Transcription
Putnam AcademyofArts and SciencesSchool Improvement Plan2016-2021PAAS SIPPage 1
PAAS School Improvement PlanThe Putnam Academy School Improvement Plan highlights strategies and initiatives forensuring every student is given the opportunity to grow and develop into a 21 st Centurylearner. Putnam Academy Governing Board members developed our school vision, mission,and beliefs, whereas a committee of faculty members and parents collaborated to developthis guide, which will serve as a road map for school improvement during the next five years.Among the desires of PAAS stakeholders is for our school to transition from a “good” school toa “great” school by being recognized as one of Florida’s “A” schools. To accomplish this boldand aggressive mission, PAAS Governing Board members will oversee the execution of theplan, will commit to allocating the necessary funds and resources for carrying out the plan,and will charge the school administration with the task of implementing strategic initiativesoutlined in the plan. Annually, the school principal will convene a School Improvement PlanCommittee to analyze relevant school data, to assess advancement of plan implementation,and to develop a progress report for the Governing Board.PAAS SIPPage 2
School DemographicsPrincipal:Curtis EllisPrincipal Start Date:2019-2020 StatusActiveSchool Type and Grades ServedPrimary Service TypeMiddle School6-8K-12 General Education2018-19 Title I SchoolYes2018-2019 EconomicallyDisadvantaged (FRL) Rate2018-2019 ESSA Subgroups(10 students)(Subgroups below federal threshold in red)100%School GradeSchool Grades HistoryPAAS SIP07/01/2015Black/African American StudentsEconomically Disadvantaged StudentsFemale StudentsHispanic StudentsMale StudentsStudents with DisabilitiesWhite Students2018-19: C2017-18: C2016-17: D2015-16: DPage 3
School Leadership TeamNameCurtis EllisSharon MerwinJim PayneSandi BevansJulia WarwickDugan WhitesideJoani JonesTitlePrincipalInstructional CoachInstructional TechnologyGuidance CounselorGoverning BoardParentTeacherEarly Warning SystemsCurrent YearIndicatorsAttendance Below 90 PercentOne or More SuspensionsCourse Failure in ELA or MathLevel 1 on Statewide AssessmentStudents with Two or More IndicatorsStudents Retained Two or More TimesPAAS BD81Page 4
ESSA Federal IndexESSA Category (TS&I or CS&I)OVERALL Federal Index – All StudentsOVERALL Federal Index Below 41% All StudentsFederal Percent of Points Index – White StudentsFederal Percent of Points Index – Black/African American StudentsFederal Percent of Points Index – Hispanic StudentsFederal Percent of Points Index – Students with DisabilitiesFederal Percent of Points Index – Economically Disadvantaged StudentsTotal Number of Subgroups Missing the TargetTotal Points Earned for the Federal IndexTotal Components for the Federal IndexSchool GradePercent TestedPAAS SIPTS&I52No534350324714689C100Page 5
Data AnalysisSchool Grade CalculationYearELAAchievementELAImprovedELALowest 25%ImprovedMathAchievementMathImprovedMathLowest 6448176DDCCELA AchievementSubgroupAll StudentsBlackHispanicWhiteSWDF/Rth6 Grade7th Grade8th GradePAAS 75840382019514740542748664634Page 6
ELA ImprovedSubgroupAll StudentsBlackHispanicWhiteSWDF/Rth6 Grade7th Grade8th GradeELA Lowest 25% ImprovedSubgroupAll StudentsBlackHispanicWhiteSWDF/Rth6 Grade7th Grade8th GradePAAS 95050-20193636304148--Page 7
Math AchievementSubgroupAll StudentsBlackHispanicWhiteSWDF/Rth6 Grade7th Grade8th GradeMath ImprovedSubgroupAll StudentsBlackHispanicWhiteSWDF/Rth6 Grade7th Grade8th GradePAAS Page 8
Math Lowest 25% ImprovedSubgroupAll StudentsBlackHispanicWhiteSWDF/R6th Grade7th Grade8th GradeAlgebra I AchievementSubgroupAll StudentsBlackHispanicWhitePAAS /A70-Page 9
Civics AchievementSubgroupAll 210051-2018666410064-20197556608450Science AchievementSubgroupAll -201850013-2019800140Biology I AchievementSubgroupAll 63201867501007520196557N/A70PAAS SIPPage 10
