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JANUARY 1981from Cal S t a t e a t Long Beach and anM. S. from UA.His wife, Carol, is anarcheologist.Stu' s hobbies a r e r i v e rrunning, f l y i n g , and Taekwon-Do.New i n Anchorage is petroleumg e o l o g i s t Richard W.Kornbrath, whoi s evaluating t h e petroleum p o t e n t i a lof s t a t e lands p r i o r t o leasing. He isnow working on t h e Cook I n l e t a r e a s i np r e p a r a t i o n f o r upcoming s t a t e l e a s es a l e s 32 and 33. Kornbrath has degreesi n geology (B. S., Allegheny College;M.S.,University of North Dakota) andcame t o DGGS from t h e USGS ConservationDivision i n Anchorage.Rich l i s t s hishobbies a s photography, s k i i n g , andr i v e r running.Returning t o t h e DGGS f o l d is D r .John El Decker, a g e o l o g i s t based i nCollege. Decker returned from Calif orn i a , where he completed h i s Ph.D i ngeology a t Stanford University. J3e wasemployed by t h e USGS. (Four years ago,Decker was a summer g e o l o g i c a l f i e l da s s i s t a n t with DGGS.)To h e l p with t h e expanding workl o a d , DGGS has h i r e d a p a i r of cartographers.D r . Karen S. Pearson, whoworks i n College, has M.S. and PhoD.degrees i n geography from t h e Univers i t y of Wisconsin ( s p e c i a l i z i n g i ncartography) and a B.A. i n a r t h i s t o r yfrom Barnard College. She came t o DGGSfrom t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Nebraska, wheres h e taught cartography.She and herhusband, Roger, a UA a s s o c i a t e profess o r of geography, have a daughter, 7.NewcartographerMichaelE.P r i t c h a r d i s digging i n t o t h e backlogof mapwork i n Anchorage.P r i t c h a r d isa 5-year v e t e r a n af s t a t e s e r v i c e ,coming t o DGGS from t h e Departments ofT r a n s p o r t a t i o n and Natural Resources(Forestry).Mike and his wife,J a n e t t a , have two daughters, 8 and 7.L a r r y Lo Dearborn, t h e n e w hydrolo g i s t , was with t h e USGS Water Res o u r c e s Division i n Anchorage f o r 15y e a r s before joining DGGS.He w i l ls p e c i a l i z e i n ground-water d a t a acquis i t i o n . A former UA s t u d e n t , Dearbornobtained h i s BOA- degree i n geology'from t h e University of Colorado. Larryand h i s wife have two c h i l d r e n , 3 and4.Received with e s p e c i a l l y open armswere new c l e r k - t y p i s t s C r y s t a l D. B u rg e s s , who t o i l s i n t h e Anchorage of-,f ice, and Ruth 80 Decker, who h o l d s 'down t h e College f o r t .Both were3g r e e t e d with a standing ovation and as t a c k of typing.Among t h e new g e o l o g i c a l a s s i s t a n t s a r e Mary D. Albanese, Laurel E.Burns, Cathy A. Bush, James G. Clough,Roy W. I r e l a n d , K r i s t i n Kralik, LarryLueck, William H. M i t c h e l l , Jr., andDiana J. Solie.These people w i l l beworking i n a v a r i e t y of f i e l d s , rangingfrom t o hydrology t o hazards.I n Juneau, DGGS has a new mininginformation c l e r k .He i s Donald A.Gaines, who s t a r t e d i n December.Donformerly worked f o r U.S. Customs. .Completing t h e swap f o r Hansen,Meyer, Krouskop, Kornbrath, and Dearborn was supergeologist D r . James R.R i e h l e , who l e f t t o work f o r t h e USGSBranch of Alaskan Geology, i n crosstownAnchorage.%Third annual Placer Conference in April(fromMukluk News,Tok, Alaska, Jan. 1 , 1981)The UA School of Mineral I n d u s t r yand t h e Alaska Miners Association announce t h e t h i r d annual Alaskan P l a c e rMining Conference, t o be h e l d a t t h eU n i v e r s i t y of Alaska a t Fairbanks onWednesday and Thursday, A p r i l 1 and 2.Papers a r e being presented on manyphases of p l a c e r mining,includinggeology, e x p l o r a t i o n , mining methods,and economicsoThose i n t e r e s t e d i nd e s c r i b i n g an o p e r a t i o n , procedure, o rany o t h e r f a c e t of p l a c e r mining mayc o n t a c t D r . Ernest Wolff, MIRL, Univers i t y of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701(ph 479-7135).In a d d i t i o n , t h e r e w i l l be both anoutdoor t r a d e f a i r f o r d i s p l a y i n gl a r g e - s c a l e mining equipment and an indoor t r a d e f a i r f o r those wishing t oshow small equipment and s e r v i c e s .Those i n t e r e s t e d i n d i s p l a y i n g shoulda l s o c o n t a c t D r . Wolff.dPick a number.Pssst.Hey buddy. Want t o g e t i nI know a place with abunch of numbers.DGGS has t h r e e newphone numbers and an address you canmemorize.The Anchorage o f f i c e , a t 3001 Porcupine Drive, has expanded.As ar e s u l t , they have a new telephonenumber, 274-9681.(Note t h e c l e v e r n e s sof t h e Anchorage telephone-folks: fora numbers game?

