosperous; î ﺋـﺎواداﱏ village, settlement; kirdinawadevelopmentâwâł ﺋـــــــــــــﺎواڵ companion, mate; kirâs ﮑﺮاس T ﺋﺎوا women’s trousersâwâra ﺋﺎوارﻩ wanderer, vagabondâwât ﺋـــــﺎوات desire: i dił the heart’s desire; -khwâstin bo to wish for,desire; akhwâz ﺋـــﺎواﺗـــﻪﺧـــﻮاز desirous,hopefulâwâz ﺋ ـﺎواز tune, melody; a ﺋ ـﺎوازﻩ reputation; akhwân ﺋــــﺎوازﻩﺧــــﻮان singer; akhwen ﻦ ﺋﺎوازﻩﺧﻮ singerâwena ﻨﻪ l ﺋﺎو mirrorâwezha ﮋﻩ ﺋﺎو swampâwhâ ﺋﺎوﻫﺎ thus, of this sortâwir ﺋﺎور fire; pregnantâwiř ﺋـﺎوڕ backward glance; -dânawa lav.t. to look over the shoulder at, tolook back atâwis ﺋﺎوس pregnantâwrîshim ﺋـــﺎور§ـــﺸـــﻢ silk; în ﺋـــﺎور§ـــﺸـــﻤـــﲔ silken, made of silkâwru ﺋﺎورو honorâwsân ﺋـﺎوﺳـﺎن âwse- ‰ ﺋـﺎوﺳـ v.i. to swell; towarpâwsâna ﺋـﺎوﺳـﺎﻧـﻪ fable, legend; î ﺋـﺎوﺳـﺎﻧـﻪﱙ fabulous, legendaryâwus ﺋﺎووس âwisây ﺋﺎی O (vocative particle)âyâ p ﺋﺎ interrogative particleâyin ﻦ a ﺋﺎ religion; î traditional; religiousâyina ﺋﺎﯾﻨﻪ mirrorâyinda ﺋــــﺎﯾــــﻨــــﺪﻩ future, coming, next: dorozh i âyinda two days laterâzâ ﺋـﺎزا brave; î ﺋـﺎزاﰃ bravery; yatî ﺋـﺎزاﯾـﻪ ﰏ act of bravery, featâzâd ﺋــــــﺎزاد free; -kirdin v.t. to set free; î ﺋﺎزادى freedomâzâna ﺋﺎزاﻧﻪ bravely, courageouslyâzâr1 ﺋـــﺎزار bother, annoyance; pain, malady; -kirdin v.t. to bother, annoyâzâr2 ﺋﺎزار Marchâzâyâna ﻧﻪ p ﺋﺎزا âzânaâzhal ﺋﺎژﻩل flocks, herdsâzhâwa ﺋﺎژاوﻩ commotion, uproarâzûqa ﺋﺎزووﻗﻪ provisions, storesb- pres. stem of bûnba ( ﺑـــــــــــﻪ with enclitic pronouns pre- orpostposed, pe ‰Š )ﭘ ـ to; by, with (instrumental); by (with passives): hîchit penâkire nothing can be done
arzîng ﮓﻨﯾزرﻪﺋ chin, dimple in the chin ashîrat تﻩﲑﺷﻪﺋ tribe ashkanja ﻪــﳒﻪـﮑـﺷﻪــﺋtorture; -dân v.t. to torture; -dirân v.p. to be tortured ashkawt توﻪﮑﺷﻪﺋ shikaft ashq ﻖﺷﻪﺋ love ashrâf فاﴍﻪـــــﺋdignitaries, eminent per-sons asht ﺖﺷﻪﺋ wage asîr ﲑﺳﻪﺋ prisoner aslaḥa ﻪــ .