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS AND ARTIFACTSStudent PortfoliosFTE CountsLanguage of StandardsSafety PlansMedia InventoryNewslettersPTSO MembershipInstructional TimeService Learning ProjectsStudent RecognitionTechnology IntegrationInstructional ProjectsFine Arts Course OfferingsStudent Conference LogsOpen House RostersVolunteer RostersField Trip LogsPAAS SIPStudent Advisory DataGrant ProposalsAssignment ChoicesAttendance DataSupply InventoryInternet BlogsDiscipline RecordsCommunity PartnershipsPerformance TasksFSA ResultsDolphin Pride ClassesDifferentiation DataMTSS DataHandbooksParent Contact LogsLeadership AssignmentsGifted ContractsSchool Website SectionsSchool BudgetEmployee RecognitionSchool Financial AuditsSchool ScheduleSatisfaction SurveysExtra-curricular RostersResource GuidesLabs and ExperimentsTechnology InventoryMentor/Mentee DataBalanced Assessment PlanPersonnel EvaluationsEnergy Consumption DataLiteracy DataPromotion/Retention DataPersonnel AssignmentsParent WorkshopsVendor ListCollaborative PlanningE-rate ApplicationsSchool Improvement PlanParent Conference DataFacility PlanHealth InspectionsProfessional Learning DataSchool CalendarProfessional Growth PlansCurriculum Maps/GuidesHonors/Acceleration DataFinancial ReportsLesson PlansReading ListsCurriculum AdoptionsPage 11
VisionMotivated students will be given the opportunity to grow and develop into 21 st century learners.MissionPutnam Academy of Arts and Sciences, in partnership with parents and community, provides challenging, well-rounded educationalopportunities in a safe and supportive environment. Our school fosters creative minds, critical thinkers, and ethical character. Weare dedicated to the individual development of the attitudes, skills, knowledge, and responsibility essential to successfulachievement in school and society.Beliefs Our school will establish a comprehensive and rigorous curriculum which meets and exceeds the standards of Florida’sNext Generation and the core curriculum.Our school's curriculum will enable students to become self-directed learners and decision-makers, capable of bothcollaborative and independent learning.Our school will commit to reading and math success with school-wide improvement in standardized test scores as wellas in other measurements.Our school will keep students and staff safe by developing clear lines of communication and procedures for all situations.Our school will create a partnership with parents to enhance our students' success.We will define, teach, and support appropriate student behaviors, reinforcing and rewarding positive behaviors.We will recognize that appropriate, individualized Professional Development is an essential aspect of school success.PAAS SIPPage 12
PAAS School Improvement Plan GoalsGOAL ICoordinate and integrate school transition services.GOAL IIGOAL IVEstablish standards-based, technology rich classrooms in which rigorouslearning communities are built and maintained.Implement practices that afford students opportunities to make real-worldconnections.Recruit and retain highly qualified and highly effective employees.GOAL VIncrease communication and collaboration among all stakeholders.GOAL VICreate a school-wide culture that focuses on the physical, psychological,emotional, social, and educational needs of the student.Ensure fiscal responsibility.GOAL IIIGOAL VIIPAAS SIPPage 13
GOAL ICoordinate and integrate school transition services.BARRIERLow Expectations of Parents and StudentsSTRATEGIES1. To address physical and mental healthbarriers2. To enhance social and interpersonalskills3. To strengthen literacy skills4. To improve parenting skills5. To provide a seamless transition fromelementary school to middle school tohigh schoolPAAS SIPPage 14
OUTCOMES Students will identify available community services.Students will participate in social and cultural activities.Students will develop enhanced writing and literacy skills.Students will collaborate with staff and parents to set personal goals.Students will participate in transition activities.PAAS SIPPage 15
Strategy 1:InitiativesA Develop database of primarycaregivers to includeproviders of mental,emotional, social, andbehavioral health.B Collaborate with communityagencies and othercaregivers to enhance healthservices and socialemotional development formiddle schoolers.PAAS SIPTo address physical and mental health barriersResponsibilityMTSS llyImplementedMTSS TeamCounselor0.00On-goingFullyImplementedPage 16
Strategy 2:InitiativesC Provide studentsopportunities to enhanceand develop social skills.D Incorporate culturallyappropriate activities toreflect diversity ofcommunity.PAAS SIPTo enhance social and interpersonal skillsResponsibilityLeadership TeamCounselorPTSOLeadership lyStatusFullyImplemented1,000.00(FEFP)AnnuallyIn ProcessPage 17