ALASKA MINES & GEOLOGY4.e a s e of remembering, not one of t h eseven numbers is duplicated)Meanwhile,inFairbank , thenumbers game continues, with a l l t h eold telephone numbers on t h e UA WestRidge converted t o one new number,479-7147.(But t h e DGGS mining-information o f f i c e remains 479-7062).I n Juneau, you w i l l be pleased t of i n d t h e r e i s no change i n t h e phonenumber (465-24 15) of t h e mining-inf ormation o f f i c e .However, i f you goThe o f f i c e ,t h e r e , i t won' t be there.you s e e , has moved t o t h e nearby MarineView Building, a t 230 So. Franklin St.,Room 407.All m a i l should be d i r e c t e dt o t h i s address, r a t h e r than t h e DNRo f f i c e i n t h e S t a t e O f f i c e Building(Pouch M).I s n ' t i t n i c e how some t h i n g snever change?X7,877 new claims filedMost miners apparently used t h e i rmaximum 90-dayf i l i n g period beforeOff i c e ,headingfortheRecordersaccording t o DGGS mining-informations p e c i a l i s t Mildred Brown.There were7,877 new mining claims f i l e d l a s tf a l l , a s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e over t h esummer q u a r t e r (5,012).In fact, themonth of h e a v i e s t a c t i v i t y , November,saw almost a s many claims f i l e d (3,415)a s t h e t o t a l f o r t h e whole f a l l q u a r t e rof l a s t year (3,596).The t o t a l s byrecording o f f i c e a r e :Se tOct. Nov.Dec. Fairbanks1,128Barrow2Manley Hot Spr.87Nulato45Mt. McKinley6Nenana17Rampart0F t . Gibbon77K o t zebue13Talkeetna124Pa h e r20Nome329Sewa 1746666694500562135605010480212007SitkaAleutian Is.SeldoviaCordovaChit i n aValdezKuskokwimKodiakOn a r e l a t e d note, James C. Barkerof t h e U.S.Bureau of Mines issued ap l e a t o a l l miners f i l i n g new l o c a t i o nnotices.He asks t h a t they be s u r e t ohave a good sketch map included witht h e i r document---oneshowing township,range, andasection. This is f o r claimson both s t a t e and f e d e r a l land.The reason f o r t h e request is t h a tt h e U. S. Bureau of Mines i s completelyrevamping t h e series of mylar overlaysof mining claims t h a t they provide t ot h e DGGS mining o f f i c e s , and wants t oexpand t h e scope from t h e c u r r e n t 4inch-to-the-mile s c a l e (1:250,000) t o 1i n c h (1:63,360).'If t h e miners coo p e r a t e , ' Barker s a i d , ' t h e system w i l lbe much more accurate.'RPainting of old Kennecott Mine hangs inDGGS Anchorage officeLong-time Alaska g e o l o g i s t MarvinMangus presented DGGS with h i s newestand l a r g e s t work---a p a i n t i n g , 44 by 60i n c h e s , of t h e Kennecott Copper Mine a t eMcCarthy, Alaska a s i t e x i s t e d s h o r t l ya f t e r t h e mine clbsed i n 1938.Ithangs An t h e newly completed DGGS addit i o n a t t h e Anchorage o f f i c e .S t a t e law r e q u i r e s t h a t a percentage of the c o s t of new b u i l d i n g s beused f o r t h e c r e a t i o n of an artwork.Mangus was contracted by DGGS f o r t h i spurpose l a s t summer.S t a t e Geologist Ross G.Schaffs a i d , 'The public---particularlythemining community--iscordially invitedt o s t o p by and view t h i s e x c e l l e n trepresentationofAlaskanmininghistory. '*The f i r s t bonanza discovery of gold i n.Alaska occurred i n 1898 on t h e beachesof what is now the town of Nome.

