WIXLIB

Pedestrian advisory groupSafety auditTraffic calmingA defined group of people interested in walkingwho are consulted as a matter of course aboutrelevant issues.The process of checking a proposed design orexisting road to identify features that may resultin unsafe conditions.Changes to the road environment to reducedriver speeds.Pedestrian crossing pointSchool patrolProvision at a particular place to assistpedestrians to cross the roadway.Older children or occasionally adults that useswing signs to stop traffic and permit children tocross free of traffic conflict at pedestrian zebracrossings or kea crossings.Changes to the road environment to reduce thenumber of vehicles travelling through an area.Pedestrian fenceA fence that channels pedestrian movement. Itoffers no protection from vehicles that leave theroadway, but provides physical separation froma hazard.Pedestrian islandA raised area within the roadway that provides aplace for pedestrians to wait before crossing thenext part of the road.Pedestrian on small wheelsA pedestrian on a device with small wheelspropelled by human power, such as askateboard, inline-skates or a kick-scooter.Pedestrian permeabilityThe extent to which pedestrians can walk bydirect routes to their desired destinations.Pedestrian platformA raised area of roadway that slows traffic andassists pedestrians to cross the road.Pedestrian precinctAn area set aside for pedestrians only. Somevehicles may be permitted under specifiedconditions, such as for deliveries, or cyclistsexercising care.Personalised journey planning planA plan developed on a one-to-one basis,according to the individual’s specific travelneeds, to encourage them to use publictransport, walking and cycling.Personal securityFeeling safe from the risk of injury, attackor accident.Pram crossingSee Kerb ramp.RCASee Road controlling authority.Rest areaSchool speed zoneSpecially signed temporary speed limitscovering the school zone for the time beforeand after school.Trip walk and cycle to school and reduce the effectsof traffic near the school.The place a journey ends.School zoneArea in the vicinity of a school where crossingassistance, safety measures and parkingprovision should be considered.Segregated shared-use pathA route shared by pedestrians and cyclists whereboth groups use separate, designated areas ofthe path.Sensory-impaired pedestrianA pedestrian whose ability to walk is hamperedby the partial or full loss of a sense, mainlysight or hearing. It may include those whoare colour blind.SeveranceSeparation of people from facilities and servicesthey wish to use within their community due toobstacles to access such as busy roads.Shared zoneA residential street that has been designedto slow traffic and signed to give priority topedestrians. The shared zone sign means thattraffic is required to give way to pedestriansbut pedestrians must not unreasonablyimpede traffic.Sight distanceSee Road corridorThe distance, measured along the roadway,between a pedestrian about to enter theroadway and an approaching driver, or betweentwo drivers, or between a driver and an objecton the roadway.Thewholeoftheroadcorridorfromonefrontageto the other including footpaths. Legally roadsinclude beaches and places to which the publichave access whether as of right or not.RoadwayThe part of the road used or reasonably usableby vehicular traffic in general.Safe routes to schoolA programme that aims to improve safety andremove barriers to walking (and cycling) to andfrom school.Travel planSchool travel planRoadRoad corridorMarkings (often metal studs, coloured tilesor painted markings) set directly onto thefootpath that pedestrians follow to reachtheir hoosethe times at which it is safe for children to crossthe road.ShoulderOrganisations that are legally responsible forroads, including every city and district council,unitary authorities and Transit New Zealand.Trail signsA package of measures tailored to particularsites, such as schools or businesses, to promoteactive and environmentally friendly travelchoices and reduce reliance on the privatemotor car.School traffic wardensA flat area, part-way through a ramp orsteps, at which pedestrians can recoverfrom their exertions.Road controlling authorityTraffic reductionThe part of the road corridor outside thetraffic lanes.Street auditAn audit using a checklist to assess a street’ssafety, convenience or usability.Street furnitureEquipment within the footpath such as signalpoles, lighting columns, signs, parking meters,seats, landscaping etc.Street furniture zoneThe part of the footpath between the throughroute and kerb zone primarily used for streetfurniture.Tactile pavingA specially profiled footpath surface that can befelt underfoot. It is provided to warn or directvision impaired people.Through routeThe central part of the footpath designed as theplace where pedestrians have a continuous andaccessible path of travel.Trip originThe place a journey starts.Unsegregated shared-use pathA path shared by pedestrians and cyclists whereboth groups share the same space.UpstreamThe direction along a roadway from which thevehicle flow under consideration has come.Urban formThe overall design and structure of settlements.Vision impaired pedestrianA pedestrian whose vision is reduced t lenses, and who may use tactile, visuallycontrasting and audible cues when walking.Vulnerable pedestrianPedestrians at greater risk than others of beinginvolved in a crash, or more susceptible toserious injury. It includes older people, impairedpeople and children.WalkabilityThe extent to which the built environment iswalking friendly.WalkingThe act of self-propelling along a route, whetheron foot or on small wheels, or with aids.Walking advocateAn individual, or group of individuals,who encourage, support and enablepedestrian activity.Walking strategic planA document setting out a strategy topromote walking and provide a walkableenvironment, including a programme ofactions to achieve this.WoonerfOriginal Dutch name for a shared zone.Workplace travel planA travel plan tailored to a particular business,workplace or group of workplaces sharing acommon location, influencing travel choices ofstaff and visitors.Young pedestrianA pedestrian whose physical and cognitivedevelopment means their abilities have notreached those of normal adults.Zebra crossingA pedestrian crossing point with longitudinalmarkings, where traffic is required to give wayto pedestrians on the crossing. Legally they arecalled pedestrian crossings.