Strategy 3:InitiativesE Develop and distributeliteracy enhancementpackets for all incomingstudents.F Purchase additional books forclassroom libraries.G Increase writingopportunities for students.PAAS SIPTo strengthen literacy entedTeachers2016-2017Page 18
Strategy 4:HIJKLInitiativesSchedule workshops andeducational programs forparents.Use data to set goals forstudents and parents.Create parent section onschool website.Create a parent resourcecenter.Survey parents annually toassess parenting needs,desires, and ideas.PAAS SIPTo improve parenting le I)TimelineAnnuallyStatusFullyImplementedLeadership TeamTeachersLeadership le ocessFullyImplementedLeadership TeamAnnuallyPage 19
Strategy 5:To provide a seamless transition from school to school (elementary to middle to high)InitiativesM Create a weekly newsletter.ResponsibilityOffice StaffN Develop a calendar oftransition activities.O Schedule parentorientation annually priorto the first day of school.P Solicit parent volunteers forclassrooms and schoolfunctions.Leadership TeamCounselorPrincipalPAAS SIPLeadership lementedFullyImplementedPage 20
GOAL IIEstablish standards-based, technology rich classrooms in whichrigorous learning communities are built and maintained.BARRIERLack of Teacher TrainingSTRATEGIES6. To provide seamless instructionthrough the full implementation ofFlorida standards8. To strengthen the Fine Arts program7. To increase opportunities for studentsto meet grade level requirements9. To strengthen the quality ofProfessional Learning activities10.To provide career awareness formiddle school studentsPAAS SIPPage 21
OUTCOMES Students will use technology in all classes.Students will demonstrate grade level mastery of standards.Students will demonstrate improvement on all assessment subtests.Students will receive individualized instruction.Students will be exposed to multiple arts productions.Students will participate in a variety of career awareness activities.PAAS SIPPage 22
Strategy 6:ABCDETo provide seamless instruction through the full implementation of Florida standardsInitiativesRevise curriculummaps/guides in all contentareas and across all gradelevels to align with statestandards.Implement effectiveinstructional strategies andstandards-based instructionbest practices.Develop a comprehensiveassessment plan to includeformative and summativeassessments.Provide resources andcollaborative planning timefor curriculum alignment.Analyze school improvementefforts through data analysis.F Equip all classrooms with 21stCentury technology.PAAS SIPResponsibilityLeadership 00(FEFP)2016-2017FullyImplementedLeadership TeamPrincipalTeachersTechnology 0(Oliver Grant,FEFP, Title I)On-goingFullyImplementedPage 23
G Develop infrastructure toenhance 21st Centurytechnology in classrooms.H Promote literacy across thecurriculum.IDevelop required reading listsfor each grade level.J Develop a calendar forcurriculum adoption andreplacement cycle.K Purchase Coach Books forstudent remediation.L Issue Chromebooks to allstudents.PAAS SIPTechnology TeamPrincipal4,000.00(E-rate, FEFP)2016-2017In ProcessLeadership TeamPrincipalTeachersLeadership TeamPrincipalTeachersLeadership 2,000.00(FEFP)50,000.00(Title I, nology TeamPrincipal2017-2018Page 24
Strategy 7:To increase opportunities for students to meet grade level requirementsInitiativesM Implement strategies foridentifying and servinggifted students throughacceleration and honorsclasses.N Collaborate withcommunity to develop aCareer-related Explorationprogram.O Design a Student Mentorprogram.P Implement Florida’s Multitiered System of Supports(MTSS) to promoteacademic and behavioralsuccess of all students.Q Include remedial classes inschedule for reading, math,and civics.R Purchase manipulative kitsfor remedial math classes.S Purchase integrated sciencePAAS SIPResponsibilityMTSS entedLeadership TeamPrincipal0.002017-2018In ProcessPrincipalCounselorMTSS TeamCounselorPrincipalTeachers0.002016-2017In 017-2018FullyImplementedPrincipal1,000.00(Title 2017-2018Page 25