JANUARY 1981Geology of Cosmos Hills, Independence Mineare topics at AMA convention(fromAlaska Miner, Nov. 1980)COSMOS HILLSThis is an abstract o f a technical paper presented tthe Alaska Miners Association convention in Anchoragelast fall by Murray W, Hitzman o f Stanford University.The wsms H i l l s l i e 10 km southof t h e Brooks Range and c o n t a i n Kennec o t t ' s Ruby Creek prospect.Theyexpose approximately 1,500 m of Devoni a n metasedimentary rocks.The lower900 m of s e c t i o n is dominantly metamorphosed s h a l e s with i n t e r b e d s ofbasic metatuffs,marble and metaquartzities;itisa . regressivesequence with an i n c r e a s e i n carbonaterocks through time.Approximately700 m of carbonate rocks conformablyo v e r l i e the p e l i t i c section.Clean,w e l l - f o l i a t e d marble is t h e dominantlithology.Volumetrically minor diag e n e t i c dolostones preserve beddingwith r a r e cross-bedding and occasionalrip-up c l a s t breccias; zones of bioturb a t i o n a r e common. F o s s i l d e b r i s formsdiscretematrix-supporteddolostonemounds; no t r u e organic r e e f s a r eknown. This s e c t i o n a l s o contains bedsof white mica-chlorite-carbonate-albitep h y l l i t e which thicken northward andprobably r e p r e s e n t an a i r - f a l ltuffdeposit.Along t h e northern edge oft h e carbonate platform a r e f i n e l ylaminated ,graphite-calcite-pyritel e n s e s which a r e thought t o be lagoonaldeposits.he carbonates r e p r e s e n t a regress i v e s u b t i d a l t o i n t e r t i d a l carbonatebank with s c a t t e r e d organic mounds anda burrowing fauna.The bank was 3 t o5 km wide, and p a r a l l e l e d t h e volcanict r e n d of t h e Ambler D i s t r i c t f o r over40 km.Lenses of p h y l l i t e , g r a p h i t i cmarble, and greenstone i n t e r f i n g e r withcarbonate rocks on t h e southern marginof t h e Cosmos Hills and i n d i c a t e of ac l a s t i c basin with b a s i c v o l c a n i c s t ot h e south. To t h e north, t h e carbonatebank undergoes a rapid f a c i e s change t og r a p h i t i c marble and f i n a l l y blackphyllite.Rapid f a c i e s change, t h el i n e a r p a t t e r n of t h e f a c i e s break, andslump f e a t u r e s along t h i s break suggestt h e f a c i e s boundary may have been f a u l tcontrolled.Carbonate d e p o s i t i o n wasterminated i n t h e l a t e Devonian by a5major t r a n s g r e s s i o n and d e p o s i t i o n ofs h a l e , now phyll ite.Copper-cobalt-zincmineralizationoccurs i n massive, f ine-grained e p ig e n e t i c (hydrothermal) dolostone bodiesconcentrated a t t h e n o r t h e r n f a c i e schange from c l e a n carbonate sedimentst o g r a p h i t i c carbonates.S u l f i d e s arei n v e i n s formed by f r a c t u r e of t h edolostone bodies; c h a l c o p y r i t e generall y r e p l a c e s e a r l i e r formed p y r i t e .Massive s u l f i d e with b o r n i t e occurs a sreplacement pods on t h e edges of t h edolostone bodies.The s t r u c t u r e of t h e a r e a isdominated by a t i g h t f o l d i n g event(F2), of probably l a t e Paleozoic t oe a r l y Mesozoic age, with east-westt r e n d i n g axes. S t r a i n i n t h e carbonates e c t i o n was r e l i e v e d by r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n and flowage of marble; dolostonewas not r e c r y s t a l l i z e d and behaved a sb r i t t l e pods i n a p l a s t i c matrix.Following F2 deformat i o n , t h e Kogos c h i s t , a block of metavolcanics andmetasediments, was t h r u s t over t h eDevonian s e c t i o n , probably from t h en o r t h ; t h e Asbestos Mountain serpent i n i t e f l o o r s t h i s t h r u s t plate.Asecond t h r u s t i n g event i n t h e mid- t ol a t e Cretaceous emplaced t h e AngayuchammetabasaltandCretaceousmolassed e p o s i t s a s t h r u s t s h e e t s ; movement wasfrom south t o north. Two open f o l d s ( ? )w i t h roughly east-west and l a t e r northt o northeast-trending axes were t h ef i n a l s t r u c t u r a l events a f f e c t i n g t h eCosmos Hills.