1 INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION TO THE PEDESTRIAN PLANNING AND DESIGN GUIDEThe purpose of this guideThe role of walkingThe guide at a glance1.1 Purpose of this guideThis guide sets out ways to improve New Zealand’s walkingenvironment. It outlines a process for deciding on the type ofprovision that should be made for pedestrians and providesdesign advice and standards.The guide promotes a consistent ‘world’s best practice’ approach to planning,designing, operating and maintaining walking infrastructure and networks. Itsupports the New Zealand Transport Strategy (NZTS) and the priorities for action inGetting there – on foot, by cycle (the national walking and cycling strategy). In doingso, it encourages walking as a viable mode of transport for short trips in and aroundour communities, and recognises the important role walking also plays in many carand public transport journeys. It is also a useful tool for those with an active interestin walking, such as community leaders, local councillors and advocacy groups.As New Zealand research into walking trips increases, the guide will be updatedand augmented.Walking mostly takes place within a transport system that must work for a rangeof road users. This requires effectively integrating walking needs for safety andconvenience into the provision for walking along and across roads. Pedestriansalso use routes outside road corridors as part of a continuous network. This guideapplies to all pedestrian infrastructure, whether it is alongside or across roads,through parks and recreational areas, or on private land where public presencemight reasonably be expected. It also applies to new developments, facility changesand existing environments.Photo 1.1 – Walking environment, AucklandA broader overview of providing for walking can be found in Easy steps published byQueensland Transport (175)Introduction1-1

1.2 BackgroundWalking is such a basic human activity that it has often been overlooked whenplanning for transport [46] and has been viewed as a second-class form of travel [103,122]. Overall, the use of walking for transport in New Zealand is declining. Taking intoaccount population growth, between 1990 and 1998 journeys made solely on foot inNew Zealand reduced by around 400,000 per day [112].Even so, walking remains a key element of a balanced transportation system. Overall,it is still the second most popular form of travel in New Zealand. Nearly one in five ofall household trips is made on foot [112]. For the 10 percent of households that have nocar, for those in households without car access for much of the day, and for those whocannot, or choose not to drive, walking is an especially vital mode of transport [112].Photo 1.2 – Pedestrians, ChristchurchWalking is also included in most trips made by other modes. Whatever themain means of travel, walking is usually the first and last mode used, providingan important link between land use and motorised travel [118]. It is also healthy,inexpensive and very environmentally friendly. Although much of the guidefocuses on walking for transport, people walk for pleasure on all types ofinfrastructure. The attractiveness and quality of our streets and public spaces is,therefore, key to getting more people to walk [59].The approaches to providing for pedestrians and the interventions adopted willdepend on the circumstances at each location. With this in mind, the guide does notprescribe a single approach or intervention, but presents a variety, along with circumstanceswheneachwouldbe most appropriate. It recognises that financial, technical and political factors mayaffect what can be achieved at any particular location or time.1.3 MethodologyThe project to develop this guide was managed by Land Transport New Zealand(LandTransport NZ) as one of the Road Safety to 2010 strategy projects. Consultantswere employed to develop the drafts and a stakeholder steering group guided itsdevelopment and gave feedback on the drafts.The content was guided by a review of international literature on providing andplanning for pedestrian facilities and networks. A draft was released for publicsubmissions and, after the final draft was received from the consultants, aninternational peer review was conducted. LandTransport NZ then undertook somefinal edits.1.4 Guide and process outlineFigure 1.1 provides an outline of the sections in this guide.1-2Introduction