books for all grade levels.T Implement co-teachingcivics classes.U Purchase IXL program for allcore subjects.V Hire Part-time InstructionalCoachW Purchase New ScienceCurriculumXRequire Students to WriteEssay (per FSA Rubric) Every4.5 WeeksYIncrease Number ofStudents Enrolled inAcceleration ClassesZ Assign Paraprofessional toClasses of ESE StudentsAA Implement Data MonitoringSystem for Each StudentPAAS SIPPrincipalLeadership cience alPrincipalESE .00(FEFP)17,000.00(Title 1)2017-2018500.00(FEFP)2019-2020In e 1)0.002019-2020FullyImplementedIn Process2019-20202019-20202019-2020Page 26
Strategy 8:InitiativesBB Increase opportunities forstudents to participate indramatic performances.CC Plan and implement a schoolwide Arts Week quarterly.PAAS SIPTo strengthen the Fine Arts programResponsibilityLeadership TeamResourcesTBDTimeline2017-2018StatusNot StartedTeachers1,000.00(FEFP, Grants)2016-2017InProcessPage 27
Strategy 9:DDEEFFGGHHIIJJInitiativesProvide professionallearning days for teachers.Create a school calendar toinclude professionallearning in-service days.Align professional learningactivities with specificstudent achievement needs.Maintain a ProfessionalLearning Community atPAAS.Write Professional GrowthPlans for all employees asneeded and/or required.Implement an evaluationprocess for each employee.Create a plan for increasingleadership capacity withinthe school.PAAS SIPTo strengthen the quality of Professional Learning eadership TeamResources2,000.00(Title II)0.00Leadership TeamPrincipal2,000.00(Title II)AnnuallyFullyImplementedLeadership TeamPrincipal5,000.00(Title uallyStatusFullyImplementedFullyImplementedPage 28
Strategy 10:InitiativesKK Consider offering ForeignLanguage and world cultureexploratory class.LL Implement AgriculturalSciences program for allstudents.PAAS SIPTo provide career awareness for middle school EFP)Timeline2016-2017StatusNot StartedLeadership TeamPrincipal30,000.00(Oliver Grant,Donations, FEFP)2017-2018FullyImplementedPage 29
GOAL IIIImplement practices that afford students opportunities to makereal-world connections.BARRIERLack of Foundational Skills and Background KnowledgeSTRATEGIES11. To provide a rewardingeducational experience for allstudents13. To motivate, engage, andstimulate all students by makinglearning more rigorous, relevant,and real15. To promote innovation andpurposeful change crucial tosustaining competitiveness in aglobal economyPAAS SIP12. To provide relevant and accurateinformation for making decisionsabout adequate preparation ofstudents for college/career/life14. To promote an environment ofcollaboration among staff andstudents16. To ensure an equitable andexcellent education for allstudents by holding highexpectations for all employeesPage 30
OUTCOMES Students will facilitate their own learning through hands-on projects.Students will develop electronic portfolios.Students will select from assignment choices.Students will set educational goals.Students will use graphic organizers and thinking maps to enhance learning.Students will confer with teachers about educational progress.Students will participate in flexible scheduling based on specific needs.PAAS SIPPage 31
Strategy 11:ABCDTo provide a rewarding educational experience for all studentsInitiativesMake learning fun andmeaningful by implementinga blended learning approachto instruction, rather than atextbook driven approach.Allow students to expressknowledge and demonstrateunderstanding of standardsthrough performance tasks,labs, experiments, research,and hands-on projects.Remove barriers bydifferentiating instruction forall students across all contentareas and in all grade levels.Promote a Failure is NOT anOption attitude school-wideby not accepting zeros anddoing whatever it takes toensure students aresuccessful.PAAS SIPResponsibilityLeadership EFP)On-goingFullyImplementedTeachersMTSS ip TeamMTSS llyImplementedPage 32
E Celebrate successes byimplementing a studentrecognition program.F Provide educational field tripsto reinforce relevant statestandards.PAAS SIPLeadership TeamPrincipalPrincipalTeachers2,500.00(FEFP, BusinessPartners)2,000.00(FEFP, PTSO)2016-2017FullyImplementedAnnuallyIn ProcessPage 33
Strategy 12:To provide relevant and accurate information for making decisions about adequatepreparation of students for college, career, and lifeInitiativesG Base all decisions schoolwide on what’s best foradolescents.H Assign personnel based onschool goals and needs ofstudents.I Guide improvement byanalyzing data regularly.J Develop electronic portfoliosfor all students.PAAS SIPResponsibilityLeadership plementedLeadership emented0.00On-goingIn ProcessPage 34