-INDEPENDENCE MINEThis 13 an abstract o f a paper given by Dennis G.Wetherell.The Independence gold mine i sl o c a t e d i n t h e Willow Creek miningd i s t r i c t about 20 m i l e s n o r t h ofPalmer. The host rocks a r e mainly veryuniform,coarse equigranular q u a r t zd i o r i t e of t h e Talkeetna b a t h o l i t h .Locally, d i o r i t e is i n t r u d e d bya p l i t e , pegmatite, and b a s a l t i c dikes.Generally t h e country rocks a r e barrenexcept f o r t r a c e s of p y r i t e and chalcopyrite.The o r e c o n s i s t s of a gold-bearingq u a r t z v e i n which s t r i k e s n o r t h e r l y andd i p s 20 t o 30 degrees westerly.Atd e p t h t h e v e i n s p l i t s i n t o hanging-walland f ootwall segments, both of which

6ALASKA MINES & GEOLOGYc o n t a i n ;old.A t h i r d gold-bearing vein, knownl o c a l l y a s t h e 'Upper' vein, l i e s about50 f e e t above and i s p a r a l l e l t o t h ehanging-wallvein.Ore-gradeveinm a t e r i a l is g e n e r a l l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d bya s u b t l e gray-blue banding o r by weakb r e c c i a t ion.About one-half of t h e gold is f r e em i l l i n g ; t h e remainder occurs i n t e r s t i t i a l t o or a s inclusions i n pyrite,galena, a r s e n o p y r i t e , and ( ? ) t e l l u r i d e .The gold-bearing veins occur i n strongl y a l t e r e d s h e a r zones which extendoutward a few inches t o over 10 f e e tfrom t h e vein.P r i n c i p a l a l t e r a t i o n minerals a r es e r i c i t e and q u a r t z , but c h l o r i t e andhematite a r e l o c a l l y abundant.Theses h e a r s a r e mineralized and i n somec a s e s c o n s t i t u t e ore. The Independencev e i n system is c u t by numerous poet-oref a u l t s , most of which have displacements of s e v e r a l inches t o a few t e n sof f e e t .However, movement a c r o s s t h eMartin f a u l t , which c u t s through t h ewesrern margin of t h e mine, may exceeds e v e r a l hundred f e e t .This f a u l t is upthrown t o t h e west(normal motion) and has a n apparentcomponent of r i g h t - l a t e r a l , s t r i k e - s l i pmotion.The Independence v e i n systemi s considered t o be a t y p i c a l hydrothermal vein d e p o s i t formed a t moderated e p t h s a s t h e Talkeetna b a t h o l i t hcooled.RThe 'Good Old Days' highlighted inletter from DGGS filesHey, Sunky. Is t h e r i s i n g c o s t ofh e l i c o p t e r c h a r t e r f e e s g e t t i n g youdown? Are you having t r o u b l e laying i nenough freeze-dried s t e a k f o r t h e nextf i e l d season? Have you found t h a t t h es t y r o f oam s e a t cushion on your t r a i lbike needs replacing?Well, r e l a x and enjoy your luxury.We found a l e t t e r i n t h e DGGS a r c h i v e st h a t Henry J o e s t i n g , former geophysic i s t - g e o l o g i s t of t h e Alaska T e r r i t o r i a l Department of Mines, wrote t o h i sboss, B.D. Stewart, i n Juneau. You mayenjoy e x c e r p t s of t h e l e t t e r , datedAug. 