CONTEXTPlanning and policy context (Ch.2)What is the environment for planning for pedestrians?APPENDICESPRINCIPLESPedestrian characteristics, preferences and activity (Ch.3)How do pedestrians differ, and who walks, where and why?Appendix 1Characteristics of pedestriansCommunity walkability (Ch.4)What makes walking attractive within communities?Approaches to providing for pedestrians (Ch.5)What are the underlying ways to accommodate walking?Pedestrian network components (Ch.6)What type of facility can be used to provide for pedestrians?PROCESSPlanning for pedestrians (Ch.7)Which planning approach should be used?Communityinvolvementin schemedevelopment(Ch.9)Does thewalkingenvironmentmeet the needsof pedestrians?Pedestrian planning process (Ch.8)How do we implement the plan?Appendix 2Signface design detailsAssessing demand for walking (Ch.10)How many pedestrians want to walk and where?Measuring walkability (Ch.11)How is walkability assessed?Prioritising schemes (Ch.12)Which walking schemes should be done first?Implementation (Ch.13)How should the walking schemes be implemented?DESIGNFootpaths (Ch.14)How do pedestrians move around?Crossings (Ch.15)How do pedestrians cross major obstructions?Measures to guide pedestrians (Ch.16)How are pedestrians guided to their desired destination?Lighting the pedestrian network (Ch.17)How is the pedestrian network illuminated?Appendix 3Issues to address in district plansMaintaining the pedestrian network (Ch.18)How are pedestrian facilities kept in good order?Appendix 4ReferencesAppendix 5IndexPOST-DESIGNMonitoring pedestrian activity (Ch.19)Do walking schemes achieve their objectives?Making best use of facilities (Ch.20)How can people be encouraged to walk?Figure 1.1 – Guide outline and processIntroduction1-3

2 THE PLANNING ANDPOLICY CONTEXTPEDESTRIAN PLANNING AND POLICY CONTEXTThe legal framework for providing walking infrastructureThe role of walking in government objectives and strategiesWalking strategic plans2.1 IntroductionWalking is a form of transport, and in this respect is no different from the private car or publictransport. For some groups, it is the primary means of moving around their communityindependently [30]. The right to walk is a fundamental element in a considerable number ofpublic policies. Although its contribution to transport objectives is often underestimated, itsimportance must not be ignored [10].2.2 Transport and the law‘Legislation’ includes Acts of Parliament, as well as Rules and Regulations made by peopleor organisations to whom Parliament has delegated this power (for example, the Ministerof Transport for Land Transport Rules). The main pieces of legislation relating to walkingare the Local Government Act 2002, the Traffic Control Devices Rule 2004 [111] and theLand Transport (Road User) Rule 2004 [110] where pedestrians are specifically differentiatedfrom ‘vehicle traffic’. There are also relevant Rules on the use of land (under the ResourceManagement Act 1991) in regional and district plans.‘Law’ includes not only ‘legislation’, but also common law, which is understood andaccepted by everyone and defined by law court judgments. Common law includeseveryone’s duty to care for their own safety and to avoid causing harm to others.Under common law, everyone has the right to travel unimpeded on all public roads, exceptwhere there are legal restrictions (such as those prohibiting pedestrians from motorways).Road controlling authorities (RCAs) are obliged to safeguard this right for all lawful roadusers, including pedestrians. The Local Government Act requires that wheelchair accessiblekerb crossings be provided whenever any urban road or footpath is being reconstructed.2.3 Bylaw powersLocal authorities and RCAs also have the power to enact bylaws for areas within theirresponsibility. Bylaws can cover activities both on footpaths beside roads and on off-roadpaths such as through parks. They can also be used for activities on the road that may affectpedestrian safety or mobility, for example vehicle speed limits and parking.2.4 New Zealand Transport StrategyThe New Zealand Transport Strategy (NZTS) [108] contains the government’s position ontransport. Its overall vision is: ‘by 2010, New Zealand will have an affordable, integrated,safe, responsive and sustainable transport system’. Broader objectives aim to enhanceeconomic, social and environmental well-being through: improving access and mobility, including walking and cyclingprotecting and promoting public healthensuring environmental sustainabilityassisting safety and personal securityassisting economic development.Key principles include: creating an integrated mix of transport modestaking a long-term sustainable approachensuring high standards of health, safety and securityresponding to the diverse needs of transport users.The planning and policy context2 11