Strategy 13:KLMNOTo motivate, engage, and stimulate all students by making learningmore rigorous, relevant, and realInitiativesImplement alternativeeducational delivery models.Develop guidelines forincreasing technology use byteachers and students.Enhance student motivationby requiring teachers toincrease the use of graphicorganizers, thinking maps,peer reviews, and languageof the standards.Offer student choice ofassignments to demonstratemastery of standards and tostrengthen real-worldconnections.Implement a studentadvisory program in whichteachers work with studentsto set educational goals asneeded.PAAS SIPResponsibilityPrincipalTeachersLeadership n .00(FEFP, Title II)2016-2017FullyImplementedTeachers0.00On-goingIn ProcessCounselorPrincipal0.00On-goingIn ProcessPage 35
Strategy 14:PQRSTo promote an environment of collaboration among staff and studentsInitiativesCreate a proactive learningenvironment that focuses onprevention, rather thanintervention, providingsafety nets for all students.Require a minimum of twostudent-teacher conferencesper grading period.Include students in annualreview of 504 plans and IEPgoals.Encourage teachers to postand share studentassignments electronically(i.e. – Google docs, Canvas,or on website).PAAS SIPResponsibilityLeadership TeamPrincipalTeachersResources7,500.00(Title .00On-goingFullyImplementedMTSS TeamESE Consultant0.00On-goingFullyImplementedLeadership TeamPrincipal0.00On-goingFullyImplementedPage 36
Strategy 15:To promote innovation and purposeful change crucial to sustainingcompetitiveness in a global economyInitiativesT Encourage “outside the box”thinking for developingimprovement strategies andinitiatives.U Consider flexible grouping,creative scheduling, andcalendar modifications as ameans for improvement.V Fully implement SchoolImprovement Plan.W Require gifted students toenter contract for majorproject annually.X Pursue accreditation forPAAS.PAAS SIPResponsibilityLeadership edLeadership TeamPrincipalTeachersMTSS TeamTBD2016-2021In Process0.00On-goingFullyImplementedLeadership Page 37
Strategy 16:YZTo ensure an equitable and excellent education for all students by holdinghigh expectations for all employeesInitiativesHold all personnelaccountable for instruction.Maximize instructional time.AA Set high expectations for allemployees by creating a “Noexcuses!” culture.BB Monitor improvementmeasures extensively at alllevels.CC Promote professionalenhancement through studygroups, peer observations,and action research projects.PAAS alTeachersOffice ntedLeadership p TeamPrincipalTeachers2,000.00(Title II)On-goingIn ProcessPage 38
GOAL IVRecruit and retain highly qualified and highly effective employees.BARRIERTeacher Unwillingness to Move to Rural AreaSTRATEGIES17. To develop strategies formarketing Putnam Academy ofArts and Sciences18. To develop an induction programand a mentoring plan for newemployees19. To develop an employeerecognition program20. To improve employee morale byfostering a professional workenvironment and throughcelebrations of successPAAS SIPPage 39
OUTCOMES Students will identify best instructional practices. Students will produce, publish, and present creative endeavors.PAAS SIPPage 40
Strategy 17:To develop strategies for marketing Putnam Academy of Arts and SciencesInitiativesA Create and distribute schoolbrochures and recruitmentpackets.B Attend career fairs atregional universities asneeded.C Promote awareness of PAASemployee benefits package.PAAS SIPResponsibilityPrincipalOffice ullyImplementedPrincipalOffice Staff1,000.00(FEFP)On-goingIn ProcessPrincipalOffice Staff0.00On-goingIn ProcessPage 41
Strategy 18:To develop an induction program and a mentoring plan for new employeesInitiativesD Conduct a new employeeorientation annually.E Provide ethics updateannually.F Assign a mentor to eachnew employee.PAAS SIPResponsibilityPrincipalOffice llyImplementedFullyImplementedPage 42
Strategy 19:InitiativesG Create a “Years of Service”recognition program for allemployees.H Participate in the “Teacherof the Year” and “Schoolrelated Employee of theYear” recognition program.I Research the feasibility ofemployee attendanceawards.PAAS SIPTo develop an employee recognition )TimelineOn-goingStatusIn ProcessPrincipalOffice Staff0.00On-goingFullyImplementedPrincipalOffice Staff2,000.00(FEFP)2016-2017FullyImplementedPage 43