2 2 , 1942."We had an u n f o r t u n a t e a c c i d e n twhile r e t u r n i n g from t h e Fortymile andconsequently were delayed about a week.While f l o a t i n g down t h e Tanana ours m a l l boat was s t o v e by a log jam andw e were marooned s e v e r a l days u n t i lHerman K e s s l e r ' s gasboat came along.We went u p r i v e r with him t o Tanacross;t h i s took another two days, and fromTanacross we went t o Fairbanks byplane.Most of our equipment, whichf o r t u n a t e l y amounted t o less thanu s u a l , was l o s t i n t h e r i v e r .Weescaped with no more than a few ducki n g s and some minor abrasions.But Ihad b e t t e r s t a r t a t t h e beginning." I n my l e t t e r of J u l y 2 and 14 1mentioned t h a t plans had been made t of l y t o My Creek i n t h e Fortymile t olook a t an antimony prospect. We had as m a l l Curt i s - R O S Sp l a n e - l h e d up - t oland us a t a nearby f i e l d .It had nor a d i o , but permission had been obtainedfrom Col. Carr t o use it. L a t e r , howe v e r , t h e CAA refused t o allow t h eplane t o t a k e o f f .No o t h e r planescould be secured f o r t h e t r i p ; none oft h e p i l o t s would land a l a r g e r plane ont h e small f i e l d . After I saw t h e f i e l dI came around t o t h e i r point of view."But s i n c e a l l arrangements hadbeen made p r i o r t o t h e c a n c e l l a t i o n oft h e f l i g h t and s i n c e Dan Manske, one oft h e owners of t h e prospect had q u i twork t o make t h e t r i p , I agreed t o walki n from Chicken, a d i s t a n c e of about 75miles.Because of t h e change i n p l a n sL took Anderson along.This woulda l l o w Manske and h i s p a r t n e r Fred Purdyt o remain and prospect, while Andy andI returned e a r l i e r ." I n o r d e r t o t r a v e l f a s t , wetraveled light.Grub and bedding weredropped 10 m i l e s from t h e prospect andwe c a r r i e d j u s t enough food f o r t h etrip.W e hoped t o make it i n t h r e edays. This would mean only two n i g h t sw i t h no bedding.Actually w e tookn e a r l y f o u r days because i t r a i n e devery day and then got c l e a r and colda t n i g h t , s o we missed a l o t of s l e e pand got p r e t t y t i r e d .Andy g o t onlyt h r e e hours s l e e p , a l l on t h e t h i r dI d i d somewhat b e t t e r , butnight.s t i l l wasn't e x a c t l y f r e s h when w earrived."After looking a t t h e variousp r o s p e c t s f o r a few days Andy and Idecided t o go out by way of t h e TananaRiver t o look f o r a p o s s i b l e winter cattrail.We took a l i t t l e bacon, f l o u r ,and t e a , and a .22 r i f l e and made t h e70 miles t o t h e Tanana i n 3-1/2 days,

JANUARY 1981l a n d i n g about 25 m i l e s above t h e Johnson River.The r i d g e s a f f o r d e d excell e n t going and we found an easy r o u t ef o r building a winter c a t t r a i l ." A f t e r reaching t h e Tanana wes t a r t e d t o b u i l d a r a f t t o g e t t o BigD e l t a , o r a t l e a s t t o where we couldg e t a boat.While g e t t i n g l o g s we m e ta n I n d i a n , one Jimmy Walter, who agreedt o lend us h i s r i v e r s k i f f . The agreement was t h a t i f we could s h i p i t backfrom Big D e l t a we would g e t 20 r e n t a l ,but i f t h i s was not f e a s i b l e we wouldkeep t h e boat and pay him 50.I alsog o t some grub from him, which boostedt h e t o t a l s t o 25 and 55.Jimmy is avery decent Indian; t h e only reason hel e t us have t h e boat was t h a t he wasa f r a i d we would g e t i n t o t r o u b l e with araft.