Figure 2.1 – Summary of the vision, priorities, goals, and key principles of Getting there – on foot, by cycle, the national walking and cycling strategy2 2The planning and policy context

2.5 Integrated transport planningIntegrated transport planning aims to embrace a range of perspectives traditionallyaddressed separately, including: a variety of forms of transport (private and public, motorised and non-motorised) the relationships between transport and land use transport’s contribution to other economic, social, health andenvironmental objectives.Integrated transport planning is embodied in Land Transport NZ’s objective, whichis to allocate resources in a way that contributes to an integrated, safe, responsiveand sustainable land transport system [109]. When allocating funds, Land TransportNZ must consider a range of issues including environmental sustainability and publichealth. Transit New Zealand (Transit NZ), as the RCA for state highways, is to operatethe state highway system in a way that contributes to such a system. Walking is anessential part of an integrated transport plan and is an integral part of achieving thegovernment’s vision for land transport. As a result, Land Transport NZ invests in arange of walking and cycling activities, such as providing financial help to RCAs forstrategic plans and walking (and cycling) projects.2.6 National walking and cycling strategyThe national walking and cycling strategy [112] Getting there – on foot, by cycle expandson the aims of the NZTS. It articulates a vision, goals, priorities and principles asoutlined in Figure 2.1. This is accompanied by an implementation plan [178] that setsout a method for achieving the strategy.2.7 Regional land transport strategiesEach regional council is required to develop a regional land transport strategy (RLTS)with help from a regional land transport committee (RLTC). RLTCs are legally requiredto represent a range of transport perspectives, including walking. Although regionalcouncils do not directly manage the roads, all projects and strategies in their regionsmust take the RLTS into account, and regional councils may play a variety of roles withregard to walking, such as strategic planning, coordinating schemes and promotingwalking. RLTSs also carry weight in Land Transport NZ’s decisions on funding RCAprojects and packages. They need to be consistent with the NZTS and should reflectthe priorities for action in Getting there – on foot, by cycle.2.8 Road controlling authoritiesAs well as being a local authority, every city and district council is an RCA. WhileTransit NZ is the RCA for state highways, some local authorities manage theirarea state highways on its behalf. Organisations such as airport companies, portcompanies and the Department of Conservation are also RCAs.RCAs have direct responsibility for the road system. They usually own the roads andpublic paths, and (often through contractors) build, improve and maintain them. RCAshave powers to regulate road user behaviour, such as by banning parking, creatingone-way streets and installing traffic signals.RCAs are also required by Land Transport NZ to produce strategic plans detailingthe projects and packages they intend to carry out. These will contain projects thatencourage more people to walk or cycle (see section 2.11).2.9 Other local council responsibilitiesLocal councils have other roles, besides that of RCA, that affect walking – they controlthe planning, design and maintenance of parks and reserves, and produce district orcity plans under the Resource Management Act 1991 that provide a framework formanaging land use and subdivision within the area. The relevant regional and localstrategies and plans in relation to walking are:Regional: regional land transport strategyregional walking strategyregional road safety planregional growth strategyThe planning and policy context2 33

regional policy statement regional travel demand management strategy (under the regionalland transport strategy).Local: local transport strategieslocal walking strategic plansneighbourhood accessibility plansroad safety strategies and planssafety management systemsdistrict and city planslong-term council community plansasset management planscodes of practicedesign guidesopen space access planstravel demand management strategies.2.10 Other non-transportgovernment strategiesWalking plays a role in supporting a wide range of other activity. Actions to providefor or promote walking should take account of, and coordinate with, other nontransport strategies and policies for [30, 103, 130]: healthtourismheritageenvironmental protectionurban design and formplanning and developmentregenerationsocial inclusionrecreatio

A school pedestrian crossing point that is not marked as a pedestrian zebra crossing, at which a school patrol operates. . Living streets A way to design and allocate road space to give priority to living and community interaction. Living Streets Aotearoa An organisation that promotes walking as a