Strategy 20:To improve employee morale by fostering a professional work environmentand by celebrating professional successesInitiativesJ Encourage and recognizeemployees for best practicesin research, writing,publishing, and presenting.K Provide employees withtokens of appreciation and“shout outs” during NationalEducation Week.L Study feasibility of increasingextracurricular supplements.PAAS SIPResponsibilityLeadership TeamPrincipalResources0.00TimelineOn-goingStatusIn edPrincipal15,000.00(FEFP)On-goingIn ProcessPage 44
GOAL VIncrease communication and collaboration among all stakeholders.BARRIERLack of Parental InvolvementSTRATEGIES21. To provide opportunities forparents to learn about specificissues that impact student learning23. To provide continuing educationopportunities for parents andcommunity members25. To increase teacher availability forparent conferencesPAAS SIP22. To increase the variety ofcommunication efforts for staff,parents, and the community atlarge24. To refine staff members’ ability tocommunicate with parents in apositive manner26. To improve communication andcoordination between the schooland other agenciesPage 45
OUTCOMES Students will be kept informed of all school events and happenings weekly. Students will attend school in a welcoming environment that is conducive tolearning.PAAS SIPPage 46
Strategy 21:InitiativesA Conduct annual survey todetermine specific issuesthat parents feel areimpacting student learning.B Develop activities andworkshops to addressparental needs.PAAS SIPTo provide opportunities for parents to learn about specific issuesthat impact student ,000.00(Title I)On-goingFullyImplementedPage 47
Strategy 22:CDEFGHITo increase the variety of communication efforts to staff, parents,and the community at largeInitiativesPublish school newslettersweekly.Promote achievements andactivities in The Palatka DailyNews.Create a school-communityInternet blog.Encourage attendance ofschool representatives at civicand community meetings.Update school websiteregularly.Promote Parent-TeacherStudent Organizationmembership.Enhance internalcommunication efforts fromthe board room to theclassroom.PAAS SIPResponsibilityOffice 2016-2017Principal0.00On-goingLeadership Team0.00On-goingPrincipal0.00On-goingLeadership TeamPrincipalOffice Staff0.00On-goingLeadership TeamPrincipalTeachersLeadership llyImplementedFullyImplementedPage 48
Strategy 23:InitiativesJ Develop and offer workshopsfor parents and communityas requested or needed.K Collaborate with communityagencies to plan andschedule educationalenhancement opportunitiesfor all stakeholders.PAAS SIPTo provide continuing education opportunities for parentsand community tle I)TimelineOn-goingStatusFullyImplementedLeadership TeamPrincipal1,000.00(FEFP, Title I)On-goingFullyImplementedPage 49
Strategy 24:InitiativesL Train all employees on RubyPayne’s Framework ofPoverty.M Provide professionallearning on how to conductpositive interactions withparents as needed.N Reinforce the expectation atall levels that employeeswill treat parents withrespect.O Create a warm andwelcoming atmosphere byencouraging parents to visitand volunteer.PAAS SIPTo refine staff members’ ability to communicate with parentsin a positive le gFullyImplementedLeadership TeamPrincipalTeachersOffice Staff0.00On-goingFullyImplementedPage 50
Strategy 25:PQRSInitiativesSchedule Open Houseannually during the firstfew weeks of school.Build parent conferencedays into school calendarto coincide with 1st and 3rdnine weeks progressreports.Offer flexible conferencetimes for parents whocannot attend conferencedays and as requested.Require parent contacts asneeded.PAAS SIPTo increase teacher availability for parent dPrincipal0.00On-goingFullyImplementedPage 51
Strategy 26:TUVWXTo improve communication and coordination between the schooland other agenciesInitiativesInvite community officials toschool events an
The Putnam Academy School Improvement Plan highlights strategies and initiatives for ensuring every student is given the opportunity to grow and develop into a 21st Century learner. Putnam Academy Governing Board members developed our school vision, mission, and beliefs, whereas a committee of faculty members and parents collaborated to develop .