(SO w a s I ) .The boat was i nf a i r l y good shape, and about 24 f e e tlong.To r e p l a c e it w i l l c o s t moret h a n 50.Another t h i n g t h a t speaksw e l l f o r him was t h a t he t r u s t e d us f o rt h e boat and grub, s i n c e we had nomoney" immy had a s m a l l I n d i a n boynamed Paul w i t h him.Paul was q u i t es i c k , s o he asked him t o t a k e him withu s , t o Fairbanks.This seemed a b i tawkward, but I saw no decent way ofr e f u s i n g , s o w e l a i d him on t h e f l o o rboards and s t a r t e d out."We reached t h e Johnson a t 7 pm onJ u l y 30, making good time because t h er i v e r was up t o i t s h i g h water marks.I n p l a c e s i t w a s moving over 10 m i l e sa n hour.Two m i l e s below t h e Johnsonw e s a w a good-sized camp and wentIt turneda s h o r e t o s e e who it: was.o u t t o be a P u b l i c Roads Administrationp r e l i m i n a r y survey camp f o r t h e DeltaTanacross road.We ate supper there-t h e f i r s t s q u a r e meal i n s e v e r a l days.On l e a v i n g we were a d v i s e d t h a t t h e r ew a s a bad w h i r l p o o l a m i l e downstream;t h a t w e should keep l e f t , out of t h emain channel, t o a v o i d being f o r c e dinto a cliff."My b i g m i s t a k e w a s t h a t I d i d notexamine t h i s a d v i c e more c r i t i c a l l y .Is h o u l d have t a k e n i n t o account t h e f a c tt h a t t h e boys a t t h e camp a r e a l l newcomers and know less t h a n nothing aboutriver travel.Had I done s o I wouldhave followed t h e main channel, whichI saw thewe had been doing a l l along.w h i r l p o o l l a t e r and i t wasn't s o bad.A t any r a t e we k e p t l e f t and soon camet o a p l a c e where we colild n o t avoid a.l o g jam.We hit i t at about 8 m i l e s anhour.The boat s t o v e and overturnedWeb e f o r e w e could s a v e our s t u f f .grabbed t h e s i c k boy, but I c o u l d n ' th e l p wishing t h a t we could have grabbedo u r o r e specimens i n s t e a d ."After washing downstream awayst h e boat hung on t h e logs.We managedt o r i g h t i t , g e t i t and t h e boy t o asmall i s l a n d , where w e b u i l t a f i r ew i t h green a l d e r s and took s t o c k of t h eA l l we had was a .22 r i f l esituation.and a small d r i l l t a r p ; e v e r y t h i n g e l s ewas gone. Between us and t h e s h o r e wasa 60-footchannel t h a t w a s runningWe were f a i r l yp r e t t y f u l l and f a s t .s u r e we could s w i m i t with no c l o t h e son, but t h a t would l e a v e our c l o t h e sand t h e I n d i a n on t h e i s l a n d .So Andys t r i p p e d and made i t a c r o s s .He w a s as t r o n g swimmer, but i t took nerve allt h e same. I remained t o p a t c h t h e boatand make ready t o g e t t h e boy and o u rc l o t h e s a c r o s s t o t h e mainland, w h i l eAndy r e t u r n e d t o t h e PRA camp f o r help.They were somewhat open-mouthed when hewalked s t a r k naked i n t o t h e cooktent."By t h e time t h e boat was patchedand maneuvered t o a f a v o r a b l e p l a c eAndy and about 8 boys had r e t u r n e d t oe f f e c t t h e rescue. A f t e r many a t t e m p t s' t h e y managed t o heave over a handaxe t oThe f u l l widthwhich a rope w a s t i e d .of t h e channel was t o o g r e a t f o r t h ec a s t , s o I had t o s t a n d on a n outj u t t i n g l o g and jump f o r t h e rope.A f t e r t h e rope was a c r o s s I made i tf a s t t o t h e b o a t , shoved o f f and t h e yswung u s a c r o s s i n g r e a t s t y l e ."We h i t t h e jam about 7:30 pm andIt tookreached camp about 1:30 am.l o n g e r t h a n one would suppose t o workt h i n g s -out s o we could g e t a c r o s s wit

Third annual Placer Conference in April (from Mukluk News, Tok, Alaska, Jan. 1, 1981) The UA School of Mineral Industry and the Alaska Miners Association an- nounce the third annual Alaskan Placer Mining Conference, to be held at the University of Alaska at Fairbanks on Wednesday and Thursday, April 1 